Using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of prefrontal cortex

Individual Participant ◽

Stuss (1984) considered the human prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a “cognitive globe” on which functions of the frontal lobe could be mapped. Here, we discuss classic and recent findings regarding the evolution, development, function, and cognitive role of shallow indentations, or tertiary sulci, in PFC with the goal of using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of PFC. First, we discuss lateral PFC (LPFC) tertiary sulci in classical anatomy and modern neuroimaging, as well as their development, with a focus on those within the middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Second, we discuss tertiary sulci in comparative neuroanatomy, focusing on primates. Third, we summarize recent findings showing the utility of tertiary sulci for understanding structural-functional relationships with functional network insights in ventromedial and LPFC. Fourth, we revisit and update unresolved theoretical perspectives considered by Vogt and Vogt (1919) and Sanides (1964) that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks for cortical gradients. Together, the consideration of these classic and recent findings indicate that tertiary sulci are situated in a unique position within the complexity of the “cognitive globe” of PFC: they are the smallest and shallowest of sulci in PFC, yet can offer insights that bridge spatial scales (microns to networks), modalities (functional connectivity to behavior), and species. As such, the map of tertiary sulci within each individual participant serves as a coordinate system specific to that individual on which functions may be further mapped. We conclude with new theoretical and methodological questions that if answered in future research, will likely lead to mechanistic insight regarding the structure and function of human LPFC.

Using Tertiary Sulci to Map the “Cognitive Globe” of Prefrontal Cortex

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ◽

10.1162/jocn_a_01696 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Jacob A. Miller ◽

Mark D'Esposito ◽

Kevin S. Weiner

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Frontal Lobe ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Future Research ◽

Functional Relationships ◽

Individual Participant ◽

Stuss considered the human prefrontal cortex (pFC) as a “cognitive globe” [Stuss, D. T., & Benson, D. F. Neuropsychological studies of the frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95, 3–28, 1984] on which functions of the frontal lobe could be mapped. Here, we discuss classic and recent findings regarding the evolution, development, function, and cognitive role of shallow indentations or tertiary sulci in pFC, with the goal of using tertiary sulci to map the “cognitive globe” of pFC. First, we discuss lateral pFC (LPFC) tertiary sulci in classical anatomy and modern neuroimaging, as well as their development, with a focus on those within the middle frontal gyrus. Second, we discuss tertiary sulci in comparative neuroanatomy, focusing on primates. Third, we summarize recent findings showing the utility of tertiary sulci for understanding structural–functional relationships with functional network insights in ventromedial pFC and LPFC. Fourth, we revisit and update unresolved theoretical perspectives considered by C. Vogt and O. Vogt (Allgemeinere ergebnisse unserer hirnforschung. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, 25, 279–462, 1919) and F. Sanides (Structure and function of the human frontal lobe. Neuropsychologia, 2, 209–219, 1964) that tertiary sulci serve as landmarks for cortical gradients. Together, the consideration of these classic and recent findings indicate that tertiary sulci are situated in a unique position within the complexity of the “cognitive globe” of pFC: They are the smallest and shallowest of sulci in pFC, yet can offer insights that bridge spatial scales (microns to networks), modalities (functional connectivity to behavior), and species. As such, the map of tertiary sulci within each individual participant serves as a coordinate system specific to that individual on which functions may be further mapped. We conclude with new theoretical and methodological questions that, if answered in future research, will likely lead to mechanistic insight regarding the structure and function of human LPFC.

Entrepreneurship Education in the Transformation of Incarcerated Individuals: A Review of the Literature and Future Research Directions

International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology ◽

10.1177/0306624x20928020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 64 (15) ◽

pp. 1551-1570

Author(s):

Jessica M. Grosholz ◽

Jean D. Kabongo ◽

Michael H. Morris ◽

Ashley Wichern

Keyword(s):

Entrepreneurship Education ◽

Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽

Future Research ◽

Research Directions ◽

Cognitive Transformation ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Criminal Desistance ◽

Mind Set

This article draws upon the theories of entrepreneurial cognition, planned behavior, and criminal desistance to understand the role of entrepreneurship education in the behavioral and cognitive transformation of incarcerated individuals. Specifically, this article considers how participation in an entrepreneurship education program should influence entrepreneurial opportunity recognition, cognitive transformation, and institutional misconduct. It suggests these changes are more likely to influence an incarcerated person’s entrepreneurial intentions and criminal desistance. The six propositions presented shed light on how an incarcerated individual’s willingness to change his or her attitudes and develop an entrepreneurial mind-set influence his or her behavior in prison and prepares him or her to prosper in a dynamic and complex world after release. This article argues that the study of one’s transformation while incarcerated through the discovery, evaluation, and exploitation of opportunities is likely to advance empirical and theoretical perspectives of the fields of entrepreneurship. The examination of how incarcerated persons deal with fear of failure, risk aversion, and identity, in particular, presents great opportunities for future research.

Conclusion

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.49 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Gregory L. Carter ◽

Maryanne L. Fisher

Keyword(s):

Sex Ratio ◽

Operational Sex Ratio ◽

Future Research ◽

Female Competition ◽

Mate Poaching ◽

Attitudes And Behaviors ◽

Wide Range ◽

Mate Copying

This handbook has presented a wide range of theoretical perspectives on the motivations, attitudes, and behaviors involved in female competition. Using a metatheoretical framework, the contributors have examined how, when, and why women compete. This conclusion articulates the book’s main themes, beginning with evidence regarding women as active, competitive individuals and the value of mating information, addressing topics such as women’s competitive choices regarding mate copying, mate poaching, and mate retention. It then considers the role of intrasexual aggression in adolescence in relation to dating and reproduction, the importance of Operational Sex Ratio (OSR) to female competition, the concept of cooperative mothering or allomothering, and infanticide. It also discusses women as competitors in both traditional and novel social arenas as well as the role of women’s physiology in their competitive behaviors. Finally, it suggests directions for future research on topics that warrant further scrutiny.

The key role of prefrontal cortex structure and function

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x06319012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 22-22

Author(s):

Antonino Raffone ◽

Gary L. Brase

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Species Differences ◽

Structure And Function ◽

Primary Role ◽

Neural Connectivity ◽

Neuronal Connectivity ◽

Connectivity Patterns ◽

Brain Expansion ◽

The tension between focusing on species similarities versus species differences (phylogenetic versus adaptationist approaches) recurs in discussions about the nature of neural connectivity and organization following brain expansion. Whereas Striedter suggests a primary role for response inhibition, other possibilities include dense recurrent connectivity loops. Computer simulations and brain imaging technologies are crucial in better understanding actual neuronal connectivity patterns.

Perceptual metacognition of human faces is causally supported by function of the lateral prefrontal cortex

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-020-1049-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Regina C. Lapate ◽

Jason Samaha ◽

Bas Rokers ◽

Bradley R. Postle ◽

Richard J. Davidson

Keyword(s):

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Metacognitive Awareness ◽

Social Stimuli ◽

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Optimal Behavior ◽

Face Stimuli ◽

And Function ◽

Human Faces ◽

Causal Intervention

AbstractMetacognitive awareness—the ability to know that one is having a particular experience—is thought to guide optimal behavior, but its neural bases continue to be the subject of vigorous debate. Prior work has identified correlations between perceptual metacognitive ability and the structure and function of lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC); however, evidence for a causal role of this region in promoting metacognition is controversial. Moreover, whether LPFC function promotes metacognitive awareness of perceptual and emotional features of complex, yet ubiquitous face stimuli is unknown. Here, using model-based analyses following a causal intervention to LPFC in humans, we demonstrate that LPFC function promotes metacognitive awareness of the orientation of faces—although not of their emotional expressions. Collectively, these data support the causal involvement of the prefrontal cortex in metacognitive awareness, and indicate that the role of LPFC in metacognition encompasses perceptual experiences of naturalistic social stimuli.

Theoretical Perspectives on Listening

Annual Review of Applied Linguistics ◽

10.1017/s0267190500003457 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 18 ◽

pp. 3-19 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Tony Lynch

Keyword(s):

Language Skills ◽

Future Research ◽

Discourse Comprehension ◽

Complex Dynamic ◽

The Past ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Research into listening over the past three decades has, above all, highlighted the fundamental intricacy of the processes involved. In order to make sense of spoken messages, listeners may need to integrate information from a range of sources: phonetic, phonological, prosodic, lexical, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic. The fact that we achieve all this in real time as the message unfolds makes listening “complex, dynamic, and fragile” (Celce-Murcia 1995:366). In this review I consider research into four aspects of these complexities: processes (e.g., speech recognition, discourse comprehension, and memory); the role of context; factors influencing listening; and the relationship of listening with other language skills. Finally I suggest likely directions for future research into listening.

Evolution of the visual cycle: the role of retinoid-binding proteins

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1750075 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 175 (1) ◽

pp. 75-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

F Gonzalez-Fernandez

Keyword(s):

Binding Proteins ◽

Binding Protein ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Future Research ◽

Visual Cycle ◽

Hormone Binding ◽

Evolutionary Context ◽

The trafficking of retinoids in the retina represents a model to study soluble hormone-binding proteins in a complex system subject to profound evolutionary adaptations. Although a remarkable illustration of convergent evolution, all visual systems detect light in the same way, that is through the photoisomerization of an 11-cis retinoid to a corresponding trans isomer. What is strikingly different between the systems, is the mechanism by which the 11-cis chromophore is reformed and visual pigment regenerated in a process known as the visual cycle. The variations of the cycle address a problem inherent to retinoids themselves. That is, the properties that make these molecules suited for light detection also account for their susceptibility to oxidative and isomeric degradation, and cellular toxicity. The cycle therefore provides an opportunity to examine the role of soluble hormone-binding proteins within an integrative and evolutionary context. The present review focuses on interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP), a controversial glycolipoprotein that recruits a protein fold common to Cterminal-processing proteases and the crotonase family. This unorthodox retinoid-binding protein is entrapped in the subretinal compartment of those eyes that translocate visual cycle retinoids between the photoreceptors and the retinal pigment epithelium. Recent studies suggest that we should look beyond a strictly carrier function if we are to appreciate the role of IRBP in the visual cycle. Here we draw lessons from other soluble hormone-binding proteins to anticipate avenues of future research likely to provide insight into the structure and function of IRBP in vision.

Complementarity Determining Region

A nanobody-based molecular toolkit provides new mechanistic insight into clathrin-coat initiation

eLife ◽

10.7554/elife.41768 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Linton M Traub

Keyword(s):

Decisive Role ◽

Subcellular Location ◽

Combined Approach ◽

Mechanistic Insight ◽

Early Endosomes ◽

The Stability ◽

And Function ◽

Insight Into ◽

Besides AP-2 and clathrin triskelia, clathrin coat inception depends on a group of early-arriving proteins including Fcho1/2 and Eps15/R. Using genome-edited cells, we described the role of the unstructured Fcho linker in stable AP-2 membrane deposition. Here, expanding this strategy in combination with a new set of llama nanobodies against EPS15 shows an FCHO1/2–EPS15/R partnership plays a decisive role in coat initiation. A nanobody containing an Asn-Pro-Phe peptide within the complementarity-determining region 3 loop is a function-blocking pseudoligand for tandem EPS15/R EH domains. Yet, in living cells, EH domains gathered at clathrin-coated structures are poorly accessible, indicating residence by endogenous NPF-bearing partners. Forcibly sequestering cytosolic EPS15 in genome-edited cells with nanobodies tethered to early endosomes or mitochondria changes the subcellular location and availability of EPS15. This combined approach has strong effects on clathrin coat structure and function by dictating the stability of AP-2 assemblies at the plasma membrane.

Novel Insight Into the Development and Function of Hypopharyngeal Glands in Honey Bees

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2020.615830 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Saboor Ahmad ◽

Shahmshad Ahmed Khan ◽

Khalid Ali Khan ◽

Jianke Li

Keyword(s):

Honey Bees ◽

Future Research ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽

And Function ◽

First Time ◽

The Brain ◽

Insight Into ◽

Made In

Hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) are the most important organ of hymenopterans which play critical roles for the insect physiology. In honey bees, HGs are paired structures located bilaterally in the head, in front of the brain between compound eyes. Each gland is composed of thousands of secretory units connecting to secretory duct in worker bees. To better understand the recent progress made in understanding the structure and function of these glands, we here review the ontogeny of HGs, and the factors affecting the morphology, physiology, and molecular basis of the functionality of the glands. We also review the morphogenesis of HGs in the pupal and adult stages, and the secretory role of the glands across the ages for the first time. Furthermore, recent transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome analyses have elucidated the potential mechanisms driving the HGs development and functionality. This adds a comprehensive novel knowledge of the development and physiology of HGs in honey bees over time, which may be helpful for future research investigations.

Is Extreme in the Eye of the Beholder? An Experimental Assessment of Extremist Cognitions

Journal of Interpersonal Violence ◽

10.1177/0886260520958645 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 088626052095864

Author(s):

Neil Shortland ◽

Elias Nader ◽

Lisa Thompson ◽

Marek Palasinski

Keyword(s):

Future Research ◽

Personality Factors ◽

Psychological Consequences ◽

Research Directions ◽

Personality Differences ◽

Form And Function ◽

Individual Personality ◽

Future Research Directions ◽

Scholars have extensively discussed the topic of “online radicalization,” often seeking to understand the form and function of online extremist material. However, this work has neglected to examine the role that the Internet plays alongside individual personality factors in the process through which someone develops violent extremist cognitions. This article aims to extend the understanding of the role of personality differences in the effect of exposure to extremist material online. In this study, we experimentally measure the short-term psychological consequences of exposure to extremist material on extremist cognitions. We use a between-group experimental design in which participants are shown extremist propaganda with either pre- or post-counter messages. Our results indicate that trait personality, and specifically aggression, may be more influential than exposure to extremist propaganda in influencing extremist cognitions. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of future research directions.