scholarly journals Automated comparison of children’s and adult songs supports the vocal mistuning theory of scale origins

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichiro Sato ◽  
Shinya Fujii ◽  
Patrick E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Music Perception ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Children's Songs ◽  
The World ◽  
Musical Scales ◽  
Motor Constraints

Human music uses diverse scales, but there are some commonalities shared throughout much of the world’s scales. The “vocal mistuning” hypothesis proposes that cross-cultural regularities in musical scales arise from imprecision in vocal tuning. In order to test this hypothesis, we conducted automatic comparative analysis of 70 matched children’s and adult songs from 35 areas around the world. We found that children’s songs tend to have fewer scale degrees than adults and narrower melodic ranges than adult songs, consistent with motor limitations due to their earlier developmental stage. These results suggest that some universal aspects of musical scales may be caused by motor constraints rather than evolutionary adaptations for music perception.

scholarly journals Automatic comparison of global children’s and adult songs supports a sensorimotor hypothesis for the origin of musical scales

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoichiro Sato ◽  
Joren Six ◽  
Peter Pfordresher ◽  
Shinya Fujii ◽  
Patrick E. Savage
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Scale Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Integer ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Children's Songs ◽  
The World ◽  
Musical Scales

Music throughout the world varies greatly, yet some musical features like scale structure display striking cross-cultural similarities. Are there musical laws or biological constraints that underlie this diversity? The “vocal mistuning” hypothesis proposes that cross-cultural regularities in musical scales arise from imprecision in vocal tuning, while the integer-ratio hypothesis proposes that they arise from perceptual principles based on psychoacoustic consonance. In order to test these hypotheses, we conducted automatic comparative analysis of 100 children’s and adult songs from throughout the world. We found that children’s songs tend to have narrower melodic range, fewer scale degrees, and less precise intonation than adult songs, consistent with motor limitations due to their earlier developmental stage. On the other hand, adult and children’s songs share some common tuning intervals at small-integer ratios, particularly the perfect 5th (~3:2 ratio). These results suggest that some widespread aspects of musical scales may be caused by motor constraints, but also suggest that perceptual preferences for simple integer ratios might contribute to cross-cultural regularities in scale structure. We propose a “sensorimotor hypothesis” to unify these competing theories.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural data shows musical scales evolved to maximise imperfect fifths

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcbride ◽  
Tsvi Tlusty
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Musical Scales

Musical scales are used throughout the world, but the question of how they evolved remains open. Some suggest that scales based on the harmonic series are inherently pleasant, while others propose that scales are chosen that are easy to communicate.However, testing these theories has been hindered by the sparseness of empirical evidence. Here, we assimilate data from diverse ethnomusicological sources into a cross-cultural database of scales. We generate populations of scales based on multiple theories and assess their similarity to empirical distributions from the database. Most scales tend to include intervals which are close in size to perfect fifths (“imperfect fifths”), and packing arguments explain the salient features of the distributions. Scales are also preferred if their intervals are compressible, which may facilitate efficient communication and memory of melodies. While scales appear to evolve according to various selection pressures, the simplest, imperfect-fifths packing model best fits the empirical data.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the usage of concept "hospitality" in the phraseological units of English, Russian and Uzbek languages on the basis of the English translation of the novel “Silence” by S.Ahmad

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1640-1648
Author(s):  
Kholmuradova Leyla Eshkuvvatovna ◽  
Maya Sultanova Tuychievna ◽  
Sharofova Diyora Furkatovna ◽  
Mamarizaeva Farangiz Zohidjon Qizi
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Life Events ◽  
English Translation ◽  
Life Experiences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Creative Personality ◽  
The World ◽  
Literary Process

At present, in connection with globalization, the language is especially interested in cross-cultural understanding. Today, the interest in the study of original and translations of the text "Silence" in the world literary process is attracting the attention of orientalists and translators around the world. The scientific study of the content and phrase logical aspects of the novel "Silence" by world scholars, such as the creative personality, the writer's creative method, artistic skills, allows to identify and evaluate the features of the development of literature. According to structure of phrases, a phrase is a lexical unit that is equivalent to a sentence, semantically whole, has a generalized meaning, is not created in the speech process, but is ready to be introduced into the speech. According to the linguist Mamatov, phrases are a separate unit of language, which, according to their structure, is a free connection or equivalent to a sentence, fully or partially semantically reconstructed figurative, stable phrases. Phrases are specific figurative expressions of people's conclusions based on observation of life events, assessment of acceptable and unacceptable actions in society, generalization of life experiences. Writers are often not content to select and use phrases appropriate to the purpose of the image.

scholarly journals Analysis of Attributes in the Official Definitions for Learning Disability

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Venkatesan
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Learning Disability ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Condition Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Official Definitions ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conceptual Meaning ◽  
Agreed Definition

Background: The phenomenon of learning disability is increasingly occupying the centre stage all over the world. Still, there is no commonly agreed definition for the condition. Method: This study attempts a comparative analysis of the similarities or differences between 23 official definitions of learning disability derived from various sources. By using a quantitative-cum-qualitative systematic procedure of identification and listing the attributes, prioritizing and rank ordering them, assigning of appropriate weights before deducing their conceptual meaning, observations on the nomenclature and content characteristics of the definitions were created as basic data units to be undertaken in this analysis. Results: There is plurality of definitions amidst varying emphasis on nature or content of especially seven majorly identified attributes with little agreement on what qualities characterize the condition of learning disability. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of the need for quantifying or establishing the empirical veracity of the identified attributes before explicating a cohesive or meaningful overall re-statement on definition of learning disabilities.  The need for cross cultural and transnational research is highlighted.

Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession

2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Agriculture Support

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

The World Economic Forum Principles on "Climate Governance on Corporate Boards": can soft law help to face climate change around the world?

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-55
Author(s):  
Sabrina Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Boards Of Directors ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Corporate Boards ◽  
World Economic Forum ◽  
Financial Factor ◽  
The World ◽  
World Economic

Climate change is a financial factor that carries with it risks and opportunities for companies. To support boards of directors of companies belonging to all jurisdictions, the World Economic Forum issued in January 2019 eight Principlescontaining both theoretical and practical provisions on: climate accountability, competence, governance, management, disclosure and dialogue. The paper analyses each Principle to understand scope and managerial consequences for boards and to evaluate whether the legal distinctions, among the various jurisdictions, may undermine the application of the Principles or, by contrast, despite the differences the Principles may be a useful and effective guidance to drive boards' of directors' conduct around the world in handling climate change challenges. Five jurisdictions are taken into consideration for this comparative analysis: Europe (and UK), US, Australia, South Africa and Canada. The conclusion is that the WEF Principles, as soft law, is the best possible instrument to address boards of directors of worldwide companies, harmonise their conduct and effectively help facing such global emergency.

THE TIMURID PERIOD FROM THE HISTORY OF THE FINE ARTS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Ulug'bek Kuryazov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

The article examines the works of scholars in the study of the history of fine arts, in particular miniatures of the Amir Temur era and temurids. Special attention is paid to the history of the creativity of Mirak Nakkosh and the outstanding miniaturist Kamoliddin Behzod. A comparative analysis of several miniature works is given. As well as analyzed some miniatures stored in the collections of museums and libraries of the world

FAMILY TRADITIONS: REFLECTION OF SOME FAMILY TRADITIONS IN THE LINGUISTIC PICTURE OF THE WORLD (ON THE BASIS OF ENGLISH AND UZBEK PROVERBS AND IDIOMS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Feruza Mamatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Marriage Partner ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject

The present paper aims to compare the principles of choosing a marriage partner and analyse the status of being in the marrriage in the frame of family traditions that are totally inherent to the both of the nations: English and Uzbek. It is known that interconnection and cross-cultural communication between the countries of these two nationalities have been recently developed. The purpose to give an idea about these types of family traditions and prevent any misunderstanding that might occur in the communications makes our investigation topical one. The research used phraseological units as an object and the marriage aspects as the subject

Comparative analysis and interpretation of grace and grace-fo data

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Konstantin Simonov ◽  
◽  
Alexander Matsulev
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Ocean ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Data Archive ◽  
Space Systems ◽  
Satellite Measurements ◽  
Digital Maps ◽  
The World ◽  
Grace Mission ◽  
Anomalous State

The study is devoted to the analysis of the features of the change in the Equivalent Water Height (EWH) parameter over the geoid based on satellite measurements of space systems. The study used the GRACE and GRACE-FO satellite data archive. The assessment was carried out on Earth as a whole, including land areas and the World Ocean. Interpretation of the anomalous state of the geoenvironment is performed using digital maps of the spatial distribution of the EWH parameter based on the histogram approach and correlation analysis. Also, a comparative analysis of the studied data from the GRACE mission and data from the new GRACE-FO satellite system launched into orbit in the summer of 2018 was carried out.

Impact of Globalisation on Pandemics: A comparative study on SARS and Covid-19 (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johann Johann And Devika
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Comparative Analysis ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Close Relationship

BACKGROUND Since November 2019, Covid - 19 has spread across the globe costing people their lives and countries their economic stability. The world has become more interconnected over the past few decades owing to globalisation and such pandemics as the Covid -19 are cons of that. This paper attempts to gain deeper understanding into the correlation between globalisation and pandemics. It is a descriptive analysis on how one of the factors that was responsible for the spread of this virus on a global scale is globalisation. OBJECTIVE - To understand the close relationship that globalisation and pandemics share. - To understand the scale of the spread of viruses on a global scale though a comparison between SARS and Covid -19. - To understand the sale of globalisation present during SARS and Covid - 19. METHODS A descriptive qualitative comparative analysis was used throughout this research. RESULTS Globalisation does play a significant role in the spread of pandemics on a global level. CONCLUSIONS - SARS and Covid - 19 were varied in terms of severity and spread. - The scale of globalisation was different during the time of SARS and Covid - 19. - Globalisation can be the reason for the faster spread in Pandemics.

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