Visible Laser Probing (VLP) with GaP Solid Immersion Lens Demonstrating 110 nm Resolution in Common Laser Probing Applications

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis Eiles ◽  
Patrick Pardy
Keyword(s):  
Gallium Phosphide ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Solid Immersion Lens ◽  
Laser Probing ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Visible Laser ◽  
High Level ◽  
Industry Needs ◽  
Diameter Reduction ◽  
Better Than

Abstract This paper demonstrates a breakthrough method of visible laser probing (VLP), including an optimized 577 nm laser microscope, visible-sensitive detector, and an ultimate-resolution gallium phosphide-based solid immersion lens on the 10 nm node, showing a 110 nm resolution. This is 2x better than what is achieved with the standard suite of probing systems using typical infrared (IR) wavelengths today. Since VLP provides a spot diameter reduction of 0.5x over IR methods, it is reasonable, based simply on geometry, to project that VLP using the 577 nm laser will meet the industry needs for laser probing for both the 10 nm and 7 nm process nodes. Based on its high level of optimization, including high resolution and specialized solid immersion lens, it is highly likely that this VLP technology will be one of the last optically-based fault isolation methods successfully used.

Photoemission and OBIRCH Analysis with Solid Immersion Lens (SIL)

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikuo Arata ◽  
Shigeru Sakamoto ◽  
Yoshiyuki Yokoyama ◽  
Hirotoshi Terada
Keyword(s):  
Gallium Phosphide ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Image Intensifier ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Solid Immersion Lens ◽  
Resistance Change ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Emission Microscopy ◽  
Cooled Ccd

Abstract SIL(Solid Immersion Lens) is well investigated for optical pickup application because of its capability of high resolution. We applied this technique to microscopy, especially for precise observation of semiconductors. And also we applied it to fault isolation techniques like emission microscopy , OBIRCH(Optical Beam Induced Resistance Change) and TIVA,SEI. We found significant enhancement of resolution and sensitvity by using SIL. Applying this technique to emission microscopy, we should be aware of optical absorption charactristics of SIL lens materials. We investigated proper SIL lens materials for emission microscopy and laser scanning applications, and checked performance of Si(Silicon)-SIL and GaP(Gallium phosphide)-SIL. We also compared combinations of some kinds of SILs and detectors like C-CCD(cooled CCD) camera, MCT(HgCdTe) camera and position sensitive detector with InGaAs photo cathode II(image intensifier).

scholarly journals When brain damage “improves” perception: neglect patients can localize motion-shifted probes better than controls

2015 ◽  
Vol 114 (6) ◽  
pp. 3351-3358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania de Vito ◽  
Marine Lunven ◽  
Clémence Bourlon ◽  
Christophe Duret ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Position Shift ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

When we look at bars flashed against a moving background, we see them displaced in the direction of the upcoming motion (flash-grab illusion). It is still debated whether these motion-induced position shifts are low-level, reflexive consequences of stimulus motion or high-level compensation engaged only when the stimulus is tracked with attention. To investigate whether attention is a causal factor for this striking illusory position shift, we evaluated the flash-grab illusion in six patients with damaged attentional networks in the right hemisphere and signs of left visual neglect and six age-matched controls. With stimuli in the top, right, and bottom visual fields, neglect patients experienced the same amount of illusion as controls. However, patients showed no significant shift when the test was presented in their left hemifield, despite having equally precise judgments. Thus, paradoxically, neglect patients perceived the position of the flash more veridically in their neglected hemifield. These results suggest that impaired attentional processes can reduce the interaction between a moving background and a superimposed stationary flash, and indicate that attention is a critical factor in generating the illusory motion-induced shifts of location.

YOU ARE WHAT THEY SEE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 312-312
Author(s):  
P. H. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Education And Training ◽  
Public Image ◽  
Value Judgments ◽  
The Public ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Training ◽  
Better Than

The value judgments about medicine are contributed to by the public image. Formerly this has been one of a devoted, caring, self-sacrificing, somewhat unworldly group of people, dedicated to their work for the suffering and diseased. But the doctors are not separate from society and they are affected by its values. These have been adopted by the profession so that it is coming to be seen as no worse and no better than any other group of comparable education and training. Its status has diminished and this has called into question its compensation at a high level. Status cannot be maintained when its base has been eroded.

DCNN-based Ship Classification using Enhanced Edge Information and Inception Module

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Xiaoting Yu ◽  
Chengeng Huang ◽  
Qinghong Sheng ◽  
Yuanyuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Image Features ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Edge Information ◽  
Average Accuracy ◽  
Ship Classification ◽  
Edge Features ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

The excellent feature extraction ability of deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) has been demonstrated in many image processing tasks, by which image classification can achieve high accuracy with only raw input images. However, the specific image features that influence the classification results are not readily determinable and what lies behind the predictions is unclear. This study proposes a method combining the Sobel and Canny operators and an Inception module for ship classification. The Sobel and Canny operators obtain enhanced edge features from the input images. A convolutional layer is replaced with the Inception module, which can automatically select the proper convolution kernel for ship objects in different image regions. The principle is that the high-level features abstracted by the DCNN, and the features obtained by multi-convolution concatenation of the Inception module must ultimately derive from the edge information of the preprocessing input images. This indicates that the classification results are based on the input edge features, which indirectly interpret the classification results to some extent. Experimental results show that the combination of the edge features and the Inception module improves DCNN ship classification performance. The original model with the raw dataset has an average accuracy of 88.72%, while when using enhanced edge features as input, it achieves the best performance of 90.54% among all models. The model that replaces the fifth convolutional layer with the Inception module has the best performance of 89.50%. It performs close to VGG-16 on the raw dataset and is significantly better than other deep neural networks. The results validate the functionality and feasibility of the idea posited.

scholarly journals Robust Tracking Controller for a DC/DC Buck-Boost Converter–Inverter–DC Motor System

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Hernández-Márquez ◽  
Carlos Avila-Rea ◽  
José García-Sánchez ◽  
Ramón Silva-Ortigoza ◽  
Gilberto Silva-Ortigoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor System ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Differential Flatness ◽  
Robust Tracking ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Tracking Controller ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

This paper has two aims. The first is to develop a robust hierarchical tracking controller for the DC/DC Buck-Boost–inverter–DC motor system. This controller considers a high level control for the inverter–DC motor subsystems and a low level control for the DC/DC Buck-Boost converter subsystem. Such controls solve the tracking task associated with the angular velocity of the motor shaft and the output voltage of the converter, respectively, via the differential flatness approach. The second aim is to present a comparison of the robust hierarchical controller to a passive controller. This, with the purpose of showing that performance achieved with the hierarchical controller proposed in this paper, is better than the one achieved with the passive controller. Both controllers are experimentally implemented on a prototype of the DC/DC Buck-Boost–inverter–DC motor system by using Matlab-Simulink along with the DS1104 board from dSPACE. According to experimental results, the proposal in the present paper achieves a better performance than the passive controller.

scholarly journals Saliency Detection by Multilevel Deep Pyramid Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hai Wang ◽  
Lei Dai ◽  
Yingfeng Cai ◽  
Long Chen ◽  
Yong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Background Noise ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Saliency Detection ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Multiple Features ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Pyramid Model ◽  
High Level ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Better Than

Traditional salient object detection models are divided into several classes based on low-level features and contrast between pixels. In this paper, we propose a model based on a multilevel deep pyramid (MLDP), which involves fusing multiple features on different levels. Firstly, the MLDP uses the original image as the input for a VGG16 model to extract high-level features and form an initial saliency map. Next, the MLDP further extracts high-level features to form a saliency map based on a deep pyramid. Then, the MLDP obtains the salient map fused with superpixels by extracting low-level features. After that, the MLDP applies background noise filtering to the saliency map fused with superpixels in order to filter out the interference of background noise and form a saliency map based on the foreground. Lastly, the MLDP combines the saliency map fused with the superpixels with the saliency map based on the foreground, which results in the final saliency map. The MLDP is not limited to low-level features while it fuses multiple features and achieves good results when extracting salient targets. As can be seen in our experiment section, the MLDP is better than the other 7 state-of-the-art models across three different public saliency datasets. Therefore, the MLDP has superiority and wide applicability in extraction of salient targets.

scholarly journals Status of Mental Toughness of the Citizens of Ahmedabad

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajul Mallik
Keyword(s):  
Mental Toughness ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Lower Side ◽  
Government Employees ◽  
The People ◽  
Bank Employees ◽  
High Level ◽  
Difficult Situations ◽  
Score Range ◽  
Better Than

A survey was conducted to find out the level of mental toughness of the people of Ahmedabad city in view of rising suicide rates and cases of depression. Mental toughness is frequently used to refer to any set of positive attributes that helps a person to cope with difficult situations. It is a psychological edge that allows a person to cope better than the competition with the demands that are placed on her/him. A sample size of 990, all above the age of 18 years and belonging to various walks of society, was drawn. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing 18 items related to mental toughness. The survey result showed that mental toughness of the citizens of Ahmedabad city falls in the range of average. However, those who are in the police show the higher side of average mental toughness level. Their mean score was 64.11. The cops who often have to take tough decisions in the call of duty to enforce law and order are closely followed by teachers with a mean score of 63.73 and sports persons with a mean score of 63.22. Doctors who often have to take dispassionate decisions while treating their patients are close on their heels with a mean score of 63.00. Lawyers (61.95), government employees (61.29), college students (61.16) and bank employees (61.13) are the next in mental toughness. The survey also covered home-makers. They were found on the lower side of average range of score with a mean score of 60.54. Notably, the score range of 70-90 shows high level of mental toughness, 58-69 average mental toughness and 18-57 low mental toughness.

scholarly journals An Open-Source Cloud-FPGA Gene Regulatory Accelerator

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Bragança ◽  
Jeronimo Penha ◽  
Michael Canesche ◽  
Dener Ribeiro ◽  
José Augusto M. Nacif ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Gene Regulatory Networks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Cloud Services ◽  
On Demand ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Gene Regulatory ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

FPGAs are suitable to speed up gene regulatory network (GRN) algorithms with high throughput and energy efficiency. In addition, virtualizing FPGA using hardware generators and cloud resources increases the computing ability to achieve on-demand accelerations across multiple users. Recently, Amazon AWS provides high-performance Cloud's FPGAs. This work proposes an open source accelerator generator for Boolean gene regulatory networks. The generator automatically creates all hardware and software pieces from a high-level GRN description. We evaluate the accelerator performance and cost for CPU, GPU, and Cloud FPGA implementations by considering six GRN models proposed in the literature. As a result, the FPGA accelerator is at least 12x faster than the best GPU accelerator. Furthermore, the FPGA reaches the best performance per dollar in cloud services, at least 5x better than the best GPU accelerator.

scholarly journals Fatigue Detection with Spatial-Temporal Fusion Method on Covariance Manifolds of Electroencephalography

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1298
Author(s):  
Nan Zhao ◽  
Dawei Lu ◽  
Kechen Hou ◽  
Meifei Chen ◽  
Xiangyu Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Covariance Matrices ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Pressure Work ◽  
Spatial Features ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
High Level ◽  
Fatigue Driving ◽  
Fatigue Detection ◽  
Better Than

With the increasing pressure of current life, fatigue caused by high-pressure work has deeply affected people and even threatened their lives. In particular, fatigue driving has become a leading cause of traffic accidents and deaths. This paper investigates electroencephalography (EEG)-based fatigue detection for driving by mining the latent information through the spatial-temporal changes in the relations between EEG channels. First, EEG data are partitioned into several segments to calculate the covariance matrices of each segment, and then we feed these matrices into a recurrent neural network to obtain high-level temporal information. Second, the covariance matrices of whole signals are leveraged to extract two kinds of spatial features, which will be fused with temporal characteristics to obtain comprehensive spatial-temporal information. Experiments on an open benchmark showed that our method achieved an excellent classification accuracy of 93.834% and performed better than several novel methods. These experimental results indicate that our method enables better reliability and feasibility in the detection of fatigued driving.

Relationship between clinical results of total hip replacement and postoperative activities including weeding and snow shovelling

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Kijima ◽  
Shin Yamada ◽  
Natsuo Konishi ◽  
Hitoshi Kubota ◽  
Hiroshi Tazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Hip Replacement ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Japanese Orthopaedic Association ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Average Period ◽  
Work Activities ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
Hip Disease ◽  
High Level ◽  
Better Than

Introduction: Weeding or snow shovelling is indispensable for life in farm villages of northern countries. Clarifying the relationships between the degrees of these activities after total hip replacement (THR) and the clinical results of THR may enable us to predict the results of THR for high-level activity patients. The relationships between work activities after THR and the results were investigated. Methods: The subjects were 95 post-THR patients, who consulted 6 hospitals in August 2012. First, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association Hip-Disease Evaluation Questionnaire (JHEQ) and a questionnaire on postoperative activity were administered. Then, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association hip score (JOA score) was evaluated. Results: The subjects’ average age was 68 years. The average period after surgery was 4 years and 5 months. Weeding and snow shovelling were performed after THR in 44.2% and 40.0% of cases, respectively. The rate of farming after surgery (25.6%) was greater than that of swimming (21.1%). Both the JOA score and JHEQ were higher in those who played sports after THR than in those who did not (p = 0.003, p = 0.0046). The JOA score of those who performed work activities after THR was higher than that of those who did not (p = 0.0295). Conclusions: Nearly half of patients performed weeding or snow shovelling after THR, and about 1/4 of the patients engaged in farming after THR. The clinical results in cases doing sports and work activities after THR were better than those of cases not doing such activities. Therefore, these activities may be positively recommended.

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