scholarly journals Crenshaw et al (in press) - Relative importance of conflict topics for within-couple tests

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander O. Crenshaw ◽  
Karena Leo ◽  
Andrew Christensen ◽  
Jasara Hogan ◽  
Katherine Baucom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Explicit Consideration ◽  
Rigorous Test ◽  
Demand Withdraw

Researchers commonly employ observational methods, in which partners discuss topics of concern to them, to test gender differences and other within-couple differences in couple conflict behavior. We describe a previously-unidentified assumption upon which statistical tests in these observational studies are frequently reliant: whether each partner is more concerned or dissatisfied with the topic selected for them than the partner is. We term this the relative importance assumption and show that common procedures for selecting conflict discussion topics can lead to widespread violations of the assumption in empirical studies. Study 1 conducts a systematic review of the literature and finds that few existing studies ensure relative importance is met. Study 2 uses two empirical samples to estimate how often relative importance is violated when not ensured, finding it is violated in one-third of interaction tasks. Study 3 examines the potential consequences of violating the relative importance assumption when testing within-couple differences in observed behavior, focusing on gender differences in the demand/withdraw pattern. Results show that these tests were profoundly impacted by violations of relative importance. In light of these violations, we conduct a more rigorous test of demand/withdraw theories and clarify previously-inconsistent results in the literature. We recommend explicit consideration of relative importance for studies testing within-couple effects, provide methodological recommendations for selecting topics in future studies, and discuss implications for clinical practice.

Healthy Children and Fears about Death

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannelore Wass
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Frequency Intensity

Some explanations for the paucity of empirical studies of death fears in healthy, nonbereaved children are offered, and issues in studying this topic are discussed. Three major findings from the existing literature — occurrence, age/developmental differences, and gender differences in frequency, intensity, and quality — are presented, followed by a discussion of questions that remain largely unanswered and explanations that may need revision.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Treatment Allocation and Survival of Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer: a Population-Based Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willemieke P M Dijksterhuis ◽  
Marianne C Kalff ◽  
Anna D Wagner ◽  
Rob H A Verhoeven ◽  
Valery E P P Lemmens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Systemic Treatment ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Tumor Biology ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Lower Probability ◽  
Gastroesophageal Cancer ◽  
Treatment Allocation ◽  
Netherlands Cancer Registry ◽  
Treatment Administration

Abstract Background Biological sex and gender have been reported to impact incidence and overall survival (OS) of curatively treated gastroesophageal cancer. The aim of this study was to compare palliative treatment allocation and OS between women and men with advanced gastroesophageal cancer. Methods Patients with an unresectable (cT4b) or metastatic (cM1) esophageal (including cardia) adenocarcinoma (EAC) or squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), or gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) diagnosed in 2015-2018 were identified in the Netherlands Cancer Registry. Treatment allocation was compared using chi-squared tests and multivariable logistic regression analyses, and OS using the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided. Results Of patients with EAC (n = 3,077), ESCC (n = 794) and GAC (n = 1,836), 18.0%, 39.4% and 39.1% were women, respectively. Women received less often systemic treatment compared to men in EAC (42.7% vs. 47.4%, P = 0.045) and GAC (33.8% vs. 38.8%, P = 0.03), but not in ESCC (33.2% vs. 39.5%, P = 0.07). Women had a lower probability of receiving systemic treatment in GAC in multivariable analyses (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.62-1.00), but not in EAC (OR = 0.86, 95%CI = 0.69-1.06) and ESCC (OR = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.57-1.14). Median OS was lower in women with EAC (4.4 vs. 5.2 months, P = 0.04), but did not differ after adjustment for patient and tumor characteristics and systemic treatment administration. Conclusion We observed statistically significant and clinically relevant gender differences in systemic treatment administration and OS in advanced gastroesophageal cancer. Causes of these disparities may be sex-based, i.e. related to tumor biology, as well as gender-based, e.g. related to differences in treatment choices.

scholarly journals How Different Are the Nordics? Unravelling the Willingness to Make Economic Sacrifices for the Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1294
Author(s):  
Joseph Anthony L. Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Proenvironmental Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behaviors ◽  
Nordic Region ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Nonparametric Statistical

The Nordic countries are often considered as remarkably exceptional in terms of the proenvironmental behavior of their citizens and also as forerunners in environmental policies. However, very few empirical studies have been done at the aggregated level about how the Nordics compare to other countries. The article addresses this knowledge gap and analyzes the Nordic region in terms of willingness to make economic sacrifices, proenvironmental attitudes and behaviors. Data (N = 5877) from the environment module of the International Social Survey Program (ISSP) are utilized, with nonparametric statistical tests and multinomial logistic regression employed—wherein, emphasis is placed on the regression models for willingness as dependent variables as analysis of the first order, with attitudes, behaviors and sociodemographic variables as part of second order analysis. The findings reveal that the region’s higher levels of willingness, attitudes, and behaviors become more salient when compared to third countries. People in the Nordic region who are ‘neither willing nor unwilling’ to protect the environment can be considered as distinct, and should not be arbitrarily lumped within the categories of the ‘unwilling’ or ‘willing’ respondents. These insights allow for a deeper understanding of peoples’ willingness and the relationships to respective attitudes and behaviors beneficial towards engaging the acceptability of extant environmental policies.

scholarly journals The Effect of Using Social Media in the Modern Marketing Communication on the Shaping an External Employer’s Image

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4177
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Izabela Baruk ◽  
Grzegorz Wesołowski
Keyword(s):  
World Literature ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Communication Channels ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this article was to determine the significance of modern marketing communication channels used in the process of shaping the external image of an enterprise as an employer. An analysis of the world literature on marketing, management, marketing communication and human resource management was used to prepare the theoretical part. The results of the analysis indicate a cognitive and research gap regarding the use of modern communication channels for building the external image of an enterprise in the role of an employer. In order to reduce the gap, empirical studies were conducted among young Polish potential employees, in which the survey method was used to gather primary data. The collected data were subjected to statistical analysis, during which the following methods and statistical tests were applied: the analysis of average values, exploratory factor analysis, Kruskal–Wallis test (KW), Pearson chi-square independence test and V-Cramer coefficient analysis. The results of the analyses conducted indicate, inter alia, that statistically significant diversity was identified in the case of non-professional media in terms of respondents’ opinions on whether the employer’s image created by modern media is better than the employer’s image created on the basis of classical marketing communication channels. In the case of professional and non-professional media, the age of the respondents was not a differentiating feature. Moreover, neither for professional media nor for non-professional media were statistically significant dependencies identified between respondents’ opinions on the impact of actions undertaken by enterprises on shaping their positive external image as an employer and respondents’ opinions on whether the employer’s image created on the basis of modern marketing communication channels is more beneficial than the employer’s image created on the basis of classical marketing communication channels. The results obtained on the basis of the research have a cognitive and applicability value, characterized by originality. Until now, the importance of using modern marketing communication channels in shaping the employer’s external image has not been analysed. This also applies to enterprises operating on the energy market.

Dreams of Truck Drivers: A Test of the Continuity Hypothesis of Dreaming

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Schredl ◽  
Arthur Funkhouser ◽  
Nicole Arn
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Truck Drivers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Daytime Activity ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The One ◽  
Dream Emotions ◽  
The Relationship

Empirical studies largely support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. The present study investigated the frequency and emotional tone of dreams of truck drivers. On the one hand, the findings of the present study partly support the continuity regarding the time spent with driving/being in the truck and driving dreams and, on the other hand, a close relationship was found between daytime mood (feelings of stress, job satisfaction) and dream emotions, i.e., different dream characteristics were affected by different aspects of daytime activity. The results, thus, indicate that it is necessary to define very clearly how this continuity is to be conceptualized. The approach of formulating a mathematical model (cf. [1]) should be adopted in future studies in order to specify the factors and their magnitude in the relationship between waking and dreaming.

Perceptions of time at work

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aristides Isidoro Ferreira ◽  
Joana Diniz Esteves
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Working Day ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – Activities such as making personal phone calls, surfing on the internet, booking personal appointments or chatting with colleagues may or may not deviate attentions from work. With this in mind, the purpose of this paper is to examine gender differences and motivations behind personal activities employees do at work, as well as individuals’ perception of the time they spend doing these activities. Design/methodology/approach – Data were obtained from 35 individuals (M age=37.06 years; SD=7.80) from a Portuguese information technology company through an ethnographic method including a five-day non-participant direct observation (n=175 observations) and a questionnaire with open-ended questions. Findings – Results revealed that during a five-working-day period of eight hours per day, individuals spent around 58 minutes doing personal activities. During this time, individuals engaged mainly in socializing through conversation, internet use, smoking and taking coffee breaks. Results revealed that employees did not perceive the time they spent on non-work realted activities accurately, as the values of these perceptions were lower than the actual time. Moreover, through HLM, the findings showed that the time spent on conversation and internet use was moderated by the relationship between gender and the leisure vs home-related motivations associated with each personal activity developed at work. Originality/value – This study contributes to the literature on human resource management because it reveals how employees often perceive the time they spend on non-work related activities performed at work inaccurately. This study highlights the importance of including individual motivations when studying gender differences and personal activities performed at work. The current research discusses implications for practitioners and outlines suggestions for future studies.

Reasoning and negotiation about child responsibility in urban Chinese families: Reports from mothers, fathers and children

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Bowes ◽  
Li Qing San ◽  
May-Jane Chen ◽  
Li Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Household Work ◽  
Chinese Families ◽  
Parental Practices ◽  
Child Age

The study investigates everyday parental practices involved in the transmission of cultural values and extends current literature on parenting in Chinese families. Children aged 6, 8, and 10 years from 240 Beijing families, and both their parents, were asked about ways in which expectations of child responsibility are transmitted through routine requests, reasoning, and negotiation about household work, an area in which Western parents are known to use such practices. Use of a range of parental requests and reasons was reported. Few child age or gender differences were found for reasons related to child responsibility. Child-initiated negotiation was reported as rare and unacceptable, its use restricted to tagging the relative importance of different spheres of child responsibility.

Statistical tests of differential susceptibility: Performance, limitations, and improvements

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 1267-1278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Differential Susceptibility ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
False Negatives ◽  
Interaction Index ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Highly Sensitive

AbstractStatistical tests of differential susceptibility have become standard in the empirical literature, and are routinely used to adjudicate between alternative developmental hypotheses. However, their performance and limitations have never been systematically investigated. In this paper I employ Monte Carlo simulations to explore the functioning of three commonly used tests proposed by Roisman et al. (2012). Simulations showed that critical tests of differential susceptibility require considerably larger samples than standard power calculations would suggest. The results also showed that existing criteria for differential susceptibility based on the proportion of interaction index (i.e., values between .40 and .60) are especially likely to produce false negatives and highly sensitive to assumptions about interaction symmetry. As an initial response to these problems, I propose a revised test based on a broader window of proportion of interaction index values (between .20 and .80). Additional simulations showed that the revised test outperforms existing tests of differential susceptibility, considerably improving detection with little effect on the rate of false positives. I conclude by noting the limitations of a purely statistical approach to differential susceptibility, and discussing the implications of the present results for the interpretation of published findings and the design of future studies in this area.

Isotaphonomy in concept and practice: an exploration of vertebrate microfossil bonebeds in the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Judith River Formation, north-central Montana

Paleobiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond R. Rogers ◽  
Matthew T. Carrano ◽  
Kristina A. Curry Rogers ◽  
Magaly Perez ◽  
Anik K. Regan
Keyword(s):  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
North Central ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Central Montana ◽  
Judith River Formation

AbstractVertebrate microfossil bonebeds (VMBs)—localized concentrations of small resilient vertebrate hard parts—are commonly studied to recover otherwise rarely found small-bodied taxa, and to document relative taxonomic abundance and species richness in ancient vertebrate communities. Analyses of taphonomic comparability among VMBs have often found significant differences in size and shape distributions, and thus considered them to be non-isotaphonomic. Such outcomes of “strict” statistical tests of isotaphonomy suggest discouraging limits on the potential for broad, comparative paleoecological reconstruction using VMBs. Yet it is not surprising that sensitive statistical tests highlight variations among VMB sites, especially given the general lack of clarity with regard to the definition of “strict” isotaphonomic comparability. We rigorously sampled and compared six VMB localities representing two distinct paleoenvironments (channel and pond/lake) of the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation to evaluate biases related to sampling strategies and depositional context. Few defining distinctions in bioclast size and shape are evident in surface collections, and most site-to-site comparisons of sieved collections are indistinguishable (p≤0.003). These results provide a strong case for taphonomic equivalence among the majority of Judith River VMBs, and bode well for future studies of paleoecology, particularly in relation to investigations of faunal membership and community structure in Late Cretaceous wetland ecosystems. The taphonomic comparability of pond/lake and channel-hosted VMBs in the Judith River Formation is also consistent with a formative model that contends that channel-hosted VMBs were reworked from pre-existing pond/lake assemblages, and thus share taphonomic history.

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