scholarly journals Soil Transmitted Helminth Infection among Children Admitted to Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Pahang

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asady Asady ◽  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Marsitah Abdul Jalil ◽  
Oothuman Pakeer
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Hygiene Practice ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Garbage Disposal ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms still persist in rural and urban areas of developing communities. Recent studies in Malaysia focused on Orang Asli communities and none in the hospital settings. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors for STH among children admitted to Paediatric ward of the Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA). This study was conducted among 135 (78 males, 57 females) patients in HTAA from December 2017 to May 2018. Faecal samples were examined using wet smear, Kato-Katz, Harada-Mori and sedimentation techniques. Demographic data and hygiene practice information were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. The overall prevalence of STH was 5.9% (A.lumbricoides 5.2%, T.trichiura 0.7%, and hookworms 0.7%). Prevalence among males was 3.8% and females 8.8%. Majority (95.6%) were Malays. Chi square analysis showed that factors significantly associated with STH infections are household monthly income (p<0.05), education level of mother (p><0.05) and father (p><0.05), the source of drinking water (p><0.05), the method of garbage disposal (p><0.05). Logistic regression analysis confirmed garbage disposal via burning as a risk factor of STH infections (p= 0.021, OR=23.8, 95% CI=1.6- 350.06). Conclusion: This study shows that the prevalence of STH infections is low in children probably due to the effective implementation of control programs and good hygiene practice. Differences in individual lifestyles and the humid weather condition are probable reasons for sporadic infection to still exist.>

scholarly journals Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections Among Children Admitted to Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, Kuantan, Pahang

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Asady ◽  
Pakeer Oothuman ◽  
Soraya Ismail ◽  
Marsitah Abdul Jalil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Hygiene Practice ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Orang Asli ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and hookworms still persist in poor communities in rural and urban areas. Recent studies in Malaysia focused on Orang Asli communities and few in hospital settings. This study determines the prevalence and risk factors for STH among children admitted to Paediatric ward of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among 133 (77 males, 56 females) paediatric patients in Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan from Dec 2017 to May 2018. Faecal samples were examined using wet smear, Kato-Katz, Harada-Mori and sedimentation techniques. Demographic data and hygiene practice information were collected using a pre-tested questionnaire. Results: The overall prevalence of STHs was 6% (A.lumbricoides 5.3%, T.trichiura 0.8%, and hookworms 0.8%). Prevalence among males was 3.9% and females 8.9%. Majority (94.7%) were Malays. There were two Orang Asli children and both were infected, one of whom had a mixed infection. Chi square analysis showed that the important risk factors for STH infections are education level of mother (p<0.05) and father (p<0.05), the source of drinking water (p<0.05), and the method of trash disposal (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study shows that the prevalence of STH infections is low in children due to better socio-economy and good hygiene practice. Differences in individual lifestyles and humid weather condition are probable reasons for sporadic infection to still exist.

scholarly journals An Analysis of Managerial Challenges of Affiliated Credit Unions to Cameroon Cooperative Credit Union League (CamCCUL)

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Neba Noela Buwah ◽  
Chofor Joyvice
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Credit Unions ◽  
Credit Union ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Stratified Sample ◽  
Corporate Parenting

Aim: This study seeks to analyse the managerial challenges that affiliated Credit Unions to Cameroon Cooperative Credit Union League (CamCCUL) are exposed to. The prevalence of Credit Unions with limited managerial capacities in most Cameroonian communities both in rural and urban areas invites corporate parenting from bigger support and supervisory organizations like CamCCUL. This parenting relationship between CamCCUL and her affiliates presumes superior managerial capabilities to affiliates which in most cases is a misplaced expectation. This is prompted by the fact that these institutions affect a multitude of lives both directly and indirectly. The Agency and Stakeholder theories served as foundation. Study Design: The study adopted a survey and causal exploratory design with both qualitative and quantitative parameters. The focus of the researcher was to explore managerial challenges from the managers themselves and members of credit unions who are better placed to gauge the effectiveness of managerial actions in terms of the service they receive. Place and Duration: This study was conducted between April 2016 and November 2018, involving 138 of the 210 Credit Unions operating mostly in the Northwest and Southwest regions of Cameroon. Methodology: The major instrument for data collection was questionnaire and a pilot study of 50 copies was carried out across various Chapters of CamCCUL. With a population of 210, a stratified sample of 138 was obtained using the Taro Yamane Formula.The primary data was tested to be reliable with a 0.701 consistency coefficient using Cronbach alpha. The study employed Chi-Square as a tool of analysis to measure Credit Unions’ affiliation to CamCCUL and specific Managerial Challenges. Findings: The findings revealed that affiliate Credit Unions to face numerous managerial challenges ranging from structural to resources deficiencies. The most alarming of these problems were the lack of autonomy to take managerial decisions and threats from CamCCUL supervisors. Conclusion: The study concluded that CamCCUL as a league is not operating solely to achieve its mission and has rather kept its affiliated Credit Unions in a tight corner. The researchers recommended that the regulating authorities should render Credit Unions more autonomous where possible. Additionally, there should be well-structured and comprehensive governance policies for the management of all affiliated Credit Unions to comply with.

scholarly journals Exposure to Leptospira spp. and Associated Risk Factors in the Human, Cattle and Dog Populations in Bhutan

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Anou Dreyfus ◽  
Marie-Thérèse Ruf ◽  
Anne Mayer-Scholl ◽  
Theresa Zitzl ◽  
Nadine Loosli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Military

Leptospirosis is a neglected worldwide zoonotic bacterial disease with a high prevalence in subtropical and tropical countries. The prevalence of Leptospira spp. in humans, cattle and dogs is unknown in Bhutan. Therefore, we sought to find out whether humans, cattle or dogs had been infected in the past with leptospires by measuring antibodies in the serum. We therefore collected blood from 864 humans ≥13 years of age, 130 bovines and 84 dogs from different rural and urban areas in Bhutan and tested the serum for antibodies specific for leptospires with a screening of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and a confirmatory microscopic agglutination test (MAT). In humans, 17.6% were seropositive by ELISA and 1.6% by MAT. The seropositivity was stronger in bovines (36.9%) and dogs (47.6%). “Having had a fever recently” (OR 5.2, p = 0.004), “working for the military” (OR 26.6, p = 0.028) and “being unemployed” (OR 12.9, p = 0.041) (reference category = housemaker) were statistically significantly associated with seropositivity when controlled for the effects of other risk factors. However, due to the small number of positive test results, the findings on risk factors should be interpreted with caution. Based on the serogroups found in the three species, dogs could be a source of infection for humans, or dogs and humans are exposed to the same environmental risk factors Clinical leptospirosis in humans and domestic animals should be investigated by testing blood and urine for the presence of leptospires by molecular methods (qPCR).

scholarly journals PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND MEDIA ENVIRONMENT AS ANTECEDENTS OF CHILDHOOD OBESITY IN MALAYSIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Amuthaganesh Mathialagan ◽  
Narkeeran Nallasamy ◽  
Syaza Nurfarida Razali
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
English Language ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Rural And Urban

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the influence of physical activity and media viewing on the occurrence of childhood obesity in Malaysia.Methods: A 42-item validated questionnaire in the Malay and English language, containing Likert scale close-ended questions was used to explore the degree of physical activity practiced by families as well as trends on media viewing restrictions among parents in 5 selected states of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 1200 self-administered questionnaires were sent out to schools in rural and urban areas of the respective 5 states and body mass index (BMI) for children was measured using the WHO 2007 reference standards. A total of 802 completed and usable questionnaires were obtained yielding a response rate of 66.6%. Chi-square and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the results.Results: The findings revealed that while children may have agreed limits on media viewing (television/computer/video games), as the child’s BMI increased the rate of agreed limits decreased. However, the enforcement of these limits was not consistent. Interestingly, 70% of the parents who did not enforce restrictions on media viewing were also obese themselves. In terms of physical activity, this was far lower among obese and severe obese children and family activities involving physical activity was scarce with a rate of 25%.Conclusion: The study affirms the fact that Malaysia needs to promote engagement in physical activity as a national policy and shows that the importance of enforcing media viewing restrictions should be highlighted to the community at large.

scholarly journals SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF EDUCATION AND REDUCTION IN FAMILY SIZE IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA-PAKISTAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-172
Author(s):  
Muhammad Jawad ◽  
Aman Ullah ◽  
Saima Sarir ◽  
Seema Zubair ◽  
Alamgeer Khan
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Test

Purpose of the study: The present study examines the association between education and reduction in family size in district Peshawar. Methodology: The results are based on the data gathered from 384 sampled respondents belonging to 6 communities that included 3 each from rural and urban areas of District Peshawar. The chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Main Findings: The study found a positive trend among the sampled families towards the decrease in family size which found the norm in the selected area where many respondents were still considering a large number of children as the blessing of Almighty Allah. The major role this regard was played by the education of the sampled respondents through generating more awareness about small family size along with increased exposure to norms favoring a decrease in family size. It was also influenced by more communication among the sampled couples. The education further enabled the sampled respondents to get more information about family planning and the institutions designed to promote family planning in Pakistan. It ultimately motivated the respondents to use contraceptives to decrease family size. Applications of this study: The study recommends promoting and enhancing the trend through a campaign for bringing a change in the attitude and action of the people towards making a family size required for the country. The originality of this study: This study will be helpful for policy Implications.  

scholarly journals Analysing Socio-Demographic Differences in Access and Use of ICTs in Nigeria Using the Capability Approach

10.28945/3345 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wole Olatokun
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Capability Approach ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Demographic Differences ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
The Government ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

This paper presents disaggregated survey data on ICT ownership, access to public ICT facilities, capabilities and actual use of ICTs in two locations in a Nigerian municipality. The study analysed socio-demographic differences in access and use of ICTs using Sen’s capability approach. Survey research approach was adopted. The locations were a rural and an urban community. The population of the study comprised 500 respondents selected from the two locations. The two locations were intentionally selected with a view to ensuring rural versus urban data comparisons. A structured questionnaire was the data collection instrument adopted. Chi-square analysis was used to determine the significant factors affecting people’s access and use of ICTs. The result was cross tabulated against the socio-demographic characteristics of the people in the two locations. Findings revealed that there was a gender digital divide among the respondents in the two locations as well as rural-urban divide. It was also found that both male and female respondents in the two locations had access to all the ICT facilities surveyed, some in their homes and others in public places such as church, cyber cafe, working places, friend’s place, etc. However, most of the respondents in the rural community were reported to be able to use landline telephones more than cell phones. In the two locations, the respondents were capable of using radio and television very well. Female respondents in both locations were able to use landline telephones more than their male counterparts but the males were capable of using other facilities more than the female respondents. This was chiefly due to the fact that the male respondents in the two locations were more educated than the females. The young set of respondents was also capable of using ICTs more than the older people. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the government need to evolve policies aimed at bridging the digital divide particularly increasing ICT penetration in both rural and urban areas.

scholarly journals Morbidity pattern and its correlates among adolescent girls residing in rural and urban areas of Haldwani, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 4889
Author(s):  
Neha Goyal
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Background: Adolescent girls are vulnerable to different morbidities as their health is a confluence of diverse factors, with the profile of disease burden varying from early adolescent girls of 10-14 years age, to late adolescent girls of 15-19 years age.Methods: This cross-sectional study was done in rural and urban schools of Haldwani block of district Nainital. Multistage random sampling was used to select adolescent girls of 10 to 19 years of age, who were clinically examined and interviewed. Data was analysed using SPSS v21. Statistically significant association was established by Chi-square test.Results: Common morbidities found among adolescent girls were menstrual problems (54.81%), malnutrition including nutritional deficiencies (54.03%), refractive errors (31.17%), hair problems (28.31%) and dental problems (28.18%). General morbidity was present among 51.69% and 61.47% of rural and urban girls respectively. 123 (15.97%) and 97 (12.60%) were found to suffer from skin diseases and respiratory diseases respectively.Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence of various morbid conditions among adolescent girls despite of various ongoing measures addressing them.

scholarly journals Dental Appearance-A Survey of Attitudes in Rural and Urban Children

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
PK Lakshmi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Dental Appearance ◽  
Definite Difference ◽  
Level Of Significance

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to determine attitude of children towards their dental appearance and to compare same among rural and urban areas of Dakshina Kannada District Karnataka, India. Methods A total population from 2 randomly selected schools (urban-522 and rural- 498) comprising of 1020 children between the age group of 8yrs - 14yrs were provided with questionare containing objective questions to be filled by them . Chi-square test was used to analyze the data. The level of significance was set at P<0.05. Results Significant difference was noticed in the attitudes towards their dental appearance among rural and urban children of Dakshina Kannada district (p=<0.001). Girls were more bothered about esthetics than boys both in rural and urban regions. A definite difference in the attitude was found between rural girls and boys and also between rural and urban boys. Conclusion Within the limitations of this study it can be concluded that attitudes of children towards their dental appearance differ in rural and urban areas in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India.

Assessment of the implementation of providers and patients adherence to Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) strategy for Tuberculosis chemotherapy in Anambra State Nigeria.

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-57
Author(s):  
M.C. Ohamaeme ◽  
C.C. Ibeh ◽  
O.F. Emelumadu ◽  
N.N. Ezeama ◽  
U.C. Anyanwagu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Worker ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Directly Observed Treatment

Background: The Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS) is a widely accepted strategy in the management of TB, however, Failure cases and Multi-drug resistant cases are also on the increase, hence the need to assess the adherence to the implementation of this veritable strategy from providers and patients views. Methodology: A comparative cross-sectional study involving 32 DOTS accredited facilities in rural and urban areas implementing DOTS strategy was utilized for this study. A total of 354 were randomly selected and assessed with the use of a questionnaire while a checklist was used to assess providers’ adherence. Data was analysed using SPSS version 21. Chi-square and Fisher`s exact test was used to test significance set at p<0.05. Results: The rural respondents spent less to get to the DOTS facility and this was statistically significant (p=0-02). The reasons for missing medications in rural compared to urban areas was also statistically significant (p=0.00). No health worker was noted to observe patients other than parents or siblings from the questionnaires and this was also statistically significant, (p=0.03). Overall patients adherence was 86.2% in rural compared to 87.6% in urban areas which was higher. None of the facilities in both subpopulations had health education checklist and one rural facility drug that passed expiration date was also seen. Conclusions: Overall adherence to DOTS implementation was high in both subpopulations, however, no health worker observed the patients. Direct observation of patients and follow-up is strongly recommended to prevent failure and resistant cases. Key words: Implementation; DOTS strategy; Providers adherence; Patients adherence; Anambra State.

scholarly journals The Difference of Sodium Intake, Physical Activities and Psychological Problems of Patients Suffering from Hypertension in Rural and Urban Areas

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Heny Suseani Pangastuti ◽  
Melyza Perdana ◽  
Dewi Agustina Wati ◽  
Hatifah Ihsanda Tien Melati ◽  
Rizki Latifah
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Community Health Center ◽  
Physical Activities ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Difference

Introduction: The patients suffering from hypertension require treatment to prevent the complications by performing both pharmacological and non-pharmacological hypertension management. This research aims at revealing the difference of sodium intake, physical activities, and psychological problems in patients suffering from hypertension in rural and urban areas. Methods: This descriptive-quantitative research employs a cross sectional design. The research was conducted at Gondokusuman Community Health Center 1 as the representation from the urban areas and Cangkringan Community Health Center as the representation from the rural areas. There were 81 patients from rural areas and 74 from urban areas. Data were collected using a consecutive sampling technique with Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 42 (DASS 42). The data analysis was conducted using both chi-square test and independent t-test. Results: The result of independent t-test for sodium intake was at p = 0.669 (p > 0.005). The result of analysis using chi-square test for physical activity was at p = 0.000 (p < 0.05). The result of analysis using chi-square test for depression level is at p = 0.964 (p > 0.05), anxiety level at p = 0.005 (p < 0.05) and stress level at p = 0.846 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: There are some differences in physical activities and anxiety levels in patients suffering from hypertension in rural and urban areas.

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