scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A Isolated From Patients Suspected of Enteric Fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Niroula ◽  
Jyotsna Shrestha ◽  
Supriya Sharma ◽  
Anjana Singh
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp isolated from patients suspected of enteric fever. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from April to June, 2014among 484 patients clinically suspected of enteric fever visiting Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Blood sample collected from each patient was processed for culture in bile broth. Identification of Salmonella spp was done by conventional microbiological techniques including colony characteristics, Gram's staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of identified isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following the 2014 CLS I guideline. Results: Out of 484 blood samples, 36 (7.43%) cases showed the growth of Salmonella spp; of which 27 (75%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (ST) and 9 (25%) were Salmonella enterica Paratyphi A (SPA). Among the Salmonella isolates, 5.55% were multidrug resistant and 41.66% were fluoroquinolone resistant. More than 80% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole whereas 58%, 50% and 6% of isolates were sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics i.e. ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime. All SPA and 89% of ST were sensitive to azithromycin. Conclusion: Higher percentage of susceptible isolates to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin suggests the reconsideration of these antibiotics for the treatment of enteric fever. Azithromycin can be considered as drug of choice for the treatment of enteric fever.  

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Salmonella from Chicken Eggs in Naogaon District of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Saroat Hossain ◽  
K. M. Mozaffor Hossain ◽  
Md. Mahbubul Alam Sarker ◽  
Sm. Ahasanul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Potential Reservoir ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic bacteria that cause foodborne illness in humans. An investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Salmonella isolates from chicken eggs in the Naogaon district, Bangladesh. Salmonella was isolated from cultures on different selective-differential media and further identified by biochemical tests. Antibiogram study was done by the disk diffusion method. The overall prevalence of Salmonella was recorded as 7.78%, whereas 5.56% was on eggshell surfaces and 2.22% was in egg contents. The Salmonella prevalence was 8.33%, 13.33% and 1.67% in chicken eggs from layer farms, whole sellers and retailers, respectively. Salmonella isolates were found 50.0% to 85.71% sensitive to chloramphenicol, gentamycin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone. Resistance against gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin was found significant ranging from 21.43% to 71.42%. The highest resistance was found in amoxicillin (92.86%). The present study proposes that chicken eggs are a potential reservoir of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Antibiotic-resistant Salmonella will pose a problem to treat Salmonella infection in humans. Thus, the aim of this study is to assess the risk of Salmonella resistance in chicken eggs.

scholarly journals ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIDRUG RESISTANT SALMONELLA SPECIES FROM ABATTOIR WASTEWATER IN ABIA STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
pp. e262
Author(s):  
Kelechi Edward ◽  
V.I. Ibekwe ◽  
E.S. Amadi ◽  
S.I. Umeh
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria

Over the years, zoonotic bacteria of the genus Salmonella, have acquired antimicrobial resistance properties, with a wide variety of resistance genes and resistance-mediating mutations being identified. This study isolated and characterized multiple drug resistant Salmonella species isolated from abattoir wastewaters in Abia State, Nigeria. Seven hundred wastewater samples from three abattoirs: Aba (300), Ubakala (250) and Lokpa (150) samples were analyzed from 2016 to 2019. Standard microbiological procedures were followed in isolation and identification of the Salmonella spp isolates. The antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The results showed moderate but significant prevalence of Salmonella spp in the three abattoir locations; 135(45.0%) from Aba, 108 (43.2%) from Ubakala and 74 (49.3%) from Lokpa. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the Salmonella spp isolates show that the organisms were highly susceptible to Ofloxacin (84.4% in Aba, 89.8% in Ubakala and 82.4% in Lokpa) and highly resistant to Ampicillin (97.0% in Aba, 91.7% in Ubakala and 98.6% in Lokpa). Most isolates recorded Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index greater than (>0.2). This result emphasizes the urgent need for regulation in the use of antibiotics in man and animals and their subsequent disposal into the environment.

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolated from pigeons

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2156-2165
Author(s):  
Shah Jungy Ibna Karim ◽  
Mahfuzul Islam ◽  
Tahmina Sikder ◽  
Rubaya Rubaya ◽  
Joyanta Halder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Significant Positive Association ◽  
E Coli

Background and Aim: Pigeon rearing has been gaining popularity for recent years. They are reared remarkably very close to the house of the owner. This activity, therefore, may pose potential threats for humans as well as other animals as pigeons may carry and spread different pathogens including drug-resistant bacteria. This study was conducted to explore the prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. as well as their antibiogram profile along with an association analysis. Materials and Methods: Forty swab samples were collected from 20 pigeons during the study. E. coli and Salmonella spp. were isolated and identified on various types of agars, including MacConkey, Eosin methylene blue, Brilliant green, and Salmonella-Shigella agar. Biochemical tests such as the carbohydrate fermentation test, the triple sugar iron agar slant reaction, the indole test, the methyl red test, the catalase test, as well as the Voges–Proskauer test were also performed. Besides, the presence of E. coli was further confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates was performed against nine antibiotics from seven classes on the Mueller-Hinton agar based on the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method. Results: The overall prevalence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was 52.5 and 27.5%, respectively. The prevalence of the pathogenic E. coli was 61.90%. The antibiogram profile of 21 E. coli as well as 11 Salmonella spp. revealed that all isolates, except one, were resistant to one to six antibiotics. Around 61.90%, 71.43%, 23.81%, 61.90%, 23.81%, 19.05%, and 52.38% of E. coli showed resistance against amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, gentamicin, and tetracycline, respectively. Furthermore, E. coli resistance was not observed in case of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. Similarly, around 36.36%, 27.27%, 27.27%, 45.45%, 81.82%, 100%, and 18.18% of the Salmonella spp. showed resistance against amoxicillin, ampicillin, azithromycin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and levofloxacin, respectively. However, all Salmonella spp. (100%) were found to show sensitivity against ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli (23.80%) and Salmonella spp. (54.54%) were also isolated. Furthermore, both positive (odds ratio [OR] >1) and negative (OR <1) drug resistance associations, with a higher frequency of positive associations, were found in E. coli. A significant positive association was observed between ampicillin and amoxicillin (OR: 81.67, 95% confidence interval: 2.73-2447.57, p=0.01). Conclusion: Pigeon carrying MDR E. coli and Salmonella spp. may contribute to the transmission and spread of these microorganisms. Therefore, strict hygienic measures should be taken during the farming of pigeons to decrease the potential transmission of E. coli and Salmonella spp. from pigeon to humans as well as other animals. So far, this is the first report of the PCR-based identification of pathogenic E. coli from pigeons in Bangladesh.

ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CULTURE POSITIVE ENTERIC FEVER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Manish Kulshrestha ◽  
Dr. Anjali Kulshrestha
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Bone Marrow Culture ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Culture Positive

INTRODUCTION: Enteric fever includes typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Peak incidence is seen in children 5–15 years of age; but in regions where the disease is highly endemic, as in India, children younger than 5 years of age may have the highest infection rates. There are about 22 million new typhoid cases occur each year. Young children in poor, resource limited areas, who make up the majority of the new cases and there is a mortality figures of 215,000 deaths annually. A sharp decline in the rates of complications and mortality due to typhoid fever is observed as a result of introduction of effective antibiotic therapy since 1950s. MDR-ST became endemic in many areas of Asia, including India soon after multidrug-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serotype typhi (MDR-ST) that were resistant to all the three first-line drugs then in use, namely chloramphenicol, amoxycillin and co-trimoxazole emerged in early 1990s. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Only blood culture or bone marrow culture positive cases were included. The patients with culture isolated enteric fever were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method using antibiotic discs. The analysis of the antimicrobial susceptibility was carried out as per CLSI interpretative guidelines. RESULTS: A total of 82 culture positive cases were included in the present study. 80 culture isolates were from blood culture and 2 from the bone marrow culture. Salmonella entericasubspecies enterica serovartyphi (S typhi) was isolated from 67 (81.70%) patients while Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarparatyphi (S paratyphi A) was isolated from 13 (15.85%) cases and 2 (2.44%) were Salmonella enterica subspecies entericaserovarschottmuelleri (S paratyphi B). Of the 82 cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid, one (1.2%) case each was resistant to Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone, 2 (2.4%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 10 (12.2%) were resistant and to cotrimoxazole 3 (3.7%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: In a culture positive cases 65(79.3%) isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 17 (20.7%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Multidrug resistant isolates were 65(79.3%).

scholarly journals Preliminary Results on the Prevalence of Salmonella Spp. in Marine Animals Stranded in Sicilian Coasts: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and ARGs Detection in the Isolated Strains

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 930
Author(s):  
Delia Gambino ◽  
Sonia Sciortino ◽  
Sergio Migliore ◽  
Lucia Galuppo ◽  
Roberto Puleio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
Low Prevalence

The presence of Salmonella spp. in marine animals is a consequence of contamination from terrestrial sources (human activities and animals). Bacteria present in marine environments, including Salmonella spp., can be antibiotic resistant or harbor resistance genes. In this study, Salmonella spp. detection was performed on 176 marine animals stranded in the Sicilian coasts (south Italy). Antibiotic susceptibility, by disk diffusion method and MIC determination, and antibiotic resistance genes, by molecular methods (PCR) of the Salmonella spp. strains, were evaluated. We isolated Salmonella spp. in three animals, though no pathological signs were detected. Our results showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp. (1.7%) and a low incidence of phenotypic resistance in three Salmonella spp. strains isolated. Indeed, of the three strains, only Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium from S. coeruleoalba and M. mobular showed phenotypic resistance: the first to ampicillin, tetracycline, and sulphamethoxazole, while the latter only to sulphamethoxazole. However, all strains harbored resistance genes (blaTEM, blaOXA, tet(A), tet(D), tet(E), sulI, and sulII). Although the low prevalence of Salmonella spp. found in this study does not represent a relevant health issue, our data contribute to the collection of information on the spread of ARGs, elements involved in antibiotic resistance, now considered a zoonosis in a One Health approach.

scholarly journals Urinary tract infections and antibiotic susceptibility among the patients attending B & D hospital of Lalitpur, Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadav Prasad Joshi ◽  
Shreejeet Shrestha ◽  
Russell Kabir ◽  
Anita Thapa ◽  
Parbati Upreti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Tract Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tract Infections

Background:Urinary tract infection is the most common bacterial infections in humans and serious health problem in many parts of the world. It has become more complicated in treatment due to different pathogens and increasing resistant to antimicrobial agents. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of urinary tract infection and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of pathogens among the patients attending in B & B hospital Nepal.Materials and Methods:A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted in between April 2010 to March 2011. Urine samples were collected from clinically suspected patients and tested bacteriologically using standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed for isolated pathogen using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results:Out of 1260 examined specimens 25.24 % were positive and majority 61.64% were females.  The most common pathogens isolated were Escherichia coli (66.67%), Enterococcus (7.55%) and Staphylococcus (6.60 %). The drug resistant among the positive cases were reported. The highest resistant of positive cases was found with Cefexime (87.88%) and Enterococcus with Ampicillin (66.67%) and Staphyllococcus with Cloxacillin (66.67%). The highest susceptibility was for Vancomycin and Ampicillin i.e. 33.33% in each.Conclusion:The findings showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogen and the presence of bacterial isolates with very high resistance to the commonly prescribed drugs. As drug resistance among bacterial pathogens is an evolving process and serious issue. Therefore, routine surveillance and monitoring studies should be conducted to provide physicians knowledge on the updated and most effective empirical treatment of UTIs. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(5) 2016 47-51

scholarly journals Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Antibiogram of Nontyphoidal Salmonella from Beef in Ambo and Holeta Towns, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Endrias Zewdu Gebremedhin ◽  
Gezahegn Tafesse Soboka ◽  
Bizunesh Mideksa Borana ◽  
Lencho Megersa Marami ◽  
Edilu Jorga Sarba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin

Background. Salmonella has been recognized as a major cause of food-borne illness associated with the consumption of food of animal origin. The present cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 in Ambo and Holeta towns to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates from raw beef samples from abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants in Ambo and Holeta towns, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Methods. A total of 354 beef samples were collected from abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants. Salmonella isolation and identification were carried out using standard bacteriological methods recommended by the International Organization for Standardization. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method. Besides, a structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and potential risk factors for contamination of meat. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used for data analyses. Results. Of the total 354 meat samples examined, 20 (5.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.5–8.6) were positive for Salmonella. Two serotypes belonging to S. typhimurium (11 isolates) and I:4,5,12: i:- (9 isolates) were identified. The Salmonella detection rate in abattoirs, butchers, and restaurants was 4.2% (5/118), 8.5% (10/118), and 4.2% (5/118), respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 40%, 30%, and 20% of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to azithromycin, amoxicillin, and ceftriaxone, respectively. The odds of Salmonella isolation when meat handlers are illiterate were 7.8 times higher than those when they are educated to the level of secondary and above ( P = 0.032 ). Similarly, the likelihood of Salmonella isolation was 6.3 and 7.6 times higher among workers of butcher and restaurants, respectively, who had no training ( P = 0.003 ) and no knowledge ( P = 0.010 ) on food safety and hygiene. Conclusions. The study showed widespread multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the study areas. Therefore, raw meat consumption and indiscriminate use of antimicrobial drugs should be discouraged. Provision of food safety education for meat handlers and further surveillance of antimicrobial-resistant isolates are suggested.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobur ◽  
Hasan ◽  
Haque ◽  
Mridul ◽  
Noreddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae Associated with the 2017 Outbreak in Kasese district

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Stanley Iramiot ◽  
Innocent B. Rwego ◽  
Catherine Kansiime ◽  
Benon B Asiimwe
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Background Cholera has continued to be a global threat to public health and a key indicator of lack of social development in developing countries. This report summarizes findings from the epidemiologic investigation, which aimed at identifying the mode of transmission and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the Vibrio cholerae isolated in Kasese district, Uganda. Materials and methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study to describe the epidemiology of the 2017 cholera outbreak in Kasese district. Rectal swabs were collected from 69 suspected case-persons and cultured on Thiosulphate-Citrate-Bile-Salts Sucrose (TCBS™; SEIKEN Japan) agar and incubated at 370C for 18-24 hours. The isolates were serotyped with polyvalent 01 antiserum and monovalent serotype Inaba and Ogawa antisera (Denka Seiken, Tokyo, Japan) to determine which serotype was responsible for the outbreak. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results A total of 222 cases were recorded in the Kasese District outbreak between the month of September 2017 and January 2018 with the case fatality rate (CFR) of 1.4%. Children below the age of 14 years contributed the biggest proportion of the cases (70%) and out of these, 33% were aged below five years. Antibiotic susceptibility using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method showed 100% resistance to Ampicillin and over 50% were resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole whereas gentamicin showed 100% susceptibility. The general trend also showed increased susceptibility to combination therapy as opposed to mono-therapy.

scholarly journals Pattern of Anti-Microbial Sensitivity and Resistance against Salmonella Species in a Tertiary Hospital in Dhaka

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afsana Begum ◽  
Md Shafiqul Bari ◽  
Fazle Rabbi Chowdhury ◽  
Naser Ahmed ◽  
KAR Sayeed
Keyword(s):  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Epidemic Strain ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Paratyphi B

Background: Drug resistant Salmonella spp. continues to remain a health problem as last two decades have witnessed the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance against conventional anti-typhoid drugs. Multidrug resistant (MDR) typhoid is now a serious problem in many developing countries including Bangladesh.Objectives: To find out antimicrobial sensitivity and resistance patterns of different types of Salmonella spp. in patients with enteric fever and to find out the epidemiological strains (e.g. resistant strain, epidemic strain, MDR strain) in patients with enteric fever.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done during October 2009–November 2010 and January–December 2012 at United Hospital Limited, Dhaka. Laboratory reports of blood culture were collected from those patients who were investigated as suspected cases of enteric fever. Both the indoor and outdoor patients were enrolled in the study. Salmonella species resistant to one or more of the first line drugs were divided into resistant strain, epidemic strain and multi-drug resistant strain.Results: During the period October 2009–November 2010, total 210 subjects were enrolled. Among the participants, 122 were male and 88 were female. S. typhi were found in 133 samples whereas 76 were S. paratyphi A and only 1 S. paratyphi B. Sensitivity was found 77% for ampicillin, 91.4% for cotrimoxazole, 78.6% for chloramphenicol, 87.6% for ciprofloxacin, 96.6% for cefixime, 98% for ceftriaxone and only 22.1% for azithromycin (77.9% resistant). Total 91 (43.3%) cases were found having resistant strain, 6 (2.8%) epidemic strain and 8 (3.8%) MDR strain Salmonella spp. The sensitivity of azithromycin was analyzed among different categories of strains and revealed that 52.7% showed resistance in resistant strain, 100% in epidemic strain and 87.5% in MDR strain. During the period between January–December 2012, total 139 subjects were enrolled. Among the participants 68 were male and 71 were female with a ratio of 1:1.04. S. typhi were found in 84 cases whereas 55 were S. paratyphi A and no S. paratyphi B. Sensitivity was found 62.7% for ampicillin, 82% for cotrimoxazole, 83% for chloramphenicol, 45.2% for azithromycin, 95% for ciprofloxacin, 99.3% for cefixime and 100% for ceftriaxone. Total 55 (39.6%) cases were found having resistant strain, 3 (2.1%) epidemic strain and 17 (12.2%) MDR strain Salmonella spp. Against azithromycin 67.3% showed resistance in resistant strain, 33.3% in epidemic strain and 29.4% in MDR strain.Conclusion: The policy of empirical treatment of enteric fever needs to be rationalized and newer generation antibiotics should be restricted only for multi-resistant cases of enteric fever.J Enam Med Col 2015; 5(2): 88-92

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