scholarly journals Selection of inorganic-based fertilizers in forward osmosis for water desalination

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tripti Mishra ◽  
RK Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Direct Application ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Selection Of

The current study aims at the selection of an appropriate draw solute for forward osmosis process. Separation and recovery of the draw solute are the major criteria for the selection of draw solute for forward osmosis process. Therefore in this investigation six inorganic fertilizers draws solute were selected. The selections of inorganic fertilizers as draw solute eliminate the need of removal and recovery of draw solute from the final product. The final product water of forward osmosis process has direct application in agricultural as nutrient rich water for irrigation. These inorganic fertilizers were tested based on their water extraction (water flux) capacity. This experimental water flux was compared with the observed water flux. It was noted that the observed water flux is much higher than the attained experimental water flux. The difference of these two fluxes was used to calculate the performance ratio of each selected fertilizer. Highest performance ratio was shown by low molecular weight compound ammonium nitrate (22.73) and potassium chloride (21.03) at 1 M concentration, whereas diammonium phosphate (DAP) which has highest molecular weight among all the selected fertilizer show the lowest performance ratio (10.02) at 2 M concentration. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12660 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 319-329

ANALISA KANDUNGAN BETA-GLUKAN LARUT AIR DAN LARUT ALKALI DARI TUBUH BUAH JAMUR TIRAM (Pleurotus ostreatus) DAN SHIITAKE (Lentinus edodes)

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Netty Widyastuti ◽  
Teguh Baruji ◽  
Henky Isnawan ◽  
Priyo Wahyudi ◽  
Donowati Donowati
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Pleurotus Ostreatus ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Lentinus Edodes ◽  
Beta Glucan ◽  
Oyster Mushrooms ◽  
The Difference

Beta glucan is a polysaccharide compound, generally not soluble inwater and resistant to acid. Beta glucan is used as an immunomodulator (enhancing the immune system) in mammals is usually a beta-glucan soluble in water, easily absorbed and has a low molecular weight. Several example of beta-glucan such as cellulose (β-1 ,4-glucan), lentinan (β-1 0.6-glucan) and (β-1 ,3-glucan), pleuran (β-1, 6 and β-1 ,3-glucan) are isolated from species of fungi Basidiomycota include mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes).The purpose of thisresearch activity is to obtain beta-glucan compound that can be dissolved in water and in alkali derived from fungi Basidiomycota, i.e, Oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). The result of beta-glucan compared to characterize the resulting beta glucan that is molecular structure . The difference of beta glucan extraction is based on the differences in solubility of beta-glucan. Beta glucan could be water soluble and insoluble water.

scholarly journals Structural investigation and application of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assemblies as osmotic agent for water desalination

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasamin Bide ◽  
Marzieh Arab Fashapoyeh ◽  
Soheila Shokrollahzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Draw Solution ◽  
Osmotic Agent

AbstractForward osmosis (FO) process has been extensively considered as a potential technology that could minimize the problems of traditional water desalination processes. Finding an appropriate osmotic agent is an important concern in the FO process. For the first time, a nonionic surfactant-based draw solution was introduced using self-assemblies of Tween 80 and choline chloride. The addition of choline chloride to Tween 80 led to micelles formation with an average diameter of 11.03 nm. The 1H NMR spectra exhibited that all groups of Tween 80 were interacted with choline chloride by hydrogen bond and Van der Waals’ force. The influence of adding choline chloride to Tween 80 and the micellization on its osmotic activity was investigated. Despite the less activity of single components, the average water flux of 14.29 L m‒2 h‒1 was obtained using 0.15 M of Tween 80-choline chloride self-assembly as draw solution in the FO process with DI water feed solution. Moreover, various concentrations of NaCl aqueous solutions were examined as feed solution. This report proposed a possible preparation of nonionic surfactant-based draw solutions using choline chloride additive with enhanced osmotic activities that can establish an innovative field of study in water desalination by the FO process.

scholarly journals Evaluating Fertilizer-Drawn Forward Osmosis Performance in Treating Anaerobic Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 566
Author(s):  
Ruwaida Abdul Wahid ◽  
Wei Lun Ang ◽  
Abdul Wahab Mohammad ◽  
Daniel James Johnson ◽  
Nidal Hilal
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Salt Flux ◽  
Palm Oil Mill Effluent ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Palm Oil Mill

Fertilizer-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) is a potential alternative to recover and reuse water and nutrients from agricultural wastewater, such as palm oil mill effluent that consists of 95% water and is rich in nutrients. This study investigated the potential of commercial fertilizers as draw solution (DS) in FDFO to treat anaerobic palm oil mill effluent (An-POME). The process parameters affecting FO were studied and optimized, which were then applied to fertilizer selection based on FO performance and fouling propensity. Six commonly used fertilizers were screened and assessed in terms of pure water flux (Jw) and reverse salt flux (JS). Ammonium sulfate ((NH4)2SO4), mono-ammonium phosphate (MAP), and potassium chloride (KCl) were further evaluated with An-POME. MAP showed the best performance against An-POME, with a high average water flux, low flux decline, the highest performance ratio (PR), and highest water recovery of 5.9% for a 4-h operation. In a 24-h fouling run, the average flux decline and water recovered were 84% and 15%, respectively. Both hydraulic flushing and osmotic backwashing cleaning were able to effectively restore the water flux. The results demonstrated that FDFO using commercial fertilizers has the potential for the treatment of An-POME for water recovery. Nevertheless, further investigation is needed to address challenges such as JS and the dilution factor of DS for direct use of fertigation.

scholarly journals Low-temperature dynamics in amorphous polymers and low-molecular-weight glasses—what is the difference?

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1843-1848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Yu. Eremchev ◽  
Yury G. Vainer ◽  
Andrei V. Naumov ◽  
Lothar Kador
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Amorphous Polymers ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Temperature Dynamics ◽  
The Difference

Influence of Botanical Species and Geographical Origin on the Content of Low Molecular Weight Phenolic Compounds of Woods Used in Portuguese Cooperage

Holzforschung ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Canas ◽  
M. Conceição Leandro ◽  
M. Isabel Spranger ◽  
A. Pedro Belchior
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Castanea Sativa ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Botanical Species ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Chestnut Wood

Summary The influence of botanical species (Quercus and Castanea sativa) and geographical origin (Portugal—three different sites, France and North America) on the qualitative and quantitative content of some extractable low molecular weight phenolic compounds was assessed by HPLC. Chestnut wood had the highest total content of low molecular weight phenolic compounds, followed by the Portuguese oaks and the French oaks, whereas the American oak had the lowest content of these compounds. The contents of phenolic acids, phenolic aldehydes, scopoletin and umbelliferone were significantly different among the studied woods. Both the botanical species and the geographical origin affect the content of low molecular weight organic compounds of woods used in Portuguese cooperage. The results also show that the botanical species seem to be more important than the geographical origin to explain the difference in the wood phenolic composition. So, the separation of trees according to their origin is of considerable interest for coopers and winemakers to choose wisely the woods for the ageing of brandies.

Thrombocytopenia Is More Common and Nadir Occurs Earlier with Unfractionated Heparin Than with Low Molecular Weight Heparin - Results from the Prospective Catch Registry.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 2197-2197
Author(s):  
Stephan Moll ◽  
Charles S. Abrams ◽  
Lawrence Rice ◽  
Richard C. Becker ◽  
Peter B. Berger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Platelet Count ◽  
Unfractionated Heparin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Heparin Therapy ◽  
P Value ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time To Onset

Abstract Background : Thrombocytopenia in the patient on heparin can have various etiologies, including benign reversible causes and serious, potentially life-threatening ones, such as heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). Knowledge about the prevalence of and timecourse of thrombocytopenia in heparin-treated patients may be helpful to develop systems of alerting clinicians to possible HIT and determining how frequently to check blood counts to detect thrombocytopenia that may be heralding HIT. Methods : The CATCH registry is a prospective registry of inpatients enrolled between March 2003 and April 2004 at over 50 US hospitals in 3 strata: [1] receiving > 96 hours of unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), [2] developing thrombocytopenia (platelets >50% reduction from baseline or <150,000/mm3) in the cardiac care unit and [3] patients on whom HIT tests were ordered. Here we present the data of the prolonged heparin stratum. Results : 1,121 and 861 patients received UFH and LMWH, respectively, for > 96 hours. A platelet count decrease of > 50 % from baseline was seen more frequently in patients on UFH than in patients on LMWH (10.7% and 7.9 %, respectively; p = 0.03). The parameters that predicted development of thrombocytopenia in the UHF group were length of heparin therapy, body mass index, and admission to a cardiac service; the only parameter predicting thrombocytopenia in the LMWH group was length of LMWH treatment. Of the patients with decreased platelet count by > 50 % from baseline (for UFH n = 120; for LMWH n = 68), this drop occurred in the UFH group at a median of 3.0 days after initiation of heparin and at a median of 4.0 days in the LMWH group. The difference in timing between the 2 groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.205). The platelet nadir was reached after a median /mean of 4.0 / 7.4 days in the UFH group, and 8.0 / 11.4 days in the LMWH group. This was statistically significantly different between the 2 groups (p-value = 0.0025). Conclusions : A platelet count decrease of > 50 % from baseline occurs frequently in inpatients treated with prolonged heparin. It occurs slightly more frequently on UFH than on LMWH. The median time to onset of thrombocytopenia (> 50 % decrease from baseline) occurs early, at 3–4 days. Daily platelet count checks in the first few days of heparin therapy may be helpful to rapidly discover thrombocytopenia that may then prompt HIT testing.

Subcutaneous Low Molecular Weight Heparin versus Subcutaneous Unfractionated Heparin in the Treatment of Deep Vein Thrombosis: a Polish Multicenter Trial

1992 ◽  
Vol 68 (01) ◽  
pp. 014-018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Lopaciuk ◽  
A J Meissner ◽  
S Filipecki ◽  
K Zawilska ◽  
J Sowier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Deep Vein Thrombosis ◽  
Unfractionated Heparin ◽  
Low Molecular Weight Heparin ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Fixed Dose ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Vein Thrombosis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Deep Vein

SummaryIn a prospective multicenter trial, 149 consecutive patients with phlebographically proven proximal and/or distal deep vein thrombosis of the leg were randomly allocated to receive subcutaneously for 10 days either low molecular weight heparin CY 216 (Fraxiparine) in a fixed dose or unfractionated heparin (UFH) in doses adjusted according to the activated partial thromboplastin time. Pre- and post-treatment phlebograms were assessed blindly using the Arnesen’s score system in 134 patients available for analysis of the treatment efficacy. The mean phlebographic score after 10 days of treatment was significantly decreased in both groups (p <0.001) in comparison with the baseline score but the difference in score changes between the two groups was not statistically significant. There was an improvement in 45/ 68 patients (66%) in the Fraxiparine group and in 32/66 patients (48%) in the UFH group, and an increase in the thrombus size in 10/68 (15%) and 12/66 (18%), respectively. One symptomatic non-fatal pulmonary embolism and one major bleeding episode were observed in the UFH group. During a follow-up period of 3 months, two rethromboses had occurred in the UFH group and none in the Fraxiparine group. It is concluded that subcutaneous fixed dose Fraxiparine is safe and at least as effective as subcutaneous adjusted UFH in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis.

scholarly journals Properties and structure of high temperature resistant cyanate ester/polyethersulfone blends using solvent-free toughening approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyaysan Amirova ◽  
Fabian Schadt ◽  
Markus Grob ◽  
Christian Brauner ◽  
Thomas Ricard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Network Formation ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Solvent Free ◽  
Cyanate Ester ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
The Difference

AbstractA high temperature resistant novolac cyanate ester was blended with polyethersulfone (PES) with different molecular weights using the solvent-free approach. The phase separation, curing behavior and thermal properties were studied using hot stage microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis. Results showed the difference in the morphology for blends with different molecular weight PES explained by possible network formation. The influence of PES content on the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties was investigated. The most significant toughening effect (increase of 132% in fracture toughness) was achieved on a functionalized low molecular weight PES (20 parts per hundred of resin, phr). Rheology investigation allowed to estimate the optimal content of PES (15 phr) for further prepreg manufacturing.

The Effect of Working Temperature on the Performance of Water Desalination Using Forward Osmosis: A CFD Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed M. Alshwairekh ◽  
Umar F. Alqsair ◽  
Anas M. Alwatban ◽  
Justin Caspar ◽  
Alparslan Oztekin
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Feed Solution ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Porous Support ◽  
Water Permeation ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics simulations for water desalination using forward osmosis were conducted on a flat membrane module. In the simulations, the effect of the porous support layer is assumed negligible. The simulations were performed with two values of flow rate such that the Reynolds number equals 200 and 800 in each channel. The working temperatures of both the feed and the draw solutions were varied from 20°C to 40°C. The feed solution had a concentration of 0.00355 solute mass fraction while the draw concentration was set to 0.0355 solute mass fraction. In all simulations, the laminar model was utilized. The results of the simulations suggest that the osmotic pressure is not the only factor that affects the water flux in forward osmosis when there is a temperature difference between the two sides of the membrane. The solution properties have a significant effect on the separation process. As the solution temperature increases, the viscosity decreases, which in turn increases the water permeation through the membrane. The feed temperature had a more substantial influence on the water flux compared to the draw temperature. Also, the effect of changing the flow rate did not change the results substantially.

scholarly journals Turnover of Plasma Kininogens in Rhesus Monkeys

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yamada ◽  
D.A. Wing ◽  
J.V. Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Rhesus Monkeys ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Exponential Equation ◽  
Double Exponential ◽  
Minimal Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fogarty International Center ◽  
Gamma Counter

Radiolabelled purified plasma kininogens were injected into healthy rhesus monkeys for the purpose of studying their normal metabolic turnover. Human kininogen was purified using affinity chromatography and further fractionated into high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) proteins as described by Pierce and Guimaraes (Fogarty International Center Proceedings No. 27, pp. 113-119, 1976). The kininogens were labelled with 125I using either the choramine-T or microdiffusion techniques. Labelled mixed kininogen, LMW kininogen, and HMW kininogen preparations were injected into 6, 4, and 6 rhesus monkeys respectively. Blood samples were drawn at various time intervals, and assayed in a gamma counter. The disappearance of injected labelled kininogen from the intravascular compartment could be expressed as a double exponential equation. The difference between the half-life of HMW kininogen (26.0 ± 1.6 h) (± SE) and that of LMW kininogen (20.2 ± 2.1 h) was only marginal (P >0.05). In contrast there was a highly significant (P < 0.001) difference in their fractional catabolic rates (1.12 ± 0.09 day-1 for HMW kininogen and 2.05 ± 0.12 day-1 for LMW kininogen). These observations indicate that although there is a minimal difference in the metabolic rates of intravascular HMW and LMW kininogens, a considerable difference exists in their rates of flux between the intravascular and extravascular spaces.

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