scholarly journals The sociobiological development and arousal of implicit motives: The emergence of a growth-and-prune model of motive development and the continued linkage of hormones and motives throughout the life span

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin G. Köllner ◽  
Kevin Janson
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Biological Basis ◽  
Activity Inhibition ◽  
Prenatal Hormones ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Power Motive ◽  
Affiliation Motivation

Background: Research points to three groups of interrelationships of hormones with implicit motives. The first two are organizational: First, prenatal hormones (e.g., testosterone) may provide a biological basis for initial development of the implicit power motive (and probably other motives), as the 2D:4D ratio was associated with this motive in three samples when considering activity inhibition, a marker for functional right-hemispheric brain lateralization. After this biological basis has been pruned to varying degrees by parental demands in early childhood, a second organizational phase seems to modulate implicit motives: The interaction between the power motive and activity inhibition was also related to facial width-to-height ratio, a likely marker of pubertal testosterone, when aggregating two samples. We speculate that after this second phase, peers further trim the power motive to varying degrees. The third pathway is activational and its strength may depend on the outcomes of the two organizational phases: For example, higher progesterone around ovulation entails higher affiliation motivation in the luteal phase and testosterone responses after winning or losing dominance contests are scaled by power motive strength. Conclusions: We propose a tentative life-span model of the relationship between steroid hormones and implicit motives in which two growth-and-prune phases lay the foundation for arousal effects later in life. Future research may corroborate this model via (1) testing the associations of motives with organizational hormone effects using other markers like anogenital distance, (2) exploring social influences on motive development during adolescence, and (3) including saliva sampling in all studies involving motive arousal.

scholarly journals The implicit power motive and the facial width-to-height ratio as possible marker of organizational hormone effects during puberty

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Janson ◽  
Kira Bleck ◽  
Martin G. Köllner
Keyword(s):  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Total N ◽  
Activity Inhibition ◽  
Hormone Effects ◽  
Power Motive ◽  
And Gender

Background: The inhibited power motive is a motivational disposition that is associated with the display and the acquisition of behaviors that allow exerting influence on others. It comprises a high implicit need for power (n Power) and a high activity inhibition, a marker of right-hemispheric brain lateralization under stress. There is evidence that organizational hormone effects during prenatal development are linked to the emerging n Power but it remains unknown whether this is also true for hormonal organization during puberty.Methods: We combined results from two studies that have assessed n Power and activity inhibition via Picture Story Exercise (PSE) and the facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR), a presumed marker of organizational hormone effects during puberty, via anthropometry in a cross-sectional, correlational design (total N = 213, after exclusions). Results: While controlling for BMI and age, we found an association of n Power and fWHR that was moderated by activity inhibition and gender in a multiple regression. The effect was predominantly driven by a positive effect of the inhibited power motive in females. In females, fWHR was also negatively associated with PSE-word count. Conclusions: Our results provide a first pointer to a second phase of organizational hormone effects on the emerging n Power in females. Limitations arising from the usage of fWHR as a proxy variable and implications for its marker function are discussed.

scholarly journals Arousing Motives or Eliciting Stories? On the Role of Pictures in a Picture–Story Exercise

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110361
Author(s):  
Philipp Schäpers ◽  
Stefan Krumm ◽  
Filip Lievens ◽  
Nikola Stenzel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Achievement Motive ◽  
Picture Story Exercise ◽  
Power Motive ◽  
Picture Story ◽  
Measurement Approach

Picture–story exercises (PSE) form a popular measurement approach that has been widely used for the assessment of implicit motives. However, current theorizing offers two diverging perspectives on the role of pictures in PSEs: either to elicit stories or to arouse motives. In the current study, we tested these perspectives in an experimental design. We administered a PSE either with or without pictures. Results from N = 281 participants revealed that the experimental manipulation had a medium to large effect for the affiliation and power motive domains, but no effect for the achievement motive domain. We conclude that the herein chosen pictures cues function differentially across motives, as they aroused the affiliation and power motives, but not the achievement motive.

Structure and mechanical behavior of Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) materials

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad E. Duty ◽  
Vlastimil Kunc ◽  
Brett Compton ◽  
Brian Post ◽  
Donald Erdman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Imperfect Contact ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Printed Materials

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the deposited structure and mechanical performance of printed materials obtained during initial development of the Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Issues unique to large-scale polymer deposition are identified and presented to reduce the learning curve for the development of similar systems. Design/methodology/approach Although the BAAM’s individual extruded bead is 10-20× larger (∼9 mm) than the typical small-scale systems, the overall characteristics of the deposited material are very similar. This study relates the structure of BAAM materials to the material composition, deposition parameters and resulting mechanical performance. Findings Materials investigated during initial trials are suitable for stiffness-limited applications. The strength of printed materials can be significantly reduced by voids and imperfect fusion between layers. Deposited material was found to have voids between adjacent beads and micro-porosity within a given bead. Failure generally occurs at interfaces between adjacent beads and successive layers, indicating imperfect contact area and polymer fusion. Practical implications The incorporation of second-phase reinforcement in printed materials can significantly improve stiffness but can result in notable anisotropy that needs to be accounted for in the design of BAAM-printed structures. Originality/value This initial evaluation of BAAM-deposited structures and mechanical performance will guide the current research effort for improving interlaminar strength and process control.

scholarly journals Mindfulness-Informed Guided Imagery to Target Physical Activity: A Mixed Method Feasibility and Acceptability Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis D. Mitchell ◽  
Laura E. Martin ◽  
Austin S. Baldwin ◽  
Sara M. Levens
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Behavior ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Guided Imagery ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Health Behavior Change ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Activity Enjoyment

Physical activity offers substantial mind-body health benefits and reduced mortality, yet many individuals are chronically underactive. Physical activity interventions may benefit from integrative approaches that join components of mindfulness and neurobiological models of behavior. Mindfulness increases one’s awareness of cognitions and physical sensations to potentially facilitate self-regulation, while neurobiological models such as the dual system model of health behavior offer guidance on improving physical activity intervention targets. This 2-phase study includes an initial development process to create brief (∼4 min) mindfulness informed guided imagery audio files that target distinct cognitive and affective processes to promote physical activity. In the second phase, participants completed a 2-week pilot intervention study to gather qualitative and quantitative data on intervention feasibility and acceptability. Participants endorsed the mindfulness informed guided imagery as easy to use, enjoyable and helpful. Over a 2-week intervention period participants reported positive shifts in behavior change, physical activity enjoyment, increased mindfulness during physical activity, and increased physical exercise self-efficacy and satisfaction. Interview data revealed that participants increased their frequency of physical activity and tended to experience positive affect during physical activity, engaged in future oriented thinking and were able to view physical activity in a more positive light. Findings support the feasibility and acceptability of an integrative online mindfulness informed guided imagery intervention to promote physical activity enjoyment and engagement. This study extends health behavior change intervention research and provides supporting evidence for a flexible and tailorable online mindfulness-based intervention.

Neuropsychological comparisons of Spanish-speaking participants from the U.S.–Mexico border region versus Spain

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
LIDIA ARTIOLA i FORTUNY ◽  
ROBERT K. HEATON ◽  
DAVID HERMOSILLO
Keyword(s):  
Life Span ◽  
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Card Sorting ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
The U.S

Two samples of participants from the U.S.–Mexico Borderland (N = 185) versus Spain (N = 205) were compared on 16 Spanish-language neuropsychological measures. In most measures the two samples obtained similar results. There were some significant main effects of place of birth and some significant interactions between education and place of birth. Differences between the samples diminished with increasing levels of education. Within the Borderland sample, percent of life span spent in the U.S. and bilingual status were correlated with performance in some tests. Increased percent of life span spent in the U.S. was negatively correlated with performance on a Spanish word-generation task, and positively correlated with performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Bilingual Borderland participants performed significantly better than monolingual speakers in learning a list of words. We suggest that the most likely causes for the observed interaction effects are documented regional differences in early SES-related nutrition, medical care, quality of educational experiences, and general socioeconomic conditions. (JINS, 1998, 4, 363–379.)

Initial Development of the Social Work Core Competency Inventory

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 722-740
Author(s):  
Wenjie Duan ◽  
Qiujie Guan ◽  
Junrong Sheng ◽  
Bo Qi
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Core Competencies ◽  
Core Competency ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
The Social ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

AbstractThe competency of social workers and social work students is pivotal. Using 931 social work undergraduates and social workers in China, the present study developed the Social Work Core Competency Inventory (SW-Core) to assess social work core competencies, and further examined its psychometric properties. This study comprised three phases. In the first phase, the ‘hierarchy competency model of social work’ was adopted as a framework to review the related literature. The six categories of competency and the corresponding item pool (fifty-five items) were constructed. In the second phase, six social work undergraduates, four Master of Social Work (MSW) students and ten social workers attended the semi-structural cognitive interviews. On the basis of their cognitive feedback and professional experience, eight core competencies were identified, and forty-seven items were retained. Finally, through exploratory factor analysis, a twenty-four-item eight-factor inventory was formulated among the first undergraduate sample (n = 315) that explained 75.87 per cent variances. The factor structure was further validated by a confirmatory factor analysis using the second undergraduate sample (n = 311). Results corroborated that the internal consistency of the eight subscales of the three samples ranged from 0.64 to 0.88. Furthermore, the multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the number of factors and factor loadings was invariant between genders, junior and senior students, and social work undergraduates and social workers. In sum, the twenty-four-item self-evaluative SW-Core was a valid measurement to assess the core competencies of social work. This also can be used as a tool to evaluate social work education in the future.

The Crystal Structure and Ordering of Nb5+ Doped High Tc Superconductors Ba3−yYyCu3−xNbxO9−z

1987 ◽  
Vol 01 (03n04) ◽  
pp. 1127-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Xiaowen ◽  
Zhou Heping ◽  
Zhou Jinfu ◽  
Qiu Zhengxiang ◽  
Wei Xiaoming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Perovskite Structure ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Face Centered Cubic ◽  
High Tc Superconductors ◽  
High Tc ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Orthorhombic Perovskite ◽  
Face Centered ◽  
Xrd And Tem

The crystal structure and ordering of Nb 5+ doped high Tc compounds has been identified by XRD and TEM. As examples, we have studied Ba2Y1Cu2.6Nb0.4O9−z and Ba2Y1Cu2.5Nb0.5O9−z , which consist of -two main phases, respectively. A face-centered cubic superlattice perovskite structure with a=8.4513 (Å) is common phase to both samples. In this phase, Y, Nb, and Cu are on B-sites with ordered Y and Nb in <111> direction. However, the second phase is different in these two samples. One contains a well-known ordered Ba-Y-Ba structure on A-sites as an orthorhombic perovskite superstructure, but another sample contains disordered Ba and Y on A-sites as a tetragonal perovskite structure with a=b=3.8667 (Å) and c=3.9429 (Å). Both samples are high Tc superconductors with Tc=90K .

scholarly journals Connect vs conquer? CEO gender and implicit motives

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Brueckner ◽  
Janine Bosak ◽  
Jonas W.B. Lang
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Implicit Motives ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Role Congruity ◽  
Power Motivation ◽  
Female Ceos ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Affiliation Motivation

PurposeThis study examined gender differences in CEOs' expression of implicit achievement, power and affiliation motivation. Building on the role congruity account of sex differences and similarities in motivation and existing literature on implicit motives, the study tested whether female CEOs would express higher affiliation motivation than male CEOs and similar levels of achievement motivation. In addition, gender differences in power motivation were explored.Design/methodology/approachThe study used propensity score matching to generate a comparable sample of male and female CEOs from publicly traded companies. Subsequently, the authors content-coded CEO letters from annual reports using Winter's (1994) manual for scoring motive imagery in running text.FindingsOverall, CEOs expressed more achievement and power motivation than affiliation motivation. Comparisons between male and female CEOs showed that female CEOs expressed lower power and higher affiliation motivation than male CEOs.Research limitations/implicationsBy integrating implicit motive theory with social role theory and the role congruity account of motivation, this study provides a theoretical framework and novel demonstration that understanding social roles and gender roles can lend insights into motive expression by CEOs.Originality/valueThe study uses established theory and a validated scoring method in a novel way by analyzing implicit motives from CEO letters, a critical communication channel in the CEO–shareholder relationship. In doing so, this study adopts a sociocultural perspective. Informed by the role congruity account of motivation, the study demonstrates the importance of social roles and gender roles for motivational displays.

scholarly journals 2346 Development of toolkits to support for researchers integrating dissemination and implementation science into their translational research

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (S1) ◽  
pp. 54-54
Author(s):  
Rachel Tabak ◽  
Enola Proctor ◽  
Ana A. Baumann ◽  
Alexandra Morshed ◽  
McKay V ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Content Validity ◽  
Iterative Process ◽  
Formative Evaluation ◽  
Design Research ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation Research ◽  
The University

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To use a systematic and iterative process to develop and refine toolkits to support dissemination and implementation (D&I) research. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Participants included research staff from the Dissemination and Implementation Research Core (DIRC), a research methods core from the Institute of Clinical and Translational Science at Washington University in St. Louis, other D&I experts from the University, and national experts from the D&I field. This project used education design research methodology and a systematic and iterative process involving several phases. The first phase (preliminary research and initial development) consisted of analysis of the educational problem and its context, and led to the development of toolkit prototypes and plans for their implementation. In the second phase (development and formative evaluation), toolkits were iteratively evaluated with emphasis on content validity and consistency and effectiveness as perceived by the users. Finally, in the summative evaluation, the toolkits were evaluated based on their use as intended. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our team identified the target audience as DIRC customers and investigators from disciplines across the University, and found that resources for beginners to D&I were lacking. The team developed 8 toolkits: (1) Introduction to D&I; (2) How to develop D&I Aims; (3) D&I Designs; (4) Implementation Outcomes; (5) Implementation Organizational Measures; (6) Assessing Barriers and Facilitators; (7) D&I Designs; and (8) Guideline research. These prototypes were iteratively revised for content validity and consistency. Finally, each toolkit was evaluated by two national experts in D&I science, and further refined. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This systematic and cyclical process led to the development of 8 toolkits to support researchers in D&I science, which are now available on the DIRC Web site. This set the stage for development of new toolkits as additional needs are identified.

scholarly journals Effect of the sintering conditions on the morphology of La9.33Si2Ge4O26 oxyapatite for SOFCs electrolytes

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (S4) ◽  
pp. 117-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Macatrão ◽  
M. Santos ◽  
C. Alves ◽  
F.A.C. Oliveira ◽  
T. Marcelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Solid Oxide ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Oxide Material ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Two Samples

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are devices that allow direct conversion of chemical to electrical energy through an electrochemical reaction in a cleaner and more efficient way than conventional processes (eg. gas turbines). They are characterized by the use of a solid oxide material as the electrolyte. Yttria-stabilised zirconia (YSZ) has traditionally been used in SOFCs electrolytes at temperatures in the range of 850-1000 °C. Recent research is being focused on the development of new materials with increased ionic conductivity at intermediate temperatures (500-800ºC) as alternative materials to YSZ. Rare earth silicates with an apatite-type structure, such as doped lanthanum oxides of general formula La10(MO4)6O2, where M = Ge, Co, Si, Al, or P, are among these materials. The major limitation associated with the manufacture of these materials is their poor sinterability, which requires high sintering temperatures (1600ºC).The present work concerns the production of La9.33Si2Ge4O26 dense materials from La2O3 (99.9%), SiO2 (99.4%) and GeO2 (99.9%) powders by mechanical alloying (MA) followed by conventional and microwave hybrid sintering at 1350ºC. Dry mechanical milling was carried out in protective atmosphere (argon at 200 kPa) by using a rotating speed of 350 rpm for 15h. Prior to the synthesis of the La9.33Si2Ge4O26 mixture, the starting materials were milled separately at 350 rpm in argon at 50 kPa in order to achieve low particle size distributions with a greater ability for sintering. The MA mixture was compacted by uniaxial pressing at 390 MPa followed by sintering for 1 h at 1350 °C. Density of the La9.33Si2Ge4O26 pellets was determined by the boiling test method. SEM/EDS, XRD and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used for samples characterization.The bulk densities and the open porosities of the pellets (EF and MW for conventional and microwave hybrid sintering, respectively) are presented in Table 1. Dense pellets were obtained in both cases. However, sample MW showed higher density and, consequently, lower porosity than sample EF. Both mechanically alloyed samples are formed by an apatite phase. This phase remains stable during sintering. However, traces of a second phase (La4GeO8) were detected after sintering. This phase was already referred in previous work (Serra et al., 2012). Figure 1 shows the morphology of the two samples obtained by SEM and AFM as well as the corresponding particles size distributions. The sintered samples were as-polished and thermal etched in air at 1300 ºC, for 10 min., for detailed microstructural observation. SEM images at low amplification confirm that sample EF is more porous than sample MW (Figure 1 (a) and (b), respectively). Although the same sintering temperature was used in both sintering processes, sample MW has a coarser grain size (Figure 1 (c) to (f)). This feature was already been reported in previous work (Fang et al., 1994). Mean values of 0.9 and 1.9 m were determined for samples EF and MW, respectively.As conclusion, one may say that microwave hybrid sintering is a novel suitable process for the densification of La9.33Si2Ge4O26 powders for application in SOFCs electrolytes.This research is partially sponsored by FEDER funds through the program COMPETE – Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade – and by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia – under the contract PTDC/EME-PME/102837/2008. The research fellowships granted to Cátia Alves, Márcio Santos and Mafalda Macatrão are also gratefully acknowledged.

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