scholarly journals Damages caused by winter frosts, their temporal variation and frequencies in the main fruit growing region of Transdanubia and of the East Tisza regions of Hungary

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakatos ◽  
F. Szőke ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
M. Soltész ◽  
L. Szalay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rest Period ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Quantitative Expression ◽  
Northern Country ◽  
History Of ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Air Circulation

The aim of the study was the study of winter frost damages, especially their changes expressed in temporal frequencies on the main fruit growing regions of the country. In our earlier paper, we introduced the calculation with the term LT50 as the quantitative expression of temperature threshold, when the lethality halves the survival of plant organs, buds or cells causing 50% death rate. The damage is highly dependent on the temperature and on its duration (length of time), but not at least on the frost tolerance of the fruit trees. The incidence and severity of damage is analysed according to the apricot and peach varieties of their different susceptibility or tolerance too. Four fruit growing regions, two of the in Transdanubia and two belonging to the regions east of the Tisza river have been selected to trace the incidence and severity of frost damages. For that purpose, we analysed the history of the past 60 year period, 1951–2010, utilising the database of the network of 16 meteorological stations of the countrywide service. Being aware of the values of LT50 during the rest period and afterward, the compulsory dormancy caused by low temperature, the number of days, the probability of frost damage could be predicted. The role of the orographical profi le, the height above sea level and the exposition of plantations are also decisive. Within the same plantation, 20–30 m difference of level may cause large diversity in temperature and frost damage. Air circulation and regular incidence of winds within the Carpathian basin modify the occurrence and severity of damages. Lowlands near the southern and northern country borders are particularly exposed to winter frosts. Most damages are reported in February, as temperatures below –20 °C especially if the fi rst part of the winter was mild, or in January was a warm period. With the end of the physiological rest period of the trees, the frost-susceptibility increases signifi cantly, and a cold period of –15 °C may cause heavy damage. This study proves that tolerance of varieties infl uence the damages substantially. By planting frost tolerant varieties, winter frost damages could be diminished by 40–50% at the same growing sites. Present results may also offer a tool to estimate the risk of frost damages and express the security of yields at a given site based on the data accumulated in the database over many years.

scholarly journals Temporal changes of the frequency of spring frost damages in the main fruit growing regions in Western Hungary and in East Hungary

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Lakatos ◽  
Cs. Fieszl ◽  
Z. Sun ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Fruit Species ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Spring Frosts

Most of the risk in Hungarian fruit growing is the damage caused by late spring frosts. The frequency of late frosts seems to increase nowadays. The aim of the study was to check this contention: what is the real probability of the damages. Based on earlier experiences, the physiological LT50 function has been elaborated for new fruit varieties, which are eligible to moderate the danger when being threatened by frost. By means of this technique, the probability of freezing is distinguished between frost susceptible, frost resistant and medium frost resistant fruit species and varieties around their blooming time. The degree of frost damage depends on the duration and severity of the low temperature and not at least on the frost tolerance of the plant. For that purpose, the frequencies of frost damages were studied at two Transdanubian and two Trans-Tisza fruit growing sites by means of a meteorological database for the 60-year-long period 1951–2010. Being aware of the LT50 values changing during the phonological phases of the fruit trees from budding, bloom, fruit set and fruit growth, the number and date of critical (frosty) days could be settled. An important role is attributed to the orographic relief and the height above the sea level of the site, as 20–30 m differences and expositions may become decisive within the same plantation. The spatial distribution of damages is also dependent on the air circulations within the Carpathian basin. At the southern and northern borders of the country, especially valley bottoms represent additional risks of frost. Most spring frost damages are experienced in April 20–22, and cause heavy damages by temperature minima between – 3°C and – 6°C. The severity of damage depends largely on the temperature of the preceding few days. The earlier bloom the heavier damage is expected. The study is emphasising the importance of the varieties. Frost tolerance of some varieties may lower the risk of spring frosts by 40–50%, as experienced on the plantations. The quantifi cation of the risks based on data raised during the last years will be suitable to defi ne the security of yields of each growing site successfully.

A history of some fruit models in wax and other materials: scientific teaching aids and courtly table decorations

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-JüRgen Lechtreck
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Visual Aids ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Teaching Aids ◽  
Scientific Teaching ◽  
Glass Marble ◽  
History Of ◽  
By Products ◽  
Wax Models

Two early nineteenth century texts treating the production and use of wax models of fruit reveal the history of these objects in the context of courtly decoration. Both sources emphasise the models' decorative qualities and their suitability for display, properties which were not simply by-products of the realism that the use of wax allowed. Thus, such models were not regarded merely as visual aids for educational purposes. The artists who created them sought to entice collectors of art and natural history objects, as well as teachers and scientists. Wax models of fruits are known to have been collected and displayed as early as the seventeenth century, although only one such collection is extant. Before the early nineteenth century models of fruits made from wax or other materials (glass, marble, faience) were considered worthy of display because contemporaries attached great importance to mastery of the cultivation and grafting of fruit trees. This skill could only be demonstrated by actually showing the fruits themselves. Therefore, wax models made before the early nineteenth century may also be regarded as attempts to preserve natural products beyond the point of decay.

scholarly journals Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots of Vitis vinifera cultivars and interspecific hybrids in Poland

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerzy Lisek
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Frost Injury ◽  
Vitis Labruscana ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
One Year

Winter frost injury of buds on one-year-old grapevine shoots ofVitis viniferacultivars and interspecific hybrids in PolandFollowing the winter of 2009/2010, an assessment of frost damage was carried out on the vines of 40 wine cultivars and 32 table grape cultivars grown in central Poland (Skierniewice, latitude 51° 57' N, longitude 20° 08' E). The minimum winter temperature of -28.1°C was recorded on 26 January 2010. Cultivars were assigned to five classes of different frost tolerance, according to information on the percentage of frozen buds: very resistant (below 1.9%), resistant (2 - 24.9%), medium susceptible (25 - 74.9%), susceptible (75 - 95.9%) and very susceptible (above 96%). The numbers of wine and table cultivars in each class were as follows: very resistant - 5 (wine) and 3 (table), resistant - 2 and 5, medium susceptible - 15 and 10, susceptible - 13 and 9 and very susceptible - 5 and 5. The most tolerant were the ‘Alwood’, ‘Delaware’, ‘Fredonia’ and ‘Zilga’ interspecific hybrids of theVitis labruscanagroup; the ‘Aurore’, ‘Marechal Foch’ and ‘Leon Millot’ hybrids originating fromV. vinifera, V. rupestris, V. ripariaandV. lincecumiiand ‘Sibera’ originating fromV. viniferaandV. amurensis.More than 96% of buds froze on the vines of some interspecific hybrids (‘Arkadia’, ‘Fanny’, ‘Kodrianka’ and ‘Lilla’). ‘Ortega’, ‘Nektar’, ‘Cserszegi Fueszeres’, ‘Riesling’ and ‘Chasselas Dore’ from theV. viniferacultivars showed the best tolerance to frost damage (42.5-62% of frozen buds). The buds of theV. viniferacultivars ‘Acolon’, ‘Dakapo’ and ‘Favorit’ all froze. Plant parts covered with soil and snow were not exposed to significant damage, even in the case of susceptible cultivars.

scholarly journals The effect of spring frosts on the nectar production and the bee visitation of fruit trees

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
I. Amtmann ◽  
F. Bakcsa ◽  
J. Iváncsics ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Nectar Production ◽  
Spring Frost ◽  
Fruit Orchards ◽  
Spring Frosts

Fruit tree species suffered very strong spring frosts in 1997 in Hungary. This caused partial or total damages at buds and flowers depending on site and time of blooming. It was demonstrated at a number of experiments that frost and cold weather also strongly affected the nectar production of surviving flowers. No or very little amount of nectar was measured in flowers first of all of early blooming fruit tree species (apricot) but also of pear and apple in some places. In spite of this fact intensive honeybee visitation was detected in the flowers of fruit trees that suffered partial frost damage only at those sites where honeybee colonies were placed in or at the experimental plantations and the lack of sufficient amount of nectar did not affected bee behaviour seriously on fruit flowers. This means that bad nectar production failed to affect bee visitation of fruit trees definitely. The reason for this was the fact that not only fruit trees but another early bee plants (wild plants, too) suffered frost damage. Accordingly, in lack of forage bees intensively searched for food at blooming fruit trees with some living flowers. Consequently, there was an acceptable yield at those plantations where bud and flower damage was not complete. Accordingly, intensive bee visitation (that is moving additional bee colonies to overpopulate fruit orchards with honeybees) can be an effective tool to decrease or eliminate the detrimental effect of spring frost on the yield of fruit trees where bud or fruit damage is not too high.  

Heritability of frost tolerance in white clover (Trifolium repens)

1990 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Caradus ◽  
A. C. Mackay ◽  
J. Van Den Bosch ◽  
S. Wewala ◽  
D. H. Greer
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Leaf Size ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Method Of Calculation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
High Selection

SUMMARYWhite clover genotypes selected for frost tolerance and susceptibility were pair-crossed in various combinations with unselected genotypes of Grasslands Huia. Progeny lines and parent genotypes were artificially frosted at −8°C and scored for percentage of leaves damaged. Progeny from crosses between frost-tolerant genotypes were less damaged by frost than progeny from crosses involving either susceptible genotypes or unselected Grasslands Huia genotypes. Heritability estimates for frost tolerance or susceptibility were high, ranging from 0·75 to 0·93, depending on method of calculation. Removal of leaf-size effects from scores of frost damage reduced heritability estimates to 0·54–0·73. It was concluded that, because heritability for frost tolerance was high, selection for this character and incorporation of frost tolerance into agronomically suitable but frost-sensitive cultivars by breeding would be successful.

Notes on the Biology of some predacious Mites on Fruit Trees in south-eastern England

1956 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsie Collyer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Predacious Mites ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
History Of ◽  
Considerable Length

A number of predacious mites of the PHYTOSEIINAE (family LAELAPTIDAE), found in south-eastern England, mostly in association with fruit trees, are listed. Certain measurements and other characters that are of value in separating species are given. The species found were: Typhlodromus tiliae Oudm., T. cucumeris Oudm., T. tiliarum Oudm., T. rhenanus (Oudm.), T. finlandicus (Oudm.), T. umbraticus Chant, T. massei Nesbitt, T. vitis Oudm., T. soleiger (Ribaga), Phytoseius macropilis (Banks) and two Amblyseius spp. Of these, T. tiliae, T. finlandicus and P. macropilis are normally abundant on apple trees, but only T. tiliae remains abundant on commercially-grown apple trees. For each species a list of plants on which it has been found is given.Details of the life-history of laboratory-reared mites are given and these, together with counts of field populations, show that three generations a year is normal.Predacious phytoseiine mites feed on several species of TETRANYCHIDAE, including Metatetranychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus telarius (L.); when M. ulmi is supplied in adequate numbers, adults of T. tiliae consume 3 mites per day, the nymphs 2 mites per day, on an average. It is thought that they also feed on plant tissue, since individuals survived in the laboratory for a considerable length of time in the absence of phytophagous mites, though eggs were not laid.

Comparative study of leaf antioxidant activity as a possible mechanism for frost tolerance in ‘Hass’ and ‘Ettinger’ avocado cultivars

2019 ◽  
Vol 157 (04) ◽  
pp. 342-349
Author(s):  
A. Weil ◽  
C. Sofer-Arad ◽  
Y. Bar-Noy ◽  
O. Liran ◽  
L. Rubinovich
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Frost Tolerance ◽  
Persea Americana ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Major Drawback ◽  
Market Growth ◽  
Frost Stress ◽  
Phenolics Content

AbstractA major drawback of avocado (Persea americanaMill.) is susceptibility to frosts, which reduces yields and limits its geographic distribution and market growth. Whereas the frost-susceptible cultivar ‘Hass’ leads the global avocado market, cv. ‘Ettinger’, although commercially less important, is considered frost-tolerant. The mechanism behind the greater frost tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ has not yet been elucidated; therefore, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the differences between the frost responses of the two cultivars. The results showed that detached ‘Ettinger’ branches had greater tolerance than ‘Hass’ to controlled frost stress. Tissue browning caused by methyl viologen oxidative cell damage, superoxide accumulation in leaf discs following wounding and browning of cut surfaces in branches were much lower in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, suggesting greater antioxidant activity (AA) in the former. In leaf extracts, AA was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ than in ‘Hass’, but osmolarity was similar in the two cultivars. Total phenolics content was significantly higher in ‘Ettinger’ but addition of a protein mask did not significantly reduce AA in either cultivar. Interestingly, following the freezing treatment, AA increased in ‘Ettinger’ and remained almost unchanged in ‘Hass’, while osmolarity was unaffected in either cultivar. These results suggest that the greater frost-tolerance of ‘Ettinger’ than ‘Hass’ is due largely to its greater AA, which springs mainly from a non-enzymatic source, i.e. accumulation of phenolic compounds. Based on the current study, future applications may be developed to minimize frost damage in avocado orchards.

scholarly journals What the Iberian Conquest Bequeathed to Us: The Fruit Trees Introduced in Argentine Subtropic—Their History and Importance in Present Traditional Medicine

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo C. Stampella ◽  
Daniela Alejandra Lambaré ◽  
Norma I. Hilgert ◽  
María Lelia Pochettino
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Local Diversity ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Short Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Applications

This contribution presents information about the history of introduction, establishment, and local appropriation of Eurasian fruit trees—species and varieties of the generaPrunusandCitrus—from 15th century in two rural areas of Northern Argentina. By means of an ethnobotanical and ethnohistorical approach, our study was aimed at analysing how this process influenced local medicine and the design of cultural landscape that they are still part of. As a first step, local diversity, knowledge, and management practices of these fruit tree species were surveyed. In a second moment, medicinal properties attributed to them were documented. A historical literature was consulted referring to different aspects on introduction of peaches and citric species into America and their uses in the past. The appropriation of these fruit-trees gave place to new applications and a particular status for introduced species that are seen as identitary and contribute to the definition of the communities and daily life landscapes. Besides, these plants, introduced in a relatively short period and with written record, allow the researcher to understand and to design landscape domestication, as a multidimensional result of physical, social, and symbolic environment.

Durable Molecular Remission in Two Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APL) Patients Treated with Arsenic Trioxide at First Molecular Relapse.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1847-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Douer ◽  
Laleh Ramezani ◽  
Kristy Watkins ◽  
Robert Louie ◽  
Martin S. Tallman
Keyword(s):  
Arsenic Trioxide ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Single Agent ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Clinical Relapse ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
History Of ◽  
Optimal Approach ◽  
Grade Iii

Abstract Background: The recurrent detection of the PML- RARα transcripts in APL patients in complete remission (CR) is predictive of clinical relapse. Intervention at the time of molecular relapse rather than at the time of overt clinical relapse may minimize the risks associated with the disease as well as treatment-related complications. Previous studies have shown that patients treated at molecular relapse had improved overall survival compared to patients treated at clinical relapse; however, the optimal approach to the treatment of molecular relapse has not yet been established. Arsenic trioxide is active as a single agent in APL patients who developed overt clinical relapse after treatment with ATRA and anthracycline chemotherapy. We evaluated the use of single agent arsenic trioxide in APL patients who are still in first hematological CR but have become RT-PCR positive. Methods: So far, 2 patients were studied, both females with the long form of RAR RARα (bcr1), aged 29 and 39 years. These patients had normal bone marrow morphology but were found to be RT-PCR positive twice in an interval of at least 2 months, while in first CR at 12 and 36 months, respectively. Arsenic trioxide, 0.15 mg/kg/dose, was administered intravenously for 5 days per week for 5 weeks (total of 25 doses) with a 3 to 6 week rest period between cycles up to a maximum of 4 cycles. Results: Both patients became PCR negative after the first cycle of arsenic trioxide. One patient completed four cycles of therapy. The second patient had a history of diabetes mellitus, received only 20 doses of the first cycle and was removed from the study because of grade III sensory neurotoxicity. The only other side effects were grade II headache in both patients and self-limited grade III liver toxicity in one patient. Both patients remain RT-PCR negative at 30 and 28 months after enrollment, respectively, without further therapy. Conclusions: Without treatment, these patients could be expected to have developed a clinical relapse within 4–10 months. Arsenic trioxide induced a durable second molecular relapse, extending disease-free survival and obviating the need for more intensive treatment, such as chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation.

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