scholarly journals The Generalization of the Periodic Table. The "Periodic Table" of "Dark Matter"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasil Dinev Penchev
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Dark Matter ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Entangled States ◽  
Visible Matter ◽  
Cognitive Screen

The thesis is: the “periodic table” of “dark matter” is equivalent to the standard periodic table of the visible matter being entangled. Thus, it is to consist of all possible entangled states of the atoms of chemical elements as quantum systems. In other words, an atom of any chemical element and as a quantum system, i.e. as a wave function, should be represented as a non-orthogonal in general (i.e. entangled) subspace of the separable complex Hilbert space relevant to the system to which the atom at issue is related as a true part of it. The paper follows previous publications of mine stating that “dark matter” and “dark energy” are projections of arbitrarily entangled states on the cognitive “screen” of Einstein’s “Mach’s principle” in general relativity postulating that gravitational field can be generated only by mass or energy.

Heavy, Superheavy . . . Quo Vadis?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Karol
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Superheavy Element ◽  
Electron Shell ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Definition Of

Uranium was Discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in pitchblende ore from Joachimsthal, a town now in the Czech Republic. Nearly a century later, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev placed uranium at the end of his periodic table of the chemical elements. A century ago, Moseley used x-ray spectroscopy to set the atomic number of uranium at 92, making it the heaviest element known at the time. This chapter will deal with the quest to explore that limit and heavy and superheavy elements, and provide an update on where continuation of the periodic table is headed and some of the significant changes in its appearance and interpretation that may be necessary. Our use of the term “heavy elements” differs from that of astrophysicists who refer to elements above helium as heavy elements. The meaning of the term “superheavy” element is still not exactly agreed upon and has changed over the past several decades. “Ultraheavy” is occasionally used. Interestingly, there is no formal definition of “periodic table” by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in their glossary of definitions: the “Gold Book.” But there are plenty of definitions in the general literature—including Wikipedia, the collaborative, free, internet encyclopedia which calls the “periodic table” a “tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations (electron shell model), and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus).” IUPAC’s first definition of a “chemical element” is: “A species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.” Their definition of atom: “the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. It consists of a nucleus of positive charge (Z is the proton number and e the elementary charge) carrying almost all its mass (more than 99.9%) and Z electrons determining its size.”

The Periodic System: A Mathematical Approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
System A ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Recent Formulation

The Periodic Table, Despite its near 150 years, is still a vital scientific construct. Two instances of this vitality are the recent formulation of a periodic table of protein complexes (Ahnert et al. 2015) and the announcement of four new chemical elements (Van Noorden 2016). “Interestingly, there is no formal definition of ‘Periodic Table’,” claims Karol (2017) in his chapter of the current volume. And even worse, the related concepts that come into play when referring to the periodic table (such as periodic law, chemical element, periodic system, and some others) overlap, leading to confusion. In this chapter we explore the meaning of the periodic table and of some of its related terms. In so doing we highlight a few common mistakes that arise from confusion of those terms and from misinterpretation of others. By exploring the periodic table, we analyze its mathematics and discuss a recent comment by Hoffmann (2015): “No one in my experience tries to prove [the periodic table] wrong, they just want to find some underlying reason why it is right.” We claim that if the periodic table were “wrong,” its structure would be variable; however the test of the time, including similarity studies, show that it is rather invariable. An approach to the structure of the periodic system we follow in this chapter is through similarity. In so doing we review seven works addressing the similarity of chemical elements accounting for different number of elements and using different properties, either chemical or physical ones. The concept of “chemical element” has raised the interest of several scholars such as Paneth (1962) and is still a matter of discussion given the double meaning it has (see, e.g., Scerri 2007, Earley 2009, Ruthenberg 2009, Ghibaudi et al. 2013, van Brakel 2014, Restrepo & Harré 2015), which is confusing, leading to misconceptions. The two meanings of the concept of chemical element are basic and simple substance. According to Paneth (1962), a basic substance belongs to the transcendental world and it is devoid of qualities, and therefore is not perceptible to our senses.

Students discover the rocks and minerals that are behind the chemical elements of the Periodic Table.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natassa Detsika
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Chemical Type ◽  
Scientific World ◽  
History Of

<p>This work is aimed at young people at the age of 14 to 15 years old.</p><p>The work is based on the study of the Periodic Table. Students show a great interest in learning about the history of the periodic table, as well as the details of each chemical element individually. They want to know how it was discovered, the scientist who did it, in which rock we can find it, where we use it, its properties, and much more.</p><p>Combining the two sciences, Geology and Chemistry, we make a blank Periodic Table with dimensions of 2m to 1,5m. We also make cards with the elements.</p><p>The aims are:</p><ul><li>- To help students study the periodic table through various table games and learn not only the names of chemical elements but their inseparable relationship with the Earth and man.</li> <li>- To make it clear that everything we need and use has its origins in the Earth.</li> <li>- To emphasize the origins of the chemical elements in the minerals and the rocks.</li> </ul><p>For every element there are several cards. An example is Al (Aluminum). For Al, there is a card with the chemical symbol of Al, a card with the picture of Bauxite (the rock from which we get aluminum), a card with the materials made of Al, a card with a small quiz about some of its chemical or physical properties, etc. Τhe cards have colors depending on the group that the chemical elements belong to. There are also cards with the history behind a chemical element.</p><p>Students are divided into groups, in which they then pick up different cards and try to place the chemical elements in the correct box in the periodic table.</p><p>Another game they like to play is to pick a card with the element’s symbol on and try to guess the name of the element and to associate it with the suitable mineral or rock card.</p><p>In addition, the students are given atoms and bonds simulations, as well as the chemical type of a mineral and a picture or a real part of a rock, in which we find the mineral. Their goal is to construct the mineral using the simulations and the written directions. Ιn this way, they also recognize the rocks in which the chemical elements are found.</p><p>The most interesting in the above process is that students prepare the cards themselves. Thus, they are also actively involved in the process of creating their own periodic table.</p><p>In 2019, the scientific world celebrated the 150th anniversary since the creation of the periodic table. Our students, after playing such games as the above, decided to celebrate the International Year of P.T. by painting their own periodic table on canvas.</p><p>Their work is now hanging in a central school area.</p>

Fidelity, sub-fidelity, super-fidelity and their preservers

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (03) ◽  
pp. 1550027
Author(s):  
Li Wang ◽  
Jinchuan Hou ◽  
Kan He
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Space ◽  
Unitary Operator ◽  
Convex Set ◽  
Quantum Systems ◽  
Complex Hilbert Space ◽  
Quantum States ◽  
Infinite Dimensional

Sub- and super-fidelity describe respectively the lower and super bound of fidelity of quantum states. In this paper, we obtain several properties of sub- and super-fidelity for both finite- and infinite-dimensional quantum systems. Furthermore, let H be a separable complex Hilbert space and ϕ : 𝒮(H) → 𝒮(H) a map, where 𝒮(H) denotes the convex set of all states on H. We show that, if dim H < ∞, or, if dim H = ∞ and ϕ is surjective, then the following statements are equivalent: (1) ϕ preserves the super-fidelity; (2) ϕ preserves the fidelity; (3) ϕ preserves the sub-fidelity; (4) there exists a unitary or an anti-unitary operator U on H such that ϕ(ρ) = UρU† for all ρ ∈ 𝒮(H).

scholarly journals On the occurrence of metallic character in the periodic table of the chemical elements

2015 ◽  
Vol 373 (2037) ◽  
pp. 20140477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Friedrich Hensel ◽  
Daniel R. Slocombe ◽  
Peter P. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Absolute Zero ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Universal Representation

The classification of a chemical element as either ‘metal’ or ‘non-metal’ continues to form the basis of an instantly recognizable, universal representation of the periodic table (Mendeleeff D. 1905 The principles of chemistry , vol. II, p. 23; Poliakoff M. & Tang S. 2015 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 373 , 20140211). Here, we review major, pre-quantum-mechanical innovations (Goldhammer DA. 1913 Dispersion und Absorption des Lichtes ; Herzfeld KF. 1927 Phys. Rev. 29 , 701–705) that allow an understanding of the metallic or non-metallic status of the chemical elements under both ambient and extreme conditions. A special emphasis will be placed on recent experimental advances that investigate how the electronic properties of chemical elements vary with temperature and density, and how this invariably relates to a changing status of the chemical elements. Thus, the prototypical non-metals, hydrogen and helium, becomes metallic at high densities; and the acknowledged metals, mercury, rubidium and caesium, transform into their non-metallic forms at low elemental densities. This reflects the fundamental fact that, at temperatures above the absolute zero of temperature, there is therefore no clear dividing line between metals and non-metals. Our conventional demarcation of chemical elements as metals or non-metals within the periodic table is of course governed by our experience of the nature of the elements under ambient conditions. Examination of these other situations helps us to examine the exact divisions of the chemical elements into metals and non-metals (Mendeleeff D. 1905 The principles of chemistry , vol. II, p. 23).

scholarly journals PubChem Periodic Table and Element pages: improving access to information on chemical elements from authoritative sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunghwan Kim ◽  
Asta Gindulyte ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Paul A. Thiessen ◽  
Evan E. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Web Sites ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Element Data ◽  
Chemical Content

AbstractPubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) is one of the top five most visited chemistry web sites in the world, with more than five million unique users per month (as of March 2020). Many of these users are educators, undergraduate students, and graduate students at academic institutions. Therefore, PubChem has a great potential as an online resource for chemical education. This paper describes the PubChem Periodic Table and Element pages, which were recently introduced to celebrate the 150th anniversary of the periodic table. These services help users navigate the abundant chemical element data available within PubChem, while providing a convenient entry point to explore additional chemical content, such as biological activities and health and safety data available in PubChem Compound pages for specific elements and their isotopes. The PubChem Periodic Table and Element pages are also available as widgets, which enable web developers to display PubChem’s element data on web pages they design. The elemental data can be downloaded in common file formats and imported into data analysis programs (e.g., spreadsheet software, like Microsoft Excel and Google Sheets, and computer scripts, such as python and R). Overall, the PubChem Periodic Table and Element pages improve access to chemical element data from authoritative sources.

What Is A Chemical Element?

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
International Union ◽  
Applied Chemistry ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Current State ◽  
Element Carbon ◽  
Definition Of

The term “element” is typically used in two distinct senses. First it is taken to mean isolated simple substances such as the green gas chlorine or the yellow solid sulphur. In some languages, including English, it is also used to denote an underlying abstract concept that subsumes simple substances but possesses no properties as such. The allotropes and isotopes of carbon, for example, all represent elements in the sense of simple substances. However, the unique position for the element carbon in the periodic table refers to the abstract sense of “element.” The dual definition of elements proposed by the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry contrasts an abstract meaning and an operational one. Nevertheless, the philosophical aspects of this notion are not fully captured by the IUPAC definition, despite the fact that they were crucial for the construction of the periodic table. This pivotal chemical notion remains ambiguous and such ambiguity raises problems at the epistemic, logical, and educational levels. These aspects are discussed throughout the book, from different perspectives. This collective book provides an overview of the current state of the debate on the notion of chemical element. Its authors are historians of chemistry, philosophers of chemistry, and chemists with epistemological and educational concerns.

scholarly journals UNESCO-Russia Mendeleev International Prize in the Basic Sciences

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-29
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Basic Sciences ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government

Abstract As a follow-up to the 2019 International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT2019), the Government of the Russian Federation proposed to establish and fund the joint UNESCO/Russian Federation International Prize for the Basic Sciences in the name of the Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleev. The initiative is to provide further support to the UNESCO’s International Basic Sciences Programme (IBSP).

scholarly journals IUPAC Periodic Table Challenge

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Juris Meija ◽  
Javier Garcia-Martinez ◽  
Jan Apotheker
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Global Competition ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
The World

AbstractIn 2019, the world celebrated the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT2019) and the IUPAC centenary. This happy coincidence offered a unique opportunity to reflect on the value and work that is carried out by IUPAC in a range of activities, including chemistry awareness, appreciation, and education. Although IUPAC curates the Periodic Table and oversees regular additions and changes, this icon of science belongs to the world. With this in mind, we wanted to create an opportunity for students and the general public to participate in this global celebration. The objective was to create an online global competition centered on the Periodic Table and IUPAC to raise awareness of the importance of chemistry in our daily lives, the richness of the chemical elements, and the key role of IUPAC in promoting chemistry worldwide. The Periodic Table Challenge was the result of this effort.

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