scholarly journals Structural Determinants of Democratic Consolidation and Nepal’s Loktantra Since 2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-21
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Humagain
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Regime Type ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Majoritarian Democracy ◽  
Economic Modernization

Despite frequent political changes, democratic consolidation is not a popular question among the researchers of democracy in Nepal. This article aims to connect the theoretical discussion of consolidation of democracy, mostly focusing on the structural factors and Nepali Loktantra. Two findings of this study are particularly important for the discussion of the consolidation of Loktantra in Nepal. First, the macro structural factors – e.g., economic modernization, regime type, and party -system – make pessimistic predictions on future of Nepali democracy. In other words, the macro structural conditions are unfavorable for the consolidation of the democracy in contemporary Nepal. Second, procedural dimensions of the democracy are insufficient to define Nepali Loktantra. The newly adopted regime has attempted to merge few components of non-majoritarian democracy too. We need more critical evaluation on the characteristics of Nepali Loktantra. If it is different with a procedural democracy, its relation with socio-economic structure also should be different.

The Structural Determinants of Democratic Consolidation

1998 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-771 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARK J. GASIOROWSKI ◽  
TIMOTHY J. POWER
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Third World ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Contagion Effect ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Inflation

Democratic consolidation is the process by which a newly established democratic regime becomes sufficiently durable that a return to nondemocratic rule is no longer likely. The authors examine a wide range of structural factors that may affect democratic consolidation in Third World countries, using three indicators of consolidation and multivariate statistical techniques. The authors' main finding is that development-related socioeconomic factors, the contagion effect of democratic neighbors, and high inflation each strongly affect the likelihood of consolidation, although the latter was significant only in the early part of the period studied. Several other factors have no apparent effect, including several measures dealing with political culture and the design of democratic institutions. These three factors together strongly predict which Third World democracies achieve consolidation, suggesting that the process-centric literature on democratic consolidation has paid inadequate attention to the effects of structural factors.

scholarly journals Attitudinal and Structural Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions of Women

2019 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Kevin Banning ◽  
Ravi Chinta
Keyword(s):  
Women Entrepreneurs ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structural Barriers ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Governmental Support ◽  
Job Growth

Entrepreneurial intentions have been shown to be a good predictor of entrepreneurial activity, and consequently have attracted the attention of many scholars and policy makers. Because entrepreneurial activity provides an economic engine for job growth, it is crucial to identify what drives entrepreneurial intentions. Extant literature has focused on such factors as the availability of capital, governmental support, individual networks, and culture. This study empirically investigates the expected linkage between attitudinal and structural factors and the intensity of intention to start a business for women entrepreneurs in the southeastern United States. Results from a survey of 1200 women intending to start a business in reveal that significant attitudinal and structural barriers remain for women entrepreneurs. The paper concludes with implications for women entrepreneurs, policy makers, and for future research.

scholarly journals Dental practice closure during COVID-19 and associated professional, practice and structural determinants: a multi-country survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hams Hamed ◽  
Sara M Atteya ◽  
Merna Ihab ◽  
Myat Nyan ◽  
Diah Ayu Maharani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Professional Practice ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Dental Practice ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Dental Practitioners ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Background: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China has influenced every aspect of life worldwide. Due to the characteristics of dental settings, the risk of cross-infection is high between dental practitioners and patients and dentists may develop severe anxiety about the current pandemic. In addition, the limited provision of services and closure of dental practices raised concerns among dental professionals about the financial consequences of this closure. This study assessed the frequency of dental practice closure in several countries, the factors associated with this closure and whether closure and associated factors differed between private and non-private sectors.Methods: From April to May 2020, an electronic survey was sent to dentists in several countries. The survey assessed professional factors, practice factors and country-level structural factors. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess the association between practice closure and these factors. Effect modification by type of sector was also assessed. Results: Dentists (n= 3243) participated from 29 countries. The majority (75.9%) reported practice closure with significantly higher percentage in the private sector than the non-private sector. Pandemic- related fears were associated with significantly higher likelihood of practice closure in private (OR= 1.54, 95%CI= 1.24, 1.92) and non-private sectors (OR= 1.38, 95%CI= 1.04, 1.82). Dentists in non-private, governmental sector (OR= 0.54, 95%CI= 0.31, 0.94), those in rural areas (OR= 0.58, 95%CI= 0.42, 0.81) and those in hospitals (overall OR= 0.60, 95%CI= 0.36, 0.99) reported low likelihood of closure. High likelihood of closure was reported by those in academia (OR= 2.13, 95%CI= 1.23, 3.71). More hospital beds at country-level were associated with lower likelihood of closure in the non-private sector (OR= 0.65, 95%CI= 0.46, 0.91). Private sector dentists in high income countries (HICs) reported less closure than in non-HICs (OR= 0.55, 95%= 0.15, 1.93).Conclusions: Most dentists reported practice closure because of COVID-19 with greater impact in the private than non-private sectors. Closure was associated with factors at professional, practice, and country-level.

Developing a Party System and Democratic Consolidation

1999 ◽  
pp. 85-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huang Teh-fu ◽  
Yu Ching-hsin
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Democratic Consolidation

scholarly journals Gender and Democratic Politics: A Comparative Analysis of Consolidation in Argentina and Chile

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 765-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEORGINA WAYLEN
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Party System ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Transition System ◽  
Democratic Politics ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Presidential Systems

This article highlights a number of themes useful in the gendered analysis of democratic consolidation in Latin America by means of a comparative analysis of Argentina and Chile. It starts from the assumption that much of the work on democratisation in Latin America – both orthodox and the literature concentrating on women and transitions – produced up until now, has been too voluntaristic in its approach. It argues that what is needed, particularly in the study of democratic consolidation, is an analysis not only of the impact of women and women's organisations on institutions and structures but also of how these institutions and structures can shape and change gender relations and different women's activities. Any gendered analysis of democratic consolidation must begin by examining the terms of transition which, while they can be subject to some renegotiation later, affect the nature of the subsequent system and the space available to different actors. It is argued that a number of characteristics of the post-transition system are significant: first the impact of more arbitrary populist or presidential systems, second the importance of women's organising both inside and outside the state and party systems and third the existence of an institutionalised party system.

La dimension régionale du vote économique canadien aux élections fédérales de 1988 à 2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Godbout ◽  
Éric Bélanger
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Economic Voting ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Electoral Behaviour ◽  
The One ◽  
Election Studies ◽  
The Relationship

Recent works on economic voting have shown that the economy's impact on electoral behaviour could sometimes be mediated by differences in political conditions. This article specifies and tests the mediating role of one such factor, namely regionalism, on economic voting in Canada. The potential effect of two structural factors is tested: the regional configuration of the federal party system (clarity of available alternatives), and the regional structure of the economy. The data used come from the last four Canadian Election Studies (1988 to 2000). The results show that economic voting slightly differs among regions according to the presence or not of strong regional political parties, Quebec being the region where the relationship between the economy and the vote is the weakest. Even more significant differences in economic voting behaviour can be observed between ''have'' and ''have not'' regions, the shape of economic voting in the Atlantic provinces being distinct from the one in Ontario and the West.

scholarly journals RETHINKING PARTIES, DEMOCRACY AND ELECTORAL REFORM: Obstacles and challenges

2018 ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Marcilio Teixeira ◽  
Virgínia Motta Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Political Party ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
Theoretical Discussion ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Concepts Of Democracy

This paper attempts to elucidate the various concepts of democracy, political party and participation, observing its major obstacles faced in actuality, demonstrating the nature and complexity of the theoretical discussion. Focused on seminal and contemporary studies that scrutinize the sustenance of democracy and political institutions, it points out how the long distance between ideals and the obstacles of praxis hinders the process of consolidating these institutions. In conclusion, it emphasises that the task of consolidating democratic model requires a set institutional adjustments, amendments, reforms and the incorporation of information technology advancements that must be studied, prepared and slowly applied in order to achieve proper democratic consolidation.

scholarly journals Development Processes for Changing the Party System in Slovenia and Montenegro

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-645
Author(s):  
Elena Nacevska ◽  
Nemanja Stankov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Party System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Electoral Competition ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Party Competition ◽  
System Structure ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Institutional System

AbstractThis paper explores differences in the party system development of two former Yugoslav republics: Slovenia and Montenegro. Despite sharing a communist institutional system, after that disintegrated Slovenia had a much faster pace of democratic consolidation and economic development than Montenegro. Similarly, the nature of the party competition and party system structure are also quite different. Using a quantitative and descriptive approach applied to the period between 1990 and 2018, we outline patterns of party competition and party system development and explore how they complement the stages of democratisation. We investigate how the comparatively faster democratisation in Slovenia is reflected in the competitive party system with a focus on the ideological divide as the chief source of electoral competition. In contrast, we look at how the prolonged transition in Montenegro is reflected in the closed party system with party competition occurring mainly along ethnic lines.

scholarly journals Negotiating "cultural" identities: exploration of young Asian women's racialized-gendered experiences and mental well-being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Krisel Abulencia
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Asian Women ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Asymmetric Power ◽  
Mental Well Being

Explanations of mental health outcomes of Asian women in diaspora are often invoked through the concepts of “culture” and “acculturation” with little consideration of asymmetric power relations and structural influences. Informed by critical theories and a narrative approach, this secondary research analyzed data of an exploratory study with fourteen 1.5 and second generation young Asian women living in Toronto, Canada. Research results include: (1) identity construction is a complex process shaped by participants’ experiences in both the “mainstream” and “heritage” contexts; (2) participants’ encounters of racialized-sexism, microaggressions, and “Othering” contributed to varying degrees of internalized oppressions, which compromised their mental well-being; (3) family support and community engagement enhanced participants’ positive self-concept and resilience; and (4) current conceptualizations of “acculturation” and “enculturation” are inadequate as they negate the structural determinants of integration. Nursing research, policy and practice must consider the effects of structural factors in identity construction and mental well-being.

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