scholarly journals mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: A future hope for cancer treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-49
Author(s):  
Ajay Kumar Yadav ◽  
Suman Gnawali ◽  
Sandip Mandal ◽  
Gyan Bahadur Shrestha ◽  
Gangbiao Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Immune Stimulation ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
High Effectiveness ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Efficient Manufacturing ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Optimal Protection

Background: mRNA vaccines have a strong potential for a possible cancer therapy platform. They express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) after immunization, facilitating innate/adaptive immune stimulation. Because of its high effectiveness, safe administration, rapid development potential, and cost-efficient manufacturing, the mRNA cancer vaccine surpasses other traditional vaccination platforms. Conclusion: Careful evaluation of promising mRNA vaccines to supervise as carriers of lipids for cancer patients needs to be done. In addition, a possible revaluation for optimal protection is required. However, the extent to which solid tumours might take a significant part of the vaccine doses is still unknown. 

scholarly journals mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Miao ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Leaf Huang
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Administration Routes ◽  
Therapeutic Outcomes ◽  
Antigen Presenting

AbstractmRNA vaccines have become a promising platform for cancer immunotherapy. During vaccination, naked or vehicle loaded mRNA vaccines efficiently express tumor antigens in antigen-presenting cells (APCs), facilitate APC activation and innate/adaptive immune stimulation. mRNA cancer vaccine precedes other conventional vaccine platforms due to high potency, safe administration, rapid development potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. However, mRNA vaccine applications have been limited by instability, innate immunogenicity, and inefficient in vivo delivery. Appropriate mRNA structure modifications (i.e., codon optimizations, nucleotide modifications, self-amplifying mRNAs, etc.) and formulation methods (i.e., lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), polymers, peptides, etc.) have been investigated to overcome these issues. Tuning the administration routes and co-delivery of multiple mRNA vaccines with other immunotherapeutic agents (e.g., checkpoint inhibitors) have further boosted the host anti-tumor immunity and increased the likelihood of tumor cell eradication. With the recent U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals of LNP-loaded mRNA vaccines for the prevention of COVID-19 and the promising therapeutic outcomes of mRNA cancer vaccines achieved in several clinical trials against multiple aggressive solid tumors, we envision the rapid advancing of mRNA vaccines for cancer immunotherapy in the near future. This review provides a detailed overview of the recent progress and existing challenges of mRNA cancer vaccines and future considerations of applying mRNA vaccine for cancer immunotherapies.

scholarly journals MRGPR-mediated activation of local mast cells clears cutaneous bacterial infection and protects against reinfection

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. eaav0216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arifuzzaman ◽  
Yuvon R. Mobley ◽  
Hae Woong Choi ◽  
Pradeep Bist ◽  
Cristina A. Salinas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Wound Healing ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Selective Activation ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
G Protein Coupled ◽  
Draining Lymph Nodes

Mast cells (MCs) are strategically distributed at barrier sites and prestore various immunocyte-recruiting cytokines, making them ideal targets for selective activation to treat peripheral infections. Here, we report that topical treatment with mastoparan, a peptide MC activator (MCA), enhances clearance ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom infected mouse skins and accelerates healing of dermonecrotic lesions. Mastoparan functions by activating connective tissue MCs (CTMCs) via the MRGPRX2 (Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor member X2) receptor. Peripheral CTMC activation, in turn, enhances recruitment of bacteria-clearing neutrophils and wound-healing CD301b+dendritic cells. Consistent with MCs playing a master coordinating role, MC activation also augmented migration of various antigen-presenting dendritic cells to draining lymph nodes, leading to stronger protection against a second infection challenge. MCAs therefore orchestrate both the innate and adaptive immune arms, which could potentially be applied to combat peripheral infections by a broad range of pathogens.

Cost Efficient Manufacturing of Silicide Thermoelectric Materials and Modules using RGS Technique

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 538-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Schönecker ◽  
B. Kraaijveld ◽  
A.E. van Til ◽  
A.J. Böttger ◽  
P. Brinks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermoelectric Materials ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Efficient Manufacturing

scholarly journals The Initial Immune Reaction to a New Tumor Antigen Is Always Stimulatory and Probably Necessary for the Tumor's Growth

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richmond T. Prehn
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Antigen ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Induced Tumors ◽  
Initial Effect ◽  
The Relationship

All nascent neoplasms probably elicit at least a weak immune reaction. However, the initial effect of the weak immune reaction on a nascent tumor is always stimulatory rather than inhibitory to tumor growth, assuming only that exposure to the tumor antigens did not antedate the initiation of the neoplasm (as may occur in some virally induced tumors). This conclusion derives from the observation that the relationship between the magnitude of an adaptive immune reaction and tumor growth is not linear but varies such that while large quantities of antitumor immune reactants tend to inhibit tumor growth, smaller quantities of the same reactants are, for unknown reasons, stimulatory. Any immune reaction must presumably be small before it can become large; hence the initial reaction to the first presentation of a tumor antigen must always be small and in the stimulatory portion of this nonlinear relationship. In mouse-skin carcinogenesis experiments it was found that premalignant papillomas were variously immunogenic, but that the carcinomas that arose in them were, presumably because of induced immune tolerance, nonimmunogenic in the animal of origin.

E-HRM Challenges and Opportunities

2009 ◽  
pp. 286-292
Author(s):  
Alok Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Administrative Costs ◽  
Collective Actors ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Cost Efficient

HR executives are looking to technology and the information it provides to help them drive decisions that will lead to success of the organization as a whole (Wilcox, 1997). Snell, Stueber, and Lepak (2002) observe that HR can meet the challenge of simultaneously becoming more strategic, flexible, cost-efficient, and customer-oriented by leveraging information technology (IT). They point out that IT has the potential to lower administrative costs, increase productivity, speed response times, improve decision-making, and enhance customer service all at the same time. The need for cost reduction, higher quality services, and cultural change are the three main forces that drive firms to seek IT-driven HR solutions (Yeung & Brockbank, 1995). The rapid development of the Internet during the last decade has boosted the implementation and application of electronic human resource management (e-HRM) (Strohmeier, 2007). According to Strohmeier (2007) e-HRM is the (planning, implementation and) application of information technology for both networking and supporting at least two individual or collective actors in their shared performing of HR activities. Virtual HR is emerging due to the growing sophistication of IT and increased external structural options (Lepak & Snell, 1998). Surveys of HR consultants suggest that both the number of organizations adopting e-HRM and the depth of applications within the organizations are continually increasing (CedarCrestone, 2005). IT is beginning to enable organizations to deliver state-of the- art HR services. Many experts forecast that the PC will become the central tool for all HR professionals (Kovach & Cathcart, 1999).

Cellular side of acquired immunity (B cells)

2013 ◽  
pp. 371-378
Author(s):  
Thomas Dörner ◽  
Peter E. Lipsky
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
T Cell Activation ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
B Cell Homeostasis ◽  
Anti Cd20 ◽  
Antigen Presenting

B cells have gained interest in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) beyond being the precursors of antibody-producing plasma cells since they are also a broader component of the adaptive immune system. They are capable of functioning as antigen-presenting cells for T-cell activation and can produce an array of cytokines. Disturbances of peripheral B-cell homeostasis together with the formation of ectopic lymphoid neogenesis within the inflamed synovium appears to be a characteristic of patients with RA. Enhanced generation of memory B cells and autoreactive plasma cells producing IgM-RF and ACPA-IgG antibodies together with formation of immune complexes contribute to the maintenance of RA, whereas treatment with B-cell-directed anti-CD20 and CLTA4-Ig therapy provides clinical benefit.

scholarly journals Selective tumor antigen vaccine delivery to human CD169+antigen-presenting cells using ganglioside-liposomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (44) ◽  
pp. 27528-27539
Author(s):  
Alsya J. Affandi ◽  
Joanna Grabowska ◽  
Katarzyna Olesek ◽  
Miguel Lopez Venegas ◽  
Arnaud Barbaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigen ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Antigen Presenting Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cross Presentation ◽  
Vaccine Carrier ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Priming of CD8+T cells by dendritic cells (DCs) is crucial for the generation of effective antitumor immune responses. Here, we describe a liposomal vaccine carrier that delivers tumor antigens to human CD169/Siglec-1+antigen-presenting cells using gangliosides as targeting ligands. Ganglioside-liposomes specifically bound to CD169 and were internalized by in vitro-generated monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) and macrophages and by ex vivo-isolated splenic macrophages in a CD169-dependent manner. In blood, high-dimensional reduction analysis revealed that ganglioside-liposomes specifically targeted CD14+CD169+monocytes and Axl+CD169+DCs. Liposomal codelivery of tumor antigen and Toll-like receptor ligand to CD169+moDCs and Axl+CD169+DCs led to cytokine production and robust cross-presentation and activation of tumor antigen-specific CD8+T cells. Finally, Axl+CD169+DCs were present in cancer patients and efficiently captured ganglioside-liposomes. Our findings demonstrate a nanovaccine platform targeting CD169+DCs to drive antitumor T cell responses.

scholarly journals Red blood cell–derived nanoerythrosome for antigen delivery with enhanced cancer immunotherapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. eaaw6870 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Han ◽  
Shufang Shen ◽  
Qin Fan ◽  
Guojun Chen ◽  
Edikan Archibong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Tumor Recurrence ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Antigen Delivery ◽  
Tumor Cell Membrane ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Delivery Platform ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs) represent a promising cell-mediated drug delivery platform due to their inherent biocompatibility. Here, we developed an antigen delivery system based on the nanoerythrosomes derived from RBCs, inspired by the splenic antigen-presenting cell targeting capacity of senescent RBCs. Tumor antigens were loaded onto the nanoerythrosomes by fusing tumor cell membrane–associated antigens with nanoerythrosomes. This tumor antigen–loaded nanoerythrosomes (nano-Ag@erythrosome) elicited antigen responses in vivo and, in combination with the anti–programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade, inhibited the tumor growth in B16F10 and 4T1 tumor models. We also generated a tumor model showing that “personalized nano-Ag@erythrosomes” could be achieved by fusing RBCs and surgically removed tumors, which effectively reduced tumor recurrence and metastasis after surgery.

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