scholarly journals Tribal Land Conflicts and State Forestry in Odisha: A Historical Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-147
Author(s):  
Naresh Rout
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Tribal People ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Tribal Land ◽  
Customary Land

The history of human existence and civilizations are intertwined with forests and trees. Forests are crucial for the goods and services they provide, which people all over the world depend on. Strategies to enhance the contributions of the world’s forests to social development, livelihoods and poverty eradication are vital at a time when unsustainable practices and economic crises continue to threaten healthy forests and the people who depend upon them. The survival of tribal communities critically depends on land and forest resources. For historical and ecological reasons, most tribal people inhabit the forest and highly inaccessible regions of the state. These communities practise various customary land tenure systems, which have often been modified by state policies and legislation. The clan-based land tenure system was based on customary rights over land, trees and forest. The land use and tenure systems vary from tribe to tribe, as reflected in the practice and terraced cultivation. The relationship between tribal people and forest resources has been symbiotic in nature. The life-way processes of Odisha’s tribal people are reflected in their economy, religion, polity and social institutions, which cannot be understood without understanding various aspects of the forest surrounding them.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijssm.v2i2.12423           Int. J. Soc. Sci. Manage. Vol-2, issue-2: 143-147  

Land-Related Conflict and Electoral Politics in Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Boone
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
African Countries ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Disputes ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Land Tenure Institutions

Land-related disputes and land conflicts are sometimes politicized in elections in African countries, but this is usually not the case. Usually, land-related conflict is highly localized, managed at the micro-political level by neo-customary authorities, and not connected to electoral competition. Why do land conflicts sometimes become entangled in electoral politics, and sometimes “scale up” to become divisive issues in regional and national elections? A key determinant of why and how land disputes become politicized is the nature of the underlying land tenure regime, which varies across space (often by subnational district) within African countries. Under the neo-customary land tenure regimes that prevail in most regions of smallholder agriculture in most African countries, land disputes tend to be “bottled up” in neo-customary land-management processes at the local level. Under the statist land tenure regimes that exist in some districts of many African countries, government agents and officials are directly involved in land allocation and directly implicated in dispute resolution. Under “statist” land tenure institutions, the politicization of land conflict, especially around elections, becomes more likely. Land tenure institutions in African countries define landholders’ relations to each other, the state, and markets. Understanding these institutions, including how they come under pressure and change, goes far in explaining how and where land rights become politicized.

Land Problems in Some Peri-Urban Villages in Botswana and Problems of Conception, Description and Transformation of “Tribal” Land Tenure

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 140-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clement Ng'ong'ola
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Land Tenure System ◽  
Tribal Land ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Land Control ◽  
Crown Lands

In Botswana, as in several other African countries with a similar historical experience, a dual or plural land tenure system was carried over from the colonial era. The bulk of the land falls within the category of “tribal land”. It is predominantly held and occupied by indigenous peoples under customary notions of land tenure. The State also holds as “State land” a fairly significant proportion which fell under the category of “Crown lands” during the colonial era. A tiny proportion now falls within the category of “freehold land”. This is predominantly held and occupied in conformity with common law notions and conceptions imported into the country with colonial rule. To some extent both State land and freehold land are held under or governed by “received law”, in contradistinction to tribal land which is largely held under customary law.In 1968, barely two years after independence, the Botswana parliament enacted legislation which attempted to reform customary land tenure by replacing existing customary or tribal institutions of land control and administration with statutory land boards. These started operating in 1970, and it soon became apparent from early assessments that even this limited and cautious programme of reform would not escape some of the problems associated with land transformation exercises elsewhere in Africa.

scholarly journals Land Tenure of Small Islands and Coastal Areas in Economic and Defense Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
I Made Pria DHARSANA ◽  
Indrasari KRESNADJAJA ◽  
I Gusti Agung Jordika PRAMANDITYA
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The People ◽  
Remote Island ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

The question of the purpose of statehood hovers again to collect the pledges of the development actors. The goal to become a nation-state that provides a place and humane and proper way of life is still harassing residents of coastal areas and small islands as part of the natural resources bestowed by The One Almighty God to the Indonesian people. Coastal areas and outer small islands are national assets controlled by the state and need to be preserved and utilized as much as possible for the prosperity of the people, both for present and future generations and for the interests of defense and security. related to the threat of remote island tenure which by certain elements were transferred to the land tenure rights that should belong to the village customary land, but there was a process of transferring rights which were then held by foreigners with the argument related to economic issues that were less supportive in the area by nominee or by road rent that threatens the stability of national defense.

scholarly journals Land Conflict Management through the Implementation of the National Land Policy in Tanzania: Evidence from Kigoma Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (22) ◽  
pp. 6315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gelas Rubakula ◽  
Zhanqi Wang ◽  
Chao Wei
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Rural Tanzania ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
The Government ◽  
Data Collection Technique

The land policy in Tanzania, which has been implemented since 1995, aims to resolve land-use problems. This study explored the implementation of land policy in rural Tanzania. A cross-sectional multiple data collection technique was performed during the period July–November, 2017 to examine whether the policy has addressed land issues, including land conflicts. The findings indicate a significant association between immigrants and land conflicts, thus implying an insecure land tenure. The results also show that the realization of land policy was hampered by insufficient budgetary allocation and too few land staff to spearhead the land policy and legislation requirements. In view of these findings, this article suggests that the government must mobilize the resources required for registering communal land and simultaneously reinforce the use of social institutions, cultural norms, and adjoining landowners in securing land rights. This decision will encourage the majority of rural landowners (peasants and herdsmen) to invest in their land for higher and sustainable production.

scholarly journals A Review of the Causes of Land Use Conflicts Between Farmers and Pastoralists in Tanzania and a Proposal for Resolutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Method Julius Gwaleba
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Land Policy ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
The People ◽  
Land Use Conflicts ◽  
Heterogeneous Societies

Land use conflicts are complex disputes that contribute at large in terms of negative social and economic impacts within the heterogeneous societies. The mechanisms of success for land use conflict resolution still need further research because of various mindsets of the people. In this paper, the issues of land conflicts between farmers and pastoralists in Tanzania mainland which could lead to low economic development are reviewed and the general causes and effects of land use conflicts are outlined. Poor land governance, inappropriate of land use plans, inadequate land policies, land tenure insecurity, corruption and population increases are cited as being among of the main offenders fuelling land use conflicts in Tanzania. As pastoralists move across the country with large herds of hungry livestock in search of pastures and water, the livestock are randomly led into farms where they forage on whatever crops that may be in sight. Angered farm owners (farmers) often take the law into their hands and fight the invaders. Armed fights erupt resulting to human and livestock deaths, destruction of crops and homesteads, fear and poverty.Since a National Land Policy (NLP) is a key instrument for, among other things, land management and administration, land use planning, conflict resolution, and a stable land tenure security, both the countrywide lack of land use plans in the rural areas, and the (now) outdated National Land Policy of 1995 are brought in focus in line with the recurring land conflicts between farmers and pastoralists.The paper provides the case of how Mediation-Arbitration (MED-ARB) approach can be used in solving land conflicts between farmers and pastoralists. Based on the various studies that have been undertaken and the recommendations made on this issue, the authors propose MED-ARB as the optimal way to put in place sustainable curative measures of land conflicts

scholarly journals Mediasi Pertanahan sebagai Model Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Hak Ulayat Antara Masyarakat Adat Desa Eti dengan Pemerintah di Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat Provinsi Maluku

Kosmik Hukum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
La Ode Angga
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
The West ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
The People ◽  
The Government ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Settlement Of Disputes

This study has long term goals, namely to find a model of dispute resolution of the Indigenous People of the Village of Eti with the Government in the West Seram (SBB). The method of approach used in this research is sociological juridical descriptive qualitative analysis. This study seeks to illustrate what happened in the Eti Indigenous community with the government around the conflict that occurred at the location of this study, namely the West Seram District (SBB). Data collection techniques used in this study are: Interviews, questionnaires and literature studies. Land mediation as an alternative model of dispute resolution between the people of Desa Eti and the SBB government in the following stages; first the team conducted a Dialogue, the Dialok was done well to the people of the Desa Eti with the government involved in a customary land dispute. This is done by the team to find out the desires of the parties in resolving the existing conflict. The second step is to negotiate the two parties involved in land conflicts. This is important in the context of the negotiation process between the two parties to the conflict in the land conflict both from the representatives of the two villages of Eti with the government with the aim of finding mutually beneficial solutions to each other so that both can be open and no one feels disadvantaged, negotiations in a place agreed by both parties. The third step is the team conducting Land Mediation. Mediation was carried out by both parties with the assistance of the team. The method used in this mediation is to resolve this conflict by mediating between the two groups involved in the conflict through the assistance of a neutral third party. The mediator who acts as the mediator has the task of explaining the process and helping both parties to resolve the conflict with the mediation stages prepared by the team. The fourth step is Peace Building (an attempt to restore conditions). We have carried out this effort with the aim of restoring the destructive state caused by violence in the conflict by building bridges of communication between the parties involved in the conflict between the people of Desa Eti and the government. And the fifth rarity is the follow-up supervision stage of the agreement that has been mutually agreed.Keywords: Mediation of Land, Settlement of Disputes, Land Rights

scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF LAND REGISTRATION TO SUPPORT SUCCESSFUL ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-107
Author(s):  
Mira Novana Ardani
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
National Development ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Positive Law ◽  
The People ◽  
The One

Land registration provides legal certainty and protection to holders of land rights. In its implementation it does not always go well, so that what is the goal can not be achieved. A person or legal entity cannot prove that he is the legal owner of a parcel of land. This can lead to land conflicts. Land conflicts can cause overlapping land tenure and overlapping land permits which often results in environmental damage. This research uses a normative juridical approach. Normative juridical research is research focused on examining the application of rules or norms in positive law. The research objective is to find out what ways can be done so that through land registration activities can support the success of environmental management. The results of the study explained that land registration activities through systematic land registration acceleration resulted in land certification for plots of land that had met the requirements, and could strengthen the one map policy database, so that administrative order could be achieved. It also makes land use plans to support the achievement of national development goals and the greatest prosperity of the people,  so as to realize environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals LAND TENURE INSECURITY AND LAND CONFLICTS IN THE BAMENDAGRASSFIELDS OF CAMEROON: PUZZLING EVIDENCE FROM BALINYONGA/BAWOCK LAND CONFLICT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 867-876
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Yenkong Sobseh ◽  
◽  
Willibroaddze- Ngwa ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Common Property ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Ownership Of Land ◽  
Land Policies

This paper examines the challenges of land tenure insecurity and land conflicts in the Bamenda Grassfields of Cameroon. Colonial and later, postcolonial governments of Cameroon introduced different and most often, conflicting land policies. These divergent land policies, later on, replaced collective ownership of land with private ownership. This paper, focuses on the different causes of land tenure insecurity such as inequality, outside encroachment, and common property challenges. It also tackles the measure causes of land conflicts such as multiple land sales, land scarcity, population growth, poor boundary demarcation, land laws and contested records of land conflicts. Despite these challenges, land tenure security was achieved through customary land, state land and individual titling. However, the case study between Bali Nyonga and Bawock demonstrates efforts by different parties to confront, manage and resolve land dispute. Based on a wide range of primary and secondary sources, this paper argues that, land tenure insecurity and land disputes have benefitted the rich, and fostered social inequalities. The study concludes that, despite the lessons and opportunities for intervention advanced, land tenure insecurity and land conflicts in Cameroon could only be overcome, if the present structures and institutions of land management are modernized and restructured by stakeholders to benefit the majority.

scholarly journals Land Conflicts and Land Tenure Effects on Agriculture Productivity in Chad

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Djimoudjiel Djekonbe ◽  
Tchoffo Tameko Gautier
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Agricultural Reform ◽  
Land Conflicts ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
Customary Land ◽  
Agricultural Yields ◽  
Government Reforms ◽  
Transhumance Corridors

The objective of this article is to measure the extent of land conflicts on agricultural productivity and yields in the most conflict-prone regions of Chad. We obtained the results that, the interaction of land conflicts in agricultural activity is a barrier to productivity and the improvement of agricultural yields. The effects of climate change on yields and productivity are dwindled by government reforms and subventions in the agriculture' sector. Hence, we recommend the government to promote customary land tenure to reduce conflict and in another hand to trace transhumance corridors to support the State's agricultural reform efforts.

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

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