scholarly journals Phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of the methanolic extracts of Bombax buonopozense leaf and root

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Godwin C Akuodor ◽  
Augustine D Essien ◽  
Jemilat A Ibrahim ◽  
Augustine Bassey ◽  
Joseph L Akpan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Standard Procedures

Objective: The leaf and root of Bombax buonopozense which have some ethnomedicinal applications were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity against some disease causing microorganisms. Material & Methods: The phytochemical composition was evaluated using standard procedures. Susceptibility of these clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonae, Proteus spp. and Escherichia coli) to the extracts was determined using the agar diffusion method. Results: Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, phlobatannins, anthraquinones and carbohydrates (mostly in root). The root extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against all the organisms tested, while the leaf extract had activity on S. aureus and B. subtilis only. Conclusion: The findings indicate that the root extract contain the most active components which may be used to source antibiotic substances for possible treatment of bacterial infections. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v2i3.4222 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 2 (2011) 190-194 

scholarly journals Evaluation of the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of two aromatic plants used in the production of sweet wort and tchapalo, two artisanal beverages from Côte d'Ivoire

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 3215-3230
Author(s):  
Dolourou Diarrassouba ◽  
Solange Aka ◽  
Karamoko Ouattara ◽  
Issa Bagre ◽  
Nanga Yesse Zinzindorf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Aromatic Plants ◽  
Adansonia Digitata ◽  
Phytochemical Composition ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Extraits Aqueux

The search for new antimicrobial molecules from natural sources is an opportunity to preserve food. The objective of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of the leaves of Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) and the bark of Grewia venusta (Tilaceae), two aromatic plants used in the production of sweet must and tchapalo. Phytochemical screening from the aqueous, decocted and methanolic extracts of these plants was performed using standard colorimetric methods. Antimicrobial activity was also evaluated on 21 strains using the well diffusion method. Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) and Bactericides were determined respectively by the liquid macro-dilution and agar plating methods. Results showed the presence of tannins, triterpenoids, cardiotonic glycosides and saponins in these extracts. All extracts were active on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 with inhibition diameters ranging from 10.33±1 to 20.3±1.5 mm. The methanolic extracts had the lowest MICs (12.5 mg/mL), with bactericidal and/or fungicidal activity on most of the microbial strains tested. These results confirm the antimicrobial activities of the phytochemical compounds of these plants that could play the role of stabilizer and preservative of sweet wort and tchapalo. La recherche de nouvelles molécules antimicrobiennes à partir de sources naturelles est une opportunité pour conserver les aliments. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer la composition phytochimique et les propriétés antimicrobiennes des feuilles de Adansonia digitata (Bombacaceae) et des écorces de Grewia venusta (Tilaceae), deux plantes aromatiques utilisées dans la production du moût sucré et du tchapalo. Le criblage phytochimiques à partir des extraits aqueux, décoctés et méthanoliques de ces plantes a été réalisé selon les méthodes standards de colorimétries. L’activité antimicrobienne a été également évaluée sur 21 souches en utilisant la méthode de diffusion en puits. Les Concentrations Minimales Inhibitrices (CMI) et Bactéricides ont été déterminées respectivement par les méthodes de macro-dilution en milieu liquide et ensemencement sur milieu gélosé. Les résultats ont montré la présence de tannins, de triterpénoïdes, de cardiotoniques glycosides et de saponines dans ces extraits. Tous les extraits ont été actifs sur Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923 avec des diamètres d’inhibition allant de 10,33±1 à 20,3± 1,5 mm. Les extraits méthanoliques ont présenté les CMI les plus faibles (12,5 mg/mL), avec une activité bactéricide et/ou fongicide sur la plupart des souches microbiennes testées. Ces résultats confirment les activités antimicrobiennes des composés phytochimiques de ces plantes qui pourraient jouer le rôle de stabilisant et conservateur du moût sucré et du tchapalo.

scholarly journals Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of the Aqueous Root Extract of Triclisia dictyophylla

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Anslem O Ajugwo ◽  
Anthony C Ezimah ◽  
Francis M Awah ◽  
Philippe E Mounbegna ◽  
Celestine C Azikiwe
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Active Components ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Aqueous Root Extract

Triclisia dictyophylla have been used traditionally for the treatment of different ailments. The root was therefore subjected to phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial/antifungal activity against some hospital-strain disease causing microorganisms. Standard methods were used for the phytochemical screening. The extract was subjected to antimicrobial/antifungal activity using Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. The sensitivity pattern was compared to that of ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and ofloxacin. Phytochemical analysis revealed mostly alkaloids and protein while tannins, glycoside and saponin were revealed in trace (+) amounts. The extract showed a good antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus isolated from sputum and on E. coli from both urine and sputum with no antifungal activity. The extract contains active components which could be harnessed for formulation of antibiotics.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v4i1.7846   Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 4(2013) 15-20  

Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial Activities and Nutritional content of Jatropha Tanjorensis Leaves

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
B A Anhwange ◽  
I G Agbidye ◽  
B A Kyenge ◽  
P O Ngbede
Keyword(s):  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Hexane Extracts

The leaves of Jatropha tanjarensis were collected and assessed for their phytochemical compositions and antimicrobial activities using methanolic and hexane extracts as to determine the bioactive components and their effects on microorganisms. Also, the nutritional potential was investigated through the determination of proximate composition using standard procedures. The result of phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids, alkaloids and flavonoids in methanolic extract, the same observation was recorded in n-hexane extract except that reducing sugars were absent and phlobotannins were present. The antimicrobial activities of the leaves extract show that it have some antimicrobial properties. Results of the proximate composition and mineral analysis revealed that the plant is a good source of fiber and minerals. Therefore, leaves of Jatropha tanjarensisapart from being used as antimicrobial agents, can serve as good sources of fiber and minerals when used as vegetables.

scholarly journals LC-ESI/MS and GC-MS Methanol Extract Analysis, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity Studies of Centella asiatica

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Ondeko ◽  
Bernard F. Juma ◽  
Lilechi D. Baraza ◽  
Peter K. Nyongesa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Centella Asiatica ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Aims: To determine chemical constituents of the Leaf extracts of Centella asiatica using the LC-MS and GC-MS and their antimicrobial activities. Study Design: Structural determination of compounds from the leaf extracts was done using GC-MS and LC-MS analysis. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts were done using disc diffusion method. Place and Duration of Study:  Pure and Applied Chemistry Department, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kenya: Between 2016-2019. Methodology: Plant materials of C. asiatica were sequentially extracted separately based on the polarity viz., hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol. Determination of chemical constituents was done using LC-MS and GC-MS analysis and phytochemical screening. The extracts were assayed against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Standard antimicrobials viz. ampicillin and Nystatin were used as the control. Disc diffusion method was used and zones of inhibition, after respective incubation periods, were used to quantify antibacterial and antifungal activity. Results: Phytochemical screening of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts showed that terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, amino acids and proteins, reducing sugars and carbohydrates were present. LC-MS and GC-MS analyses of the methanolic extracts identified 22 and 33 compounds, respectively, by use of the national institute of standards and technology (NIST) library. The extracts showed appreciable activity against common microbes tested. Conclusion: This study forms the basis for the biological characterization and significance of the compounds identified in the leaf and stem extracts of C. asiatica. These compounds are known to possess antibacterial and antifungal activities that could be established as potential candidates for future drug development. However, these extracts, need to be subjected to further chromatographic procedures to isolate the identified compounds and their bioactivities determined.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Investigation and Antimicrobial Activity of Hexane, Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Fractions from Stem Bark of Icacina Trichantha Oliv. (Icacinaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
Ojah Emmanuel Onah ◽  
Kachi Jolly Babangida
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Micro Organisms

Background: Micro-organisms are responsible for the transmission of a large number of diseases. It is hard to comprehend the amount of diseases, deaths and economic losses caused by micro-organisms alone. Plants are good sources of eco-friendly and readily available antimicrobial agents. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical constituents and antimicrobial characteristics of three fractions from ethnomedicinal Icacina trichantha. Oliv. (Icacinaceae).Methods: Methanol extract from Icacina trichantha. Oliv was obtained by maceration and fractionated successively using hexane, and ethyl acetate. The antimicrobial properties of Icacina trichantha. Oliv was assessed using agar cup diffusion method on MRSA, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, C. krusei, S. dysenteriae, S. pyrogenes, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. albicans, and C. tropicalis. Phytochemical screening on fractions was also evaluated using standard methods.Results: Phytochemical screening on fractions revealed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, steroids, tannins, and glycosides. Agar diffusion assay on fractions showed growth inhibitory effect on all the organisms except P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, and C. tropicalis. The MIC revealed that n-hexane fraction was active against MRSA, S. pyrogenes, E. coli, K. pneumonia, C. albicans and C. krusei at 10 mg/mL while S. dysenteriae was active at 5 mg/mL. The ethyl acetate fraction was active against all the organisms at a concentration of 5 mg/mL except P.aeruginosa, S.typhi and C.tropicalis. Methanol fraction showed activity of 5 mg/mL against MRSA, S. pyrogenes, E. coli, S. dysenteriae, C. albicans and C. krusei except for K. pneumoniae with activity at 10 mg/mL. Minimum bactericidal concentration/fungicidal concentration MBC/MFC evaluated on the n-hexane fraction revealed that MRSA, S. pyrogenes, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, S. dysenteriae, C. albicans, and C. krusei were activeat 20 mg/mL, while the ethyl acetate fraction had MBC/MFC of 10 mg/mL against all the organisms except P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, C. tropicalis. Methanol extract had MBC/MFC of 10 mg/mL against MSRA, E.coli and S. dysenteriae whereas S. pyrogenes, K. pneumoniae, C. albicans and C. krusei had MBC/MFC at 20 mg/mL.Conclusion: Icacina trichantha. Oliv. contain constituents with concentration dependent antimicrobial properties based on type of organism. The plant could be useful in the prevention and treatment of multi-resistant disease causing microorganisms.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities and Phytochemical Screening of Some Yemeni Medicinal Plants

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramzi A. A. Mothana ◽  
Salah A. A. Abdo ◽  
Sidgi Hasson ◽  
Faisal M. N. Althawab ◽  
Sama A. Z. Alaghbari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Multiresistant Bacteria

The traditional medicine still plays an important role in the primary health care in Yemen. The current study represents the investigation of 16 selected plants, which were collected from different localities of Yemen. The plants were dried and extracted with two different solvents (methanol and hot water) to yield 34 crude extracts. The obtained extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, two Gram-negative bacteria, one yeast species and three multiresistantStaphylococcusstrains using agar diffusion method, for their antioxidant activity using scavenging activity of DPPH radical method and for their cytotoxic activity using the neutral red uptake assay. In addition, a phytochemical screening of the methanolic extracts was done. Antibacterial activity was shown only against Gram-positive bacteria, among them multiresistant bacteria. The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the methanolic extracts ofAcalypha fruticosa,Centaurea pseudosinaica,Dodonaea viscosa,Jatropha variegata,Lippia citriodora,Plectranthus hadiensis,Tragia pungensandVerbascum bottae.Six methanolic extracts especially those ofA. fruticosa,Actiniopteris semiflabellata,D. viscosa,P. hadiensis,T. pungensandV. bottaeshowed high free radical scavenging activity. Moreover, remarkable cytotoxic activity against FL-cells was found for the methanolic extracts ofA. fruticosa,Iris albicans,L. citriodoraandT. pungens. The phytochemical screening demonstrated the presence of different types of compounds like flavonoids, terpenoids and others, which could be responsible for the obtained activities.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Properties of Catha edulis (Miraa) against Select Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens, an in-vitro Experimental Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Kithinji ◽  
Susan Maina ◽  
Stanley Ndwigah ◽  
Hannington Mugo ◽  
Julius Oyugi
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Isolate ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Catha Edulis ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition

Abstract Background: The increasing risk of emergence of antimicrobial resistance can be addressed by discovering alternatives to antibiotics such as plant-based botanicals. In the present study, the antimicrobial properties of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Catha edulis (Miraa) were tested on select pathogenic bacteria and fungi.Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted in-vitro using the agar well diffusion method. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were dissolved in water to form 1000 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, and 10 mg/ml doses. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done in appropriate culture media and conditions. Diameters of zones of inhibition were obtained, their means calculated, and t-tests applied to test significance of differences between means. Results: The aqueous Miraa extracts at all three concentrations significantly inhibited the growth of all bacterial pathogens except E. coli but did not have an effect on C. albicans. The largest zones of inhibition for the aqueous extracts were observed at 1000 mg/ml against S. pneumoniae (28.41 mm), S. pyogenes ATCC 19615 (24.27 mm), MRSA (21.86 mm), and S. aureus clinical isolate (20.38 mm). Similarly, the largest zones of inhibition for the methanolic extracts were at 1000 mg/ml against S. pneumoniae clinical isolate (26.75 mm), S. pyogenes ATCC 19615 (25.38 mm), S. aureus clinical isolate (19.71 mm), and MRSA ATCC 43300 (16.38 mm).Conclusions: Crude Miraa extracts have significant antimicrobial effects in vitro against the tested microorganisms. Further studies on Miraa extracts to identify the active phytochemicals and investigate their therapeutic effects in-vivo in animal models are indicated.

scholarly journals The Ethnobotanical Survey, Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Extracts of Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Bance Alimata ◽  
Magnini René Dofini ◽  
Compaore Souleymane ◽  
Compaore Eli ◽  
Ouedraogo Noufou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Ethnobotanical Survey ◽  
Prosopis Africana ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents ◽  
Ethnomedicinal Uses

Aims: To investigate the ethnomedicinal uses of Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) Taub and to screen the antimicrobial property as well as determine the phytochemical constituents of leaves, stems and root bark. Study Design: Ethnobotanical surveys, antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening of extracts of P. africana. Place and Duration of Study: The ethnobotanical survey was conducted during June 2015 in Zounweogo Province. The experiments were conducted at the Department of Medicine and Traditional Pharmacopeia-Pharmacy (MEPHATRA-PH) of the Institute of Research in Health and Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry and Chemistry (LA.BIO.C.A), University Joseph KI-ZERBO. Methodology: The semi-structured questionnaires were administrated to 36 traditional healers and elucidated out on the ethnomedicinal uses of P. africana in treating bacterial infections, the plant parts used and the mode of administration. The antimicrobial activity of different polar extracts of the leaves, the stem and root were evaluated by using the agar diffusion method and the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts via microdilution method. The phytochemical constituents of all extracts were also screened air Ciulei method. Results: The traditional healers consisted of 64% women and 36% men were surveyed.                 P. africana is used to treat tooth decay, childhood diarrhoea and chronic wounds. Leaves and the stem bark are the most commonly used plant part in treating bacterial infections while the roots are primarily used for other therapeutic purposes. The main method of administration was decoction. Methanol extracts of the leaves showed better antibacterial activity on all bacterial strains than aqueous extracts: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC = 390 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 13.00 ±1.00 mm), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC = 390 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 12.33 ± 1.53 mm), Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 (MIC = 3120 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 13±1,00 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (MIC = 12500 µg/ml; diameter of inhibition = 12.33±0.58 mm). Alkaloid salts, tannins, sterols and triterpenes, saponosides, flavonic glycosides and leucoanthocyans were found in extracts of the leaves, as well as in the barks of the stem and root. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that P. africana is a potent source of antimicrobial compounds and could justify its traditional use of in the folklore medicine of Zounweogo Province.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACTS OF TECTONA GRANDIS, MANGIFERA INDICA, AND ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Krishnananda Kamath K. ◽  
A. Ramakrishna Shabaraya
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Tectona Grandis ◽  
Anacardium Occidentale ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Morphological Studies

Objective: World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely upon herbal medicines for some aspect of their primary healthcare. For most of the herbs, the specific ingredient that causes therapeutic effect is not known. Bacterial infections are one of the prominent causes of health problems, physical disabilities and mortalities around the world. Plants have been used in medicine as antimicrobial agents since ancient times could provide a promising solution for drug-resistant species. The present study involves comparison of the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract leaves of Tectona grandis (teak), Mangifera indica (mango), and, Anacardium Occidentale (cashew).Methods: Authentication, morphological studies and phytochemical screening studies on alcoholic extracts of leaves were carried out. Antibacterial activity was carried out by using different concentrations of extracts on bacterial strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by using agar well diffusion method and results were compared.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of extracts revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, resins, tannins and flavonoids. Antibacterial activity was observed in the concentration range of 25-100 mg/ml for all the extracts except T. grandis leaves. They are effective at 50-100 mg/ml concentration.Conclusion: Comparison of results reveals that leaves of T. Grandis have less antibacterial activity compared to M. Indica and A. Occidantale extracts.Keywords: Teak, Mango, Cashew Leaves Extracts, Phytochemical Screening, Antibacterial activity

scholarly journals Chemotherapeutic Potential of Carthamus Oxycantha Root Extract as Antidiarrheal and In Vitro Antibacterial Activities

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikram ◽  
Amany Magdy Beshbishy ◽  
Muhammad Kifayatullah ◽  
Adedayo Olukanni ◽  
Muhammad Zahoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Bacterial Strains

Our research work was designed to investigate the curative and preventive effects of Carthamus oxycantha root extract against diarrhea and microorganisms. For the antibacterial experiment, the agar well diffusion method was used against standard bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and Salmonella typhi, while for the assessment of antidiarrheal activity, castor oil and the magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea method was used on albino, laboratory-bred (BALB/c) mice at a dose rate of 200 and 400 mg/kg (body weight, b.w) orally. The methanol extract of C. oxycantha significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the frequency of defecation, and wet stools in a dose depended on the manner of after receiving magnesium sulfate (2 g/kg (b.w)) and castor oil (1.0 mL/mice). Furthermore, the extract of C. oxycantha showed concentration-dependent antimicrobial properties against S. aureus followed by S. typhi, E. coli, and P. aeroginosa bacterial strains, with inhibitions ranging from 10.5–15 mm. These findings show significant results that C. oxycantha is effective as an antidiarrheal and antibacterial agent. However, further works are needed to establish its mode of action.

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