scholarly journals Context in Continuity: The Enduring Legacy of Neighborhood Disadvantage Across Generations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Elias Alvarado ◽  
Alexandra Cooperstock
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
Neighborhood Association ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Adult Exposure ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Neighborhoods may contribute to the maintenance of inequality in well-being across generations. We use 35 years of restricted geo-coded NLSY 1979 and NLSY Children and Young Adults data to estimate the association between multigenerational exposure to childhood neighborhood disadvantage and subsequent adult exposure. Invoking cousin fixed effects models that adjust for unobserved legacies of disadvantage that cascade across generations, we find that families where both parents and their children are exposed to childhood neighborhood disadvantage are likely to pass on the legacy of neighborhood disadvantage to successive generations, net of observed and unobserved confounders. Second, we find a direct intergenerational neighborhood association, net of observed and unobserved confounders. Third, we find that unobserved confounders nested in previous generations explain away the intragenerational neighborhood association. These findings reorient neighborhood theory to more seriously attend to the interdependence of neighborhood level and individual level antecedents of inequality across generations.

Life Course Events and Migration in the Transition to Adulthood

Social Forces ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Horowitz ◽  
Barbara Entwisle
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
And Migration ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract Do life course events stimulate migration during the transition to adulthood? We identify nine specific life events in the family, education, and employment domains and test whether they lead to migration in the short term, using fixed-effects models that remove the influence of all stable individual-level characteristics and controlling for age. Marital and school completion events have substantively large effects on migration compared with individual work transitions, although there are more of the latter over the young adult years. Furthermore, young adults who are white and from higher class backgrounds are more likely to migrate in response to life events, suggesting that migration may be a mechanism for the reproduction of status attainment. Overall, the results demonstrate a close relationship between life course events and migration and suggest a potential role for migration in explaining the effect of life course events on well-being and behavior.

scholarly journals Intersections of Adolescent Well-Being: School, Work, and Weight Status in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 002214652098554
Author(s):  
Letícia J. Marteleto ◽  
Molly Dondero ◽  
Jennifer Van Hook ◽  
Luiz C. D. Gama ◽  
Rachel Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
School Work ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nationally Representative

Socioeconomic and health disadvantages can emerge early in the life course, making adolescence a key period to examine the association between socioeconomic status and health. Past research on obesity in adolescence has focused on family measures of socioeconomic status, overlooking the role of individual-level nascent indicators of socioeconomic disadvantage. Using measured height and weight from nationally representative data from Brazil, we estimate sibling fixed effects models to examine the independent effects of nascent socioeconomic characteristics—school enrollment and work status—on adolescent overweight and obesity, accounting for unobserved genetic and environmental factors shared by siblings. Results show that school enrollment is associated with lower odds of overweight and obesity. Working is not significantly associated with overweight/obesity risk. However, adolescents not enrolled but working face the highest risk of overweight/obesity. Findings suggest that adolescents face added layers of disadvantage from being out of school, with important implications for the accumulation of health disadvantages.

Parenting and Youth Psychosocial Well- Being in South Korea using Fixed-Effects Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonsun Han ◽  
Andrew Grogan-Kaylor
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Fixed Effects Models

scholarly journals Triple Disadvantage: Neighborhood Networks of Everyday Urban Mobility and Violence in U.S. Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 85 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-956
Author(s):  
Brian L. Levy ◽  
Nolan E. Phillips ◽  
Robert J. Sampson
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Urban Mobility ◽  
Mobility Patterns ◽  
Residential Neighborhood ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Structural Mobility

This article develops and assesses the concept of triple neighborhood disadvantage. We argue that a neighborhood’s well-being depends not only on its own socioeconomic conditions but also on the conditions of neighborhoods its residents visit and are visited by, connections that form through networks of everyday urban mobility. We construct measures of mobility-based disadvantage using geocoded patterns of movement estimated from hundreds of millions of tweets sent by nearly 400,000 Twitter users over 18 months. Analyzing nearly 32,000 neighborhoods and 9,700 homicides in 37 of the largest U.S. cities, we show that neighborhood triple disadvantage independently predicts homicides, adjusting for traditional neighborhood correlates of violence, spatial proximity to disadvantage, prior homicides, and city fixed effects. Not only is triple disadvantage a stronger predictor than traditional measures, it accounts for a sizable portion of the association between residential neighborhood disadvantage and homicides. In turn, potential mechanisms such as neighborhood drug activity, interpersonal friction, and gun crime prevalence account for much of the association between triple disadvantage and homicides. These findings implicate structural mobility patterns as an important source of triple (dis)advantage for neighborhoods and have implications for a broad range of phenomena beyond crime, including community capacity, gentrification, transmission in a pandemic, and racial inequality.

The European Polarization of Income Distributions

2019 ◽  
pp. 174-210
Author(s):  
Jason Beckfield
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Economic Convergence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Country Differences ◽  
European Economies ◽  
Total P

The stratification of Europe combines two trends: the economic convergence among European economies and the within-nation polarization of the distribution of household income. This chapter examines the combination of these trends to describe the new structure of European stratification, and it analyzes what role European integration has played in these changes. Using fixed-effects models that simulate control for unmeasured but stable between-country differences in the drivers of income inequality over the 1973–2013 period, it extrapolates predictions from those models and compares these to data on income inequality from Waves V and VI of the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS), circa 2000–2010, and Eurostat, circa 2008–2012. It then uses individual-level data from the LIS and Eurostat to calculate the level of total income inequality in Europe and the changing contribution of between- and within-nation income inequality to the total.

scholarly journals The Complexities of Race and Place: Childhood Neighborhood Disadvantage and Adult Incarceration for Whites, Blacks, and Latinos

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 237802312092715
Author(s):  
Steven Elías Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Neighborhood Disadvantage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Black Boys ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Race And Place

The author uses restricted geocoded tract-level panel data (1986–2014) that span the prison boom and the acceleration of residential segregation in the United States from two cohorts of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979 and Children and Young Adults) to study whether the association between childhood neighborhood disadvantage and adult incarceration varies by race and ethnicity. Sibling fixed-effects models suggest that exposure to childhood neighborhood disadvantage increases the likelihood of incarceration in adulthood, net of observed and unobserved adjustments. However, the association appears weakest for blacks, especially black boys, compared with whites and Latinos. This suggests a more consistent likelihood of incarceration for blacks across all neighborhood origins. The author discusses potential theoretical explanations, including discrimination in profiling, policing, surveillance, and other prejudicial policies in the criminal justice system that are likely to uniquely affect blacks from all neighborhoods.

scholarly journals Becoming a first-time grandparent and subjective well-being. A fixed effects approach.

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Sheppard ◽  
Christiaan Willem Simon Monden
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life Transition ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Fixed Effects Models ◽  
First Time

Objective: In this study, we examine how individuals are affected by the change in status to grandparenthood for the first time.Background: Being a grandparent, especially an active and involved grandparent, is positively linked to the well-being of individuals with grandchildren, however little is known about how becoming a grandparent affects well-being.Method: We use longitudinal data from fifteen countries in Europe (Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe - SHARE) to analyse if becoming a grandparent is associated with three measures of subjective well-being. We use fixed effects models to account for unobserved heterogeneity.Results: We found evidence that becoming a first-time grandparent is associated with fewer depressive symptoms among women, although there was no effect on subjective life expectancy or life satisfaction. For men, we found no evidence for an impact on any outcome tested, although there is an association with increased subjective life expectancy conditional on employment status; only if men were employed when transitioning to grandparenthood. We also found no evidence that actively looking after the grandchild is important for either gender.Conclusion: These results suggest that, at least for women, it is the life transition itself that impacts on well-being, rather than active grandchild-care. More research is needed to verify these findings in other contexts, and over longer periods of time.

Rank Status and Happiness in India: A Panel Ordered Probit Estimation of the Effect of Ordinal Relative Comparison on Well-being

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lakshmanasamy ◽  
K. Maya
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Ordered Probit ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Differential Effects ◽  
Comparison Income ◽  
Average Reference ◽  
The Rich

Most often the social comparison or relative income hypothesis has been used as an explanation for the lack of systematic relationship between income and happiness, using the ordered probit regression method. The identification of relevant reference group and the estimation of the differential effects of comparison income have been controversial. To overcome these twin issues, this paper uses an ordinal comparison income approach based on rich/poor dichotomy and rank income. The rank income of an individual is defined as his relative position in the income distribution within the reference group and the average income of the reference group is used to define the rich/poor classification. The differential effects of ordinal incomes across life satisfaction distribution is estimated by the panel fixed effects ordered profit regression model using the WVS data for India. The estimated results show that ordinal income comparison, rather than cardinal average reference income, is a better predictor of life satisfaction levels. Raising income level is relatively important for less satisfied people while increasing rank status is important for highly satisfied people in India.

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