scholarly journals The Development and Consequences of Moral Essentialism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Heiphetz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
The Body ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Legal Domain ◽  
Pro Social Behavior ◽  
Weakened Form ◽  
Over Time

Children report that many natural kinds, social groups, and psychological characteristics arise from an innate, internal “essence” that is rooted in biology and remains stable over time. These perceptions persist into adulthood, albeit often in weakened form. This paper argues that in addition to the domains previously examined in the essentialism literature, children—and to some extent adults—also view moral characteristics in essentialist terms. This form of essentialism has important social consequences, including in the area of pro-social behavior and in the legal domain. The body of evidence reviewed here suggests that children’s and adults’ moral judgments depend not just on what people do but also on perceptions of who those people are, i.e., whether they are people of good or bad moral character.

scholarly journals The prevalence of underweight in 9–10-year-old schoolchildren in Liverpool: 1998–2006

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 953-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne M Boddy ◽  
Allan F Hackett ◽  
Gareth Stratton
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrum ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fitness Testing ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Substantial Problem ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
The City ◽  
Over Time

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of underweight between 1998 and 2006 in Liverpool schoolchildren aged 9–10 years using recently published underweight cut-off points.Design and settingStature and body mass data collected at the LiverpoolSportsLinx project’s fitness testing sessions were used to calculate BMI.SubjectsData were available on 26 782 (n13 637 boys, 13 145 girls) participants.ResultsOverall underweight declined in boys from 10·3 % in 1998–1999 to 6·9 % in 2005–2006, and all sub-classifications of underweight declined, in particular grade 3 underweight, with the most recent prevalence being 0·1 %. In girls, the prevalence of underweight declined from 10·8 % in 1998–1999 to 7·5 % in 2005–2006. The prevalence of all grades of underweight was higher in girls than in boys. Underweight showed a fluctuating pattern across all grades over time for boys and girls, and overall prevalence in 2005–2006 represents over 200 children across the city.ConclusionsUnderweight may have reduced slightly from baseline, but remains a substantial problem in Liverpool, with the prevalence of overall underweight being relatively similar to the prevalence of obesity. The present study highlights the requirement for policy makers and funders to consider both ends of the body mass spectrum when fixing priorities in child health.

scholarly journals Detection of Acetaminophen and Its Glucuronide in Fingerprint by SALDI Mass Spectrometry Using Zeolite and Study of Time-Dependent Changes in Detected Ion Amount

Analytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 66-75
Author(s):  
Toshiki Horikoshi ◽  
Chihiro Kitaoka ◽  
Yosuke Fujii ◽  
Takashi Asano ◽  
Jiawei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Glucuronic Acid ◽  
Laser Desorption ◽  
The Body ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Laser Desorption Ionization ◽  
Fingerprint Analysis ◽  
Desorption Ionization ◽  
Acid Conjugate ◽  
Over Time

The ingredients of an antipyretic (acetaminophen, AAP) and their metabolites excreted into fingerprint were detected by surface-assisted laser desorption ionization (SALDI) mass spectrometry using zeolite. In the fingerprint taken 4 h after AAP ingestion, not only AAP but also the glucuronic acid conjugate of AAP (GAAP), caffeine (Caf), ethenzamide (Eth), salicylamide (Sala; a metabolite of Eth), and urea were detected. Fingerprints were collected over time to determine how the amounts of AAP and its metabolite changed with time, and the time dependence of the peak intensities of protonated AAP and GAAP was measured. It was found that the increase of [GAAP+H]+ peak started later than that of [AAP+H]+ peak, reflecting the metabolism of AAP. Both AAP and GAAP reached maximum concentrations approximately 3 h after ingestion, and were excreted from the body with a half-life of approximately 3.3 h. In addition, fingerprint preservation was confirmed by optical microscopy, and fingerprint shape was retained even after laser irradiation of the fingerprint. Our method may be used in fingerprint analysis.

Slangs as a Special Group of Words

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
Mehriban Zeynal Hajizade ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The World ◽  
Normative Status ◽  
Over Time

In modern times, the processes in the world have affected the field of linguistics as well as all other fields.These processes require a diffferent approach to issues related to the use of specific word groups. Over time, language develops and changes occur at all levels. Taking into consideration that the main function of language is a means of communication between people, all changes should be taken into account to make the function more convenient and more suitable. Some of the processes that take place in the language are directly related to the speech process, and ends with getting the gradual normative status of variants in the speech of native speakers. Native speakers use some expressions that gained and didn’t gain status of norms in their speech. They use specific word groups to make their speech more specific and expressive. These word groups are used by some groups of people for special goals. Slangs are new meaningful words used in different social groups. Slangs are presented as non-literary concept. Slangs are various and colorful according to their tones. Key words: slang, morphem, term, communication, society

scholarly journals Nurturing talents and creativity in youth: Challenge to contemporary world

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-147
Author(s):  
Bosiljka Djordjevic ◽  
Slavica Maksic
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
The Past ◽  
Adequate Education ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Over Time

The paper reviews approaches to the development of talents and creativity using surveys communicated in the 1975-2005 period at world, European and regional scientific conferences on gifted children and youth. Methods of studying and treating the gifted over the past three decades were analyzed on the basis of data available in records, proceedings of papers and other publications of the mentioned conferences as well as of personal findings of the present paper?s authors who participated in some of those conferences. In addition to identifying the subjects that captured attention of researchers and practitioners in a certain period of time, an attempt was made to describe trends in studying them and those likely ones for future work. The results indicate that the most frequent subjects under study were problems facing conception and definition of giftedness, talents and creativity, instruments for identifying gifted individuals, and manners of providing adequate education for them. Over time there was an increase in the number of studies related to identifying specific personality traits of a gifted individual and his environment, critical for his development and achievement. It is noticeable that interest in gifted children and youth is growing all the time, involving not only researchers and teachers but parents, the gifted themselves and other important social groups and institutions. It is concluded that encouraging talents and creativity in youth is a challenge to contemporary world, which will determine its future.

scholarly journals On rolling friction

2019 ◽  
Vol 485 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-299
Author(s):  
A. P. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Angular Velocity ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Rolling Friction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Normal Velocity ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Combined Motion ◽  
Pure Rolling ◽  
Over Time

The dependence of rolling friction on velocity for various contact conditions is discussed. The principal difference between rolling and other types of relative motion (sliding and spinning) is that the points of the body in contact with the support change over time. Due to deformations, there is a small contact area and, entering into contact, the body points have a normal velocity proportional to the diameter of this area. For describing the dependence of the friction coefficient on the angular velocity in the case of “pure” rolling, a linear dependence is proposed that admits a logical explanation and experimental verification. Under the combined motion, the rolling friction retains its properties, the sliding and spinning friction acquiring the properties of viscous friction.

scholarly journals Impact of Baseline BMI upon the Success of Latina Participants Enrolled in a 6-Month Physical Activity Intervention

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri J. Hartman ◽  
Shira I. Dunsiger ◽  
Dori W. Pekmezi ◽  
Brooke Barbera ◽  
Charles J. Neighbors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Physical Activity Intervention ◽  
The Body ◽  
Physical Activity Interventions ◽  
Family Social Support ◽  
Longitudinal Regression ◽  
Baseline Bmi ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

High rates of obesity in Latinas highlight the need to determine if physical activity interventions are equally effective across the body mass index (BMI) range. Thus, this study assessed how BMI impacts success of Spanish-speaking Latinas in a culturally and linguistically adapted theory-based physical activity intervention (). Longitudinal regression models tested the relationship between baseline BMI and outcomes. Overall, a trend for a negative association was found between baseline BMI and self-reported physical activity and theoretical constructs targeted by the intervention over time. For example, someone with a 25 kg/m2BMI would report, on average, 27.5 more minutes/week of activity compared to someone with a 30 kg/m2BMI at followup. Furthermore, higher baseline BMI was significantly associated with lower self-efficacy, behavioral and cognitive processes of change, and family social support over time. These findings suggest that participants with higher BMI may need additional intervention to promote physical activity.

A Qualitative Look at Feedback Control Theory as a Style of Describing Behavior

1977 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Jagacinski
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Control Theory ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Emotional Behavior ◽  
Level Measurement ◽  
Tracking Behavior ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Feedback Control Theory ◽  
Ordinal Level ◽  
Over Time

The present paper reviews several ways feedback control theory has been used to describe tracking behavior and several qualitative experimental techniques. These techniques require only ordinal-level measurement and may aid any researcher investigating behavior whose temporal patterning is critical and which involves fairly continuous changes over time. One possible application in the area of stuttering behavior is presented in detail to show how these techniques can provide useful insights and hypotheses. Other suggested areas of application include the behavior of human social groups, motivational behavior, and emotional behavior.

Assessing IPR Disclosure within Standard Setting

2015 ◽  
pp. 86-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Layne-Farrar
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mobile Telephony ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Patent Holder ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Full Knowledge ◽  
Over Time

As part of its “policy project to examine the legal and policy issues surrounding the problem of potential patent ‘hold-up' when patented technologies are included in collaborative standards,” the Federal Trade Commission held an all-day workshop on June 21, 2011. The first panel of the day focused on patent disclosure rules intended to encourage full knowledge of patents “essential” for a standard and therefore to prevent patent ambush. When patents are disclosed after a standard is defined, the patent holder may have enhanced bargaining power that it can exploit to charge excessive royalties (e.g., greater than the value the patented technology contributes to the product complying with the standard). In this chapter, the authors present a case study on patent disclosure within the ICT sector. Specifically, they take an empirical look at the timing of patent disclosures within the European Telecommunications Standards Institute, the body responsible for some of the world's most prevalent mobile telephony standards. They find that most members officially disclose their potentially relevant patents after the standard is published, and sometimes considerably so. On the other hand, the authors also find that the delay in declaring patents to ETSI standards has been shrinking over time, with disclosures occurring closer to (although for the most part still after) the standard publication date for more recent standard generations as compared to earlier ones. This latter finding coincides with ETSI policy changes, suggesting that standards bodies may be able to improve patent disclosure with more precise rules.

How Is Watching Done?

2022 ◽  
pp. 64-80
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Visual Process ◽  
Primary Mechanism ◽  
Over Time

The process of surveillance has changed over time, as the object of surveillance—the narratives—have evolved. The primary mechanism of surveillance involved studying the analog body by watching the activities that the body performed. As such, the visual process, using cameras of different capabilities, has been a key way for watching. With the increasing digitization, the watching has relied on methods that capture the data about institutions and people.

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