scholarly journals What explains the negative effect of unemployment on health? An analysis accounting for reverse causality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Krug ◽  
Andreas Eberl
Keyword(s):  
Causal Effect ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Dynamic Panel Data ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Perceived Social Status ◽  
The Unemployed

The unemployed are often in poorer health than their employed counterparts. This cross-sectional correlation is often attributed to a causal effect of unemployment on health. Resent research analyzing longitudinal data, however, often supports alternative explanations, such as spurious correlation and/or selection of unhealthy workers into unemployment (i.e., reverse causality). In this paper, we apply a dynamic panel data estimator (system GMM) to account for both unobserved confounders and reverse causality. Despite some evidence for health selection, we still find strong support for the causality thesis. Furthermore, we show that the adverse health effect is partially explained by the loss of self-perceived social status due to unemployment but not by the loss of household income or social contacts.

Abstract P397: Living in Ethnic-enclave Neighborhoods May Attenuate the Negative Effect of Acculturation on Blood Pressure in Refugees and Maintain Immigrant Health Effect

Hypertension ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Dalmar ◽  
Douglas Pryce ◽  
Brian Martinson ◽  
Farhiya Faraha ◽  
Sandra Wewerka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
English Language ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Neighborhood Environment ◽  
Ethnic Enclave ◽  
Somali Refugees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Employment Education

Background: Researchers have long hypothesized that acculturation (duration of U.S. residence [DOR]) is associated with increases in blood pressure in immigrant populations. However, little is known about the potential effects of acculturation on hypertension (HTN) in refugees living in ethnic-enclave neighborhoods. We conducted a cross-sectional study of Somali refugees and immigrants (a largely enclaved population) living in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. Method: We analyzed data from 1155 Somali refugees/immigrants who arrived in United States from 1990 to 2015 and are participating in an ongoing study of Somali refugees in the Twin Cities. Using 10 years as a threshold, the study population was divided into two groups based on DOR: short (&lt 10 years) or long (&gt= 10 years). Main outcome was HTN, which was defined using the protocol of international HTN studies. Differences between the two groups were determined by chi-squared test and t-test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine association between HTN and DOR. Results: Of 1155 subjects, 572 (49.6%) had DOR &gt= 10 years. Mean DOR was 9.8 ± 6.0 years (median of 10), and 58.1% (559 of 1155) were women. The short DOR group was younger (mean age 44.6 ± 18.0 vs 51.4 ± 18.1 years, P&lt 0.001. There was no difference in mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) between groups (117 mmHg vs 119 mmHg, P=0.087) and no correlation between SBP and DOR (linear R 2 =0.012). Prevalence of HTN was 29.5% (341 of 1155), with 179 of these 341 (52.5%) having uncontrolled HTN. HTN increased with aging: 4.1% (19 of 457) for age group 18-39, 15.3% (47 of 306) for ages 40-59, and 29.7% (114 of 384) for ages 60 + . After adjusting for body mass index, marital status, English language (written and spoken), health insurance, income / poverty ratio, language spoken at home, employment, education and DOR, age was the only predicator of HTN. Even after matching two groups by age, the distribution of HTN was similar between the two age-matched DOR groups (P=0.1879). Conclusions: DOR (acculturation) was not a predictor of HTN in this highly enclaved refugee/immigrant sample. Further studies are needed to identify which cultural and neighborhood environment factors may operate to blunt the effects of acculturation on blood pressure.

scholarly journals Parenthood and the Gender Gap in Workplace Authority

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dragana Stojmenovska ◽  
Paula England
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Supervisory Authority ◽  
First Child ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Static Approach ◽  
First Time ◽  
Workplace Authority

Abstract This article answers several related questions: does parenthood affect whether women hold positions of authority? Is there a parenthood effect on authority for men? Is the gender gap in authority explained by a more deleterious effect of parenthood on women’s in comparison to men’s representation in positions of authority? Past studies of the relationship between parenthood and workplace authority have been limited in their ability to assess a causal effect of parenthood because most have employed a static approach, measuring the presence of children and the type of job held concurrently, using cross-sectional data. Using retrospective life course data from four rounds of the Family Survey of the Dutch Population and distributed fixed-effects models, we study within-person changes in having supervisory authority among women and men in the years before, around, and after the birth of their first child. The findings show a moderate negative effect of motherhood on women’s representation in authority, which is entirely explained by a reduction in the number of hours worked. Fatherhood has no effect on men’s representation in authority. The gender gap in supervisory authority between women and men grows over time but is already very large years before the transition to first-time parenthood.

Estimating the Magnitude of the Relation Between Bullying, E-Bullying, and Suicidal Behaviors Among United States Youth, 2015

Crisis ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin S. Kuehn ◽  
Annelise Wagner ◽  
Jennifer Velloza
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Suicide Attempts ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Average Causal Effect ◽  
Effects Of Bullying ◽  
Pc Algorithm ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Significant Covariates

Abstract. Background: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among US adolescents aged 12–19 years. Researchers would benefit from a better understanding of the direct effects of bullying and e-bullying on adolescent suicide to inform intervention work. Aims: To explore the direct and indirect effects of bullying and e-bullying on adolescent suicide attempts (SAs) and to estimate the magnitude of these effects controlling for significant covariates. Method: This study uses data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBS), a nationally representative sample of US high school youth. We quantified the association between bullying and the likelihood of SA, after adjusting for covariates (i.e., sexual orientation, obesity, sleep, etc.) identified with the PC algorithm. Results: Bullying and e-bullying were significantly associated with SA in logistic regression analyses. Bullying had an estimated average causal effect (ACE) of 2.46%, while e-bullying had an ACE of 4.16%. Limitations: Data are cross-sectional and temporal precedence is not known. Conclusion: These findings highlight the strong association between bullying, e-bullying, and SA.

scholarly journals Asthma patients experience increased symptoms of anxiety, depression and fear during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 147997312110296
Author(s):  
Geertje M de Boer ◽  
Laura Houweling ◽  
Rudi W Hendriks ◽  
Jan H Vercoulen ◽  
Gerdien A Tramper-Stranders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Asthma Patients ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Population studies showed a decrease in psychological wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic. Asthma is associated with a negative effect on anxiety and depression, which might worsen during the COVID-19 lockdown. The aim of the study was to compare fear, anxiety and depression between asthma patients and patients wit hout asthma pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 pandemic. This study compares fear, anxiety and depression in asthma patients and controls between pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 lockdown with a cross-sectional online survey. Participants were invited to fill out several questionnaires pertaining to fear, anxiety, depression, asthma control and quality of life. Asthma patients (N = 37) displayed, during the course of the pandemic, a clinically relevant increase in anxiety (3.32 ± 2.95 vs. 6.68 ± 3.78; p < 0.001) and depression (1.30 ± 1.15 vs. 3.65 ± 3.31; p < 0.001), according to the hospital anxiety and depression levels (HADS) compared to pre-COVID-19 assessment. This was not seen in controls. Also, asthma patients displayed more anxiety about acquiring COVID-19 disease compared to controls ((5.11 ± 1.99 vs. 3.50 ± 2.79), p = 0.006). Patients with asthma experienced an increase in anxiety and depression levels and were more afraid of acquiring COVID-19 disease compared to controls. Also, patients with asthma were more likely to avoid healthcare facilities due to fear of acquiring COVID-19 disease compared to controls. Therefore, we advise health care workers to address these possible negative effects on mental health by phone or e-consults.

scholarly journals Urinary and anal incontinence among female gymnasts and cheerleaders—bother and associated factors. A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Lindquist Skaug ◽  
Marie Ellström Engh ◽  
Helena Frawley ◽  
Kari Bø
Keyword(s):  
Pelvic Floor ◽  
Anal Incontinence ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Sports Performance ◽  
International Consensus ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Female Gymnasts

Abstract Introduction and hypothesis Artistic gymnastics, team gymnastics and cheerleading are sports including high-impact activities. It is presumed that the athletes’ pelvic floor must be functioning well to prevent urinary (UI) and anal incontinence (AI) during sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for UI and AI in female artistic gymnasts, team gymnasts and cheerleaders; the influence of UI and AI on daily living and sport performance; and the athletes’ knowledge about the pelvic floor muscles (PFM). Methods All female athletes ≥ 12 years of age competing in ≥ 1 National Championship in artistic gymnastics, team gymnastics or cheerleading in 2018/2019 were invited. International Consensus on Incontinence Questionnaires were used to assess the prevalence/bother of UI and AI. Results Among the 319 gymnasts and cheerleaders who participated, the prevalence of UI and AI was 67% and 84%, respectively. Age, training ≥ 4 days/week and straining to void were significantly associated with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and years of training with AI. Eighty-three percent of athletes with SUI reported a negative effect on sports performance, 22% would occasionally avoid training or specific exercises because of leakage, and 28% used pads for protection. Forty-one percent of the athletes had never heard about the PFM, and 74% reported an interest in PFM training to prevent/treat UI or AI. Conclusions UI and AI were prevalent in female gymnasts and cheerleaders, and SUI negatively influenced sport performance. The athletes’ knowledge about the PFM was limited.

Syndrome of nonverbal learning disabilities: Age differences in neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional functioning

1991 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Casey ◽  
Byron P. Rourke ◽  
Erin M. Picard
Keyword(s):  
Learning Disabilities ◽  
Middle Childhood ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Nonverbal Learning Disabilities ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Nonverbal Learning ◽  
Remedial Intervention ◽  
Do So

AbstractPrevious research has suggested that changes in the manifestations of the nonverbal learning disabilities syndrome (NLD) occur over the lifespan and that they do so in a manner that is consistent with the tenets of the NLD model (Rourke, 1989). Although the model would predict that age-related changes would also be evident within the childhood years, no study has yet examined this possibility. Based on the tenets of the model, specific predictions were formulated regarding developmental changes in the features of the NLD syndrome that would be expected to occur across the middle childhood and early adolescent years. The pattern of neurocognitive and socioemotional changes observed within the context of the cross-sectional data provided strong support for the predictions. Due to methodological limitations, no firm conclusions regarding the developmental manifestations of the NLD syndrome could be derived from the results of the longitudinal study. At most, these results suggested that some improvements in areas of neurocognitive deficiency may occur with the implementation of an appropriate remedial intervention program.

Dual Commitments to Organizations and Professions: Different Motivational Pathways to Productivity

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 1202-1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Becker ◽  
Mary C. Kernan ◽  
Kevin D. Clark ◽  
Howard J. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Organizational Outcomes ◽  
Goal Commitment ◽  
Work Outcomes ◽  
Reverse Causality ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

Commitments to organizations and professions have important implications for behavior in the workplace, but little is known about how these dual commitments combine to affect organizational outcomes. We present a model proposing that commitment to professions influences productivity through a positive effect on intrinsic motivation and a negative effect on extrinsic motivation. Commitment to organizations, conversely, is hypothesized to have a negative effect on intrinsic motivation and a positive effect on extrinsic motivation. We tested the model with a sample of 237 tenured management professors and, overall, the model fit the data well and better than less parsimonious models or ones positing reverse causality. Commitment to the profession was positively related to intrinsic motivation to engage in research and, through this effect, resulted in more challenging research goals, increased commitment to those goals, more hours spent on research, and greater research productivity. Commitment to the organization (university) was positively related to extrinsic motivation and negatively related to intrinsic motivation and was unrelated to goal level, goal commitment, hours spent on research, and research productivity. Our model makes a unique theoretical contribution by revealing the differing paths by which commitments to organizations and professions affect work outcomes, and our results support and extend commitment theory and offer unique insights into posttenure productivity.

Unemployment and Health: An Analysis of “Canada Health Survey” Data

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 609-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl D'Arcy ◽  
C. M. Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Emotional Health ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Physician Visits ◽  
Health Differences ◽  
The Unemployed

This paper provides a cross-sectional analysis of the physical and emotional well-being of employed and unemployed workers. The data used consists of a sub-sample ( N = 14,313) drawn from the Canada Health Survey's national probability sample ( N = 31,688). The analysis indicates substantial health differences between employed and unemployed individuals. The unemployed showed significantly higher levels of distress, greater short-term and long-term disability, reported a large number of health problems, had been patients more often, and used proportionately more health services. Consistent with these measures, derived from self-reported data, physician-diagnosed measures also indicate a greater vulnerability of unemployed individuals to serious physical ailments such as heart trouble, pain in heart and chest, high blood pressure, spells of faint-dizziness, bone-joint problems and hypertension. While these health differences between the employed and unemployed persisted across socio-economic and demographic conditions, further analysis indicated strong interaction effects of SES and demographic variables on the association of employment status with physical and emotional health. Females and older unemployed individuals reported more health problems and physician visits whereas the younger unemployed (under 40) reported more psychological distress. The blue-collar unemployed were found to be considerably more vulnerable to physical illness whereas the unemployed with professional background reported more psychological distress. The low-income unemployed who were also the principal family earners, were the most psychologically distressed. A regional look at the data showed that the low-income unemployed suffered the most in terms of depressed mood in each region of the country. It is apparent that unemployment and its health impact reflect the wider class-based inequalities of advanced industrial societies. The need for social policies that effectively reduce unemployment and the detrimental impact of unemployment is clear.

scholarly journals Happiness in marginalized populations: a community–based study in South Central Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Kazemi ◽  
Behnam Honarvar ◽  
S. Taghi Heydari ◽  
Hassan Joulaei ◽  
Mohammad Reza Rahmanian Haghighi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Central Iran ◽  
Slum Area ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
South Central ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
The Unemployed

Abstract Background Happiness has multiple levels and determinants in different communities, cultures, and social groups. The current study aimed to investigate happiness and its main determinants in slums in south central Iran. Methods This community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with the participation of adults at least 18 years of age living in the biggest slum area in Shiraz, south central Iran. To determine levels of happiness, participants were asked to complete the Persian version of the GHQ28 questionnaire and a checklist based on the 2017 World Happiness Report. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 19. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results The mean age of the participants was 42.06 ± 16.34 years. Overall, 542 participants (45 %) were females, 257 (21.3 %) were illiterate, 678 (56.3 %) were married, and 495 (41.1 %) were unemployed and lived with their household. The happiness score, according to the Cantril ladder score, was 6.41 ± 2 (out of a total score of 10). Happiness was not correlated with gender (p = 0.37) or immigration (p = 0.06). Lower levels of happiness were seen in older adults (r=− 0.12, p < 0.001), illiterates (p = 0.03), the unemployed (p < 0.001), and people separated from their spouses (p < 0.001). Job satisfaction (p < 0.001, r = 0.47), total general health (p < 0.001, r=-0.36) and hope (p < 0.001, r = 0.41) were significantly correlated with happiness. Social support (< 0.001) and sufficient income and satisfaction (p < 0.001) were related with a higher score of happiness. Conclusions Marital status, smoking, employment and job satisfaction, social support and trust, feelings of insecurity in the neighborhood, hope for the future, facing violence, and income satisfaction were the main determinants of happiness in the Sang Siah slum area.

scholarly journals Identifying the causal effect of child marriage on unmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using propensity score matching

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e043532
Author(s):  
Kazutaka Sekine ◽  
Rogie Royce Carandang ◽  
Ken Ing Cherng Ong ◽  
Anand Tamang ◽  
Masamine Jimba
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Propensity Score Matching ◽  
Unintended Pregnancy ◽  
Unmet Needs ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Marginal Population ◽  
Modern Contraception

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate whether child marriage had causal effects on unmet needs for modern contraception, and unintended pregnancy, by estimating the marginal (population-averaged) treatment effect of child marriage.DesignThis study used secondary data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Applying one-to-one nearest-neighbour matching with replacement within a calliper range of ±0.01, 15–49 years old women married before the age of 18 were matched with similar women who were married at 18 or above to reduce selection bias.SettingNationally representative population survey data.ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 7833 women aged 15–49 years who were married for more than 5 years.Outcome measuresUnmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy.ResultsThe matching method achieved adequate overlap in the propensity score distributions and balance in measured covariates between treatment and control groups with the same propensity score. Propensity score matching analysis showed that the risk of unmet needs for modern contraception, and unintended pregnancy among women married as children were a 14.3 percentage point (95 % CI 10.3 to 18.2) and a 10.1 percentage point (95 % CI 3.7 to 16.4) higher, respectively, than among women married as adults. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the estimated effects were robust to unmeasured covariates.ConclusionsChild marriage appears to increase the risk of unmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy. These findings call for social development and public health programmes that promote delayed entry into marriage and childbearing to improve reproductive health and rights.

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