scholarly journals Microbiological Quality and Antibiogram Assessment of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Raw Salad Vegetable Samples of Kathmandu Valley

2020 ◽  
pp. 88-95
Author(s):  
Rojan Poudel ◽  
Neha Gautam ◽  
Krishus Nepal ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Milan Kumar Upreti
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Vegetable Samples ◽  
Salad Vegetables

Most typical salad vegetables include carrots, cabbages, lettuces, bell peppers, cucumber, onions, tomatoes, coriander and radishes. The aim of this research was to study the microbiological quality of salad vegetables and perform antibiotic susceptibility of isolates. In this study, total viable count, total coliform count and yeast, mold count were calculated as CFU/ml within sample type and according to various sample sources. Total percentage of isolated bacteria and molds were calculated. Antibiotic sensitivity test of isolated bacteria was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI 2017 guideline. Average microbial count was ≤ 107 CFU/ml for all sample types. So, it revealed that the vast majority of samples failed to comply with international standards i.e. ≤104 CFU/ml. Total 172 isolates from raw salad vegetable Escherichia coli 14 (70%), K. pneumoniae 12 (60%) and P. aeruginosa 15 (75%) were found to be predominant. Whereas, Trichoderma spp 4 (20%) were most predominant amongst mold. Highest resistivity was against Amoxicillin/ Clavulanic acid and most sensitivity was against Gentamicin followed by Ciprofloxacin and Chloramphenicol. This study showed that raw salad vegetable samples were heavily contaminated and the antimicrobial resistance pattern shown by the isolates is an indication that adequate measure need be taken to regulate drug use in both humans and animals in order to minimize the risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Characterization of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria Present in Fresh Leafy & Salad Vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 1322-1327
Author(s):  
Shahrin Akter Aurin ◽  
Sohana Parvin Chowdhury ◽  
Maruf Abony ◽  
Jarin Rifa ◽  
Avijit Banik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Global Health Research ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Drug Resistance Pattern ◽  
Salad Vegetables

This study was conducted to determine the microbiological quality of fresh raw and unwashed leafy and salad vegetables in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Six different types of samples (red amaranth, spinach, carrot, radish, tomato, and cucumber) were collected in pre-sterilized zip-lock bags from various local markets in Dhaka. All samples were transported to the Centre of Excellence for Global Health Research Laboratory of Primeasia University at earliest convenience. Samples were enriched in Nutrient Broth media and were then cultured on selective media for isolation purpose. Serial dilution was performed for the total viable count. Biochemical and carbohydrate profiling was conducted for the presumptive identification of the isolates. Commercial antibiotic discs were used for antibiogram by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The total microbial load ranged from 8x107 to 1.70x108. Total 36 isolates were identified, having 7 differentorganisms. The most predominant organism was Vibrio sp. (23%) followed by Klebsiella sp.(20%), Acinetobacter sp. (19%), Pseudomonas sp. (19%), Salmonella sp. (8%), Moraxella sp.(8%) and Escherichia coli (3%). 11% of the Vibrio sp. isolates were V. cholerae, found from 4 samples. No presence of V. cholerae was observed in the tomatosamples. E. coli was observed only in Carrot sample. Antibiotics from 7 different groups were tested against the organisms among which Imipenem showed the highest sensitivity (86%). Following Ceftriaxone (100%), Nitrofurantoin (94%), Erythromycin (89%) and Amoxicillin (83%) had the highest resistance against the isolated organisms. Moreover, most of the isolates showed a multi-drug resistance pattern where they were resistant to at least four drugs. Prevalence of pathogenic bacteria in raw unwashed vegetables can cause potential adverse health effects and therefore the consumers need to be conscious about the matter.

scholarly journals Occurrence, antimicrobial resistance pattern and molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from bovine’s milk and meat in Mekelle City, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Gugsa Amede ◽  
Tesfay Hailu Kidanu ◽  
Yisehak Tsegaye Redda ◽  
Meselu Ahmed Ali ◽  
Nesibu Awol Ababelgu
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mekelle City ◽  
Meat Samples

Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic and emerging foodborne zoonotic pathogen that encompasses a diversity of strains with varied virulence and can cause serious human and animal infections worldwide with low incidence but high hospitalization and case fatality rates. A cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2016 to June 2017 to estimate the molecular epidemiology of L. monocytogenes and its serotypes, and antimicrobial resistance pattern of isolates in Mekelle City. A total of 768 (384 of milk and 384 meat) samples of bovine origin were collected using a purposive random sampling technique. Isolation and identification of L. monocytogenes was done according to standard and recommended bacteriological procedures. Genome-based confirmation of each isolate was performed at species and serovar levels by targeting Iap, Imo0737, ORF2819 and ORF2110 genes using specific primers. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using agar plate antibiotic disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 26 (3.39%). Sample type prevalence rates of L. monocytogenes were 4.17 % and 2.6% in meat and milk samples, respectively. There was a statically significant difference (p<0.05) on the prevalence rates of the organism in meat samples collected from abattoir (1.67%), butcher shops (8.33%), and restaurants (8.33%). Serovars that were identified were belonged to 1/2b and 4b. Large proportions of isolates were highly susceptible to Ampicillin (88.46%) and Vancomycin (84.62%). However, the isolates had shown the highest level of resistance against Nalidixic Acid (96.15%). The highest intermediate was observed to Amoxicillin (57.69%). Moreover, 42.31% of the isolates were developed resistance for more than two drugs. Hence, both its occurrence and development of a multi-drug resistance indicated that, a coordinated effort is imperative to reduce or eliminate the risk posed by this pathogen in food chains and on controlled and careful use of antimicrobials both in veterinary and human treatment regimes.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Gram-Negative Bacterial Isolates from Raw Chicken Meat Samples

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 89-95
Author(s):  
Neha Gautam ◽  
Rojan Poudel ◽  
Binod Lekhak ◽  
Milan Kumar Upreti
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Food Microbiology ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Meat Samples

Objectives: This research aims to study the microbial quality of chicken meat available in retail shop of Kathmandu Valley. Methods:  This Study was conducted from June to December 2018 in three different districts of Kathmandu Valley. Samples were collected in sterile plastic bags, labeled properly and stored in an icebox and transported to the Food Microbiology laboratory of Golden Gate International College.  During sample preparation, 25 grams of each sample was taken and transferred to sterile flasks containing 225 ml of buffered peptone water. Potential pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria were isolated by using respective selective media and identified by biochemical test. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolates was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI 2017 guideline. Results: Of total 81 chicken meat samples processed; 201 Gram negative bacteria were isolated.  E. coli (100%) was the dominant Gram-negative isolates, followed by Citrobacter spp (62.96%), Pseudomonas spp (40.74%), Proteus spp (19.75%), Salmonella spp (16.04%) and Klebsiella spp (8.64%) respectively. No any multidrug isolates were detected. Conclusion: The study showed that the raw chicken meat samples of Kathmandu valley was highly contaminated with Gram negative potential pathogenic bacteria. Antimicrobial resistance pattern shown by the isolates may indicates that there is not overuse of drug in animals and the less chance of risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mst. Sonia Parvin ◽  
Sudipta Talukder ◽  
Md. Yamin Ali ◽  
Emdadul Haque Chowdhury ◽  
Md. Tanvir Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Encoding Genes

Escherichia coli is known as one of the most important foodborne pathogens in humans, and contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infection with this bacterium. The occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli (ESBL-Ec), in particular, in chicken meat is considered a global health problem. This study aimed to determine the magnitude of E. coli, with special emphasis on ESBL-Ec, along with their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance pattern in frozen chicken meat. The study also focused on the determination of ESBL-encoding genes in E. coli. A total of 113 frozen chicken meat samples were purchased from 40 outlets of nine branded supershops in five megacities in Bangladesh. Isolation and identification of E. coli were done based on cultural and biochemical properties, as well as PCR assay. The resistance pattern was determined by the disc diffusion method. ESBL-encoding genes were determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that 76.1% of samples were positive for E. coli, of which 86% were ESBL producers. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Resistance to 9–11 and 12–13 antimicrobial classes was observed in 38.4% and 17.4% isolates, respectively, while only 11.6% were resistant to 3–5 classes. Possible extensive drug resistance (pXDR) was found in 2.3% of isolates. High single resistance was observed for oxytetracycline (93%) and amoxicillin (91.9%), followed by ampicillin (89.5%), trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, and pefloxacin (88.4%), and tetracycline (84.9%). Most importantly, 89.6% of isolates were resistant to carbapenems. All the isolates were positive for the blaTEM gene. However, the blaSHV and blaCTX-M-2 genes were identified in two ESBL-non producer isolates. None of the isolates carried the blaCTX-M-1 gene. This study provided evidence of the existence of MDR and pXDR ESBL-Ec in frozen chicken meat in Bangladesh, which may pose a risk to human health if the meat is not properly cooked or pickled raw only. This emphasizes the importance of the implementation of good slaughtering and processing practices by the processors.

scholarly journals Retrospective study on susceptibility and resistance pattern of urinary pathogens in a tertiary care hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2211
Author(s):  
Sudha Ramu
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

Background: Indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents (AMA) resulted in rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Institutional level surveillance program to be carried out to track AMA use. The study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of uropathogens and their susceptibility and resistance pattern in a tertiary care hospital to revise empirical therapy.Methods: Urine samples received from the inpatients and outpatients Departments of Mahatma Gandhi memorial hospital for culture sensitivity between January 2018 to December 2018 were included in this study. Data collected from the Department of Microbiology register by using WHONET software. After identification, isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by the standard Kirby Bauers diffusion method. Descriptive analysis done and results were expressed as percentage.Results: Out of 3425 samples 68.5% showed no growth, 15.5% normal flora and only 15.9% reported as culture positive. In this study the highest isolate was Escherichia coli (59%) followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (10.6%), Enterococcus sp. (7%), Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Candid (3.6%), Acinetobactor (3%) and Pseudomonas (2.9%). Uropathogens developed resistance against penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides and cotrimaxazole.Conclusions: This study confirms, the frequently prescribed empirical therapy drugs were less susceptible and developed resistance than less frequently prescribed and costly drugs. The current antimicrobial resistance pattern alarms the irrational and excessive use of antimicrobial agents. Hence the treating physicians should revise empirical therapy periodically based on the institutional antibiogram and resistance pattern reported from the laboratory to preserve antimicrobial source for the future generation.

scholarly journals Microbiological Evaluation and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Bacterial Isolates Associated with Some Contaminated Edible Fruits and Vegetables

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mallikarjun Gundappa ◽  
C. Prabhurajeshwar ◽  
Sarfaraz Ahmed ◽  
H.M. Navya ◽  
M. Vijayasarathy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Microbial Identification ◽  
E Coli

Background: The present study was undertaken to study the percentage of pathogenic bacteria present in different fruit and vegetable samples available in the market in and around Kalaburagi, Karnataka, South India. Methods: A total of 940 different samples were collected from Kalaburagi, out of which 390 (23.84%) were fruits and 550 (35.27%) were vegetables. The pathogenic bacteria were isolated, by enrichment culture method using peptone water. The bacterial isolates were identified by convention microbial identification procedures. Result: Antibiotic resistant testing by disc diffusion method performed for E.coli, Salmonella and Shigella. Among the pathogens, E. coli (86.50%) of the isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid while Imipenem and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole has the lowest resistance (19.84%), Salmonella (86.66%) isolates were resistant to Ciprofloxacin while Norfloxacin has the lowest resistance (4.76%) and Shigella (80.35%) isolates were resistant to Vancomycin while Amoxicillin has the lowest resistant (3.57%). Multiple drug resistance (MDR) was seen in E. coli at (38.88%), Salmonella at (26.66%) and Shigella at (10.71%) accordingly. The study therefore shown that E.coli, Salmonella and Shigella occur in Fruits and vegetables which collected from market place in Kalaburagi, Karnataka India, As per the results, adequate precaution should be taken while handles these fruits and vegetables. The antimicrobial resistance pattern shown by the isolates is an indication that adequate measurement needs to be taken to regulate the drug use in both humans and animals in order to minimize the risk of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enterobacter Species Isolated from Different Clinical Specimens in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-6
Author(s):  
Mashrura Quraishi ◽  
Ahmed Abu Saleh ◽  
Chandan Kumar Roy ◽  
Fatima Afroz ◽  
GM Mohiuddin
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Clinical Specimens ◽  
Enterobacter Species ◽  
Resistance Rates

The present study was undertaken to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of Enterobacter species to guide the clinician in selecting the best antimicrobial agent for an individual patient. A total of 50 clinical isolates of Enterobacter species were collected from different clinical specimens at the microbiology laboratory of BSMMU between August, 2018 and September, 2019. The two main species of Enterobacter, E.cloacae and E.aerogenes were identified by biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and reported according to CLSI guidelines. Majority (56%) of the isolated Enterobacter were E.cloacae, 40% were E.aerogenes and 4% were other species. The Enterobacter isolates showed relatively high resistance rates to the cephalosporins including cefoxitin (82%), cefixime (62%), ceftazidime (46%) and ceftriaxone (46%). Resistance to the carbapenems and aminoglycosides was relatively low. The high resistance rates of Enterobacter species to multiple antibiotics makes it necessary for antimicrobial susceptibility testing to be conducted prior to antibiotic prescription. Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2019; 13 (2): 3-6

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern In Escherichia Coli Isolated From Children Admitted At Selected Health Care Facilities In Moshi Municipality, Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mzelifa Daud ◽  
Balthazar Nyombi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
High Resistance ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Resistance Rate ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Agar Media

Abstract Background The emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a great challenge in preventing, controlling and treatment Gram-negative bacteria and has become a significant public health threat worldwide. The study aimed at determination of the prevalence and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli isolated in children admitted at health facilities in Moshi municipality, Tanzania. Methodology A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out on archived rectal swabs collected from 282 children aged 3 to 168 months admitted at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC), Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital and Pasua health centre in Moshi municipality. Rectal swabs were cultured on MacConkey agar media. The isolated Escherichia coli was identified and antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar media. Results Escherichia coli were isolated in all 282 cultured archived rectal swabs and all isolates were susceptible to amikacin and meropenem. ESBL producers were 13.1% and 86.9% were non-ESBLs. Conclusion High resistance rate were observed on ampicillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, cefuroxime, trimethoprim and ciprofloxacin among ESBL producing Escherichia coli. Among non ESBL producing Escherichia coli high resistance rate were observed on ampicillin and trimethoprim; however all isolates were sensitive to amikacin and meropenem.

scholarly journals Pattern of antimicrobial resistance of Gram-negative bacilli in surgical site infections in in-patients and out-patients at an apex trauma Center: 2013–2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 432-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nidhi Bhardwaj ◽  
Surbhi Khurana ◽  
Minu Kumari ◽  
Rajesh Malhotra ◽  
Purva Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial resistance is an increasing problem worldwide especially among the surgical site infections (SSIs). SSI is becoming more serious due to hospital-acquired infections/nosocomial infections, which further leads to the overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance patterns among Gram-negative bacteria in SSI in in- and out-patients the present study was designed. METHODOLOGY: During the 4 years (January 2013–December 2016), the antimicrobial resistant pattern was studied in the admitted patients and in the patients who were followed up to the outpatients department (OPD) after discharge. Antimicrobial resistance pattern testing was done by the disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar and by E-test for ten antibiotics according to The Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines for Gram-negative bacilli. RESULTS: A total of 2,447 strains were isolated from the studied population on over the period of 4 years. Of 2447, 1996 (81%) were isolated from patients who had SSI during the hospital stay, and 451 (18%) were from patients who attended the OPD after discharge. In the outpatients, who followed up in the OPD for the SSI, Escherichia coli (148), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (93), whereas in the patients who develop SSI during their hospital stay, Acinetobacter baumannii (622), E. coli (424), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (315) were found to be common. A very high resistance pattern was observed in both the studied groups; however, a higher resistance pattern was seen in in-patients as compared to outpatients. CONCLUSION: In our study, we have reported resistance pattern in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from the patients who were came for the follow as well as in the inpatients. For the outpatients, it can be concluded that it could be a community-acquired infection which is also an alarming condition for our society.

scholarly journals A 5-year surveillance on antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter isolates at a level-I trauma centre of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 034-038 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minu Kumari ◽  
Priyam Batra ◽  
Rajesh Malhotra ◽  
Purva Mathur
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Hospital Infection Control ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
Vitek 2

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Acinetobacter spp. has emerged as a major cause of nosocomial outbreaks. Multiple antibiotic resistance is an important problem in Acinetobacter isolates in recent years. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of antimicrobial resistance and changes in resistance pattern over a period of 5 years (2012–2016) in Acinetobacter spp. isolated from trauma patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Acinetobacter spp. was identified by VITEK 2 and antibiotic susceptibility of isolates was investigated by disc-diffusion method and VITEK 2 automated system. Interpretation of susceptibility results was based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. RESULTS: Out of the total 16,210 isolates obtained throughout the period of 5 years, Acinetobacter spp. accounted for 3744 (28.9%). Out of which, the species which was maximally isolated was Acinetobacter baumannii (98.5%), followed by Acinetobacter lwoffii (1.4%) and Acinetobacter hemolyticus (0.1%). The highest number of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter were recovered from neurosurgical ward (n = 1210), followed by the neurosurgical intensive care unit (ICU) (n = 1000) and surgical ICU (n = 948) and the most common sample of Acinetobacter isolation was from tracheal aspirate (37.1%), followed by wound swab (18.8%). The highest level of resistance was observed against ciprofloxacin (96%), followed by cefepime (95%), ceftazidime (95%), piperacillin (95%), and amikacin (92%). The trend of antibiotic resistance was found to be statistically significant (P < 0.001) for most of the antibiotics being tested such as amikacin and carbapenems. CONCLUSION: The high rate of antibiotic resistance of the Acinetobacter strains indicated that there is an urgent need for controlled antibiotic usage and appliance of hospital infection control measures.

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