scholarly journals TECHNICAL ANALYSIS OF PRODUCTS OF USED TIRES THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
E.V. Sklyarenko ◽  
L.Y. Vorobiov ◽  
D.A. Kirzhner ◽  
S.V. Plashykhin
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Technical Analysis ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Solid Carbon ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Exhaust Gas Cleaning

Introduction. Utilization of worn tires in the world is of great economic and ecological importance for all developed countries. This is due to the fact that worn tires are a source of long-term pollution of the environment by toxic components and a causative agent of the sanitary-epidemiological situation in their places of storage. Today, the most common method for disposing of tires is to burn them to produce energy that requires special technologies and combustion plants and exhaust gas cleaning systems. In addition, the disadvantage of this method is the increased CO2 emissions. One of the promising ways to dispose of tires is the technology of full carbon recycling by means of a preliminary thermochemical conversion, the result of which is the physico-chemical transformation of the organic part of the raw material into new gaseous, liquid and solid carbon-based energy products that can be used in the industry. In order to reduce the cost of transporting worn tires to large processing enterprises, promising is developing mobile thermochemical conversion units, which can carry out the processing of tires in places where they accumulate. The main way to control the quality of the products obtained is to determine their calorific value, by calorimetric and technical analysis. The purpose of the work is to determine the thermal characteristics of samples of pyrolysis of worn tires in a mobile conversion plant and to evaluate their potential use for energy purposes. Research results. The humidity, ash content and heat of combustion of raw materials in the form of crushed rubber of worn tires and products of its pyrolysis - liquid fuel and solid carbon have been investigated. High and net heat of combustion of analytical sample, fuel in dry state and in working condition of delivery is determined using the data of experimental measurements, taking into account corrections for the formation of sulfuric and nitric acid. The value of the net heat of combustion in the state of delivery for the crushed rubber of tires, liquid and solid pyrolysis products, respectively, amounted to 30.36; 40.79; 24.37 MJ / kg. Conclusion. The conducted studies showed high energy characteristics of the studied samples, which can be used as alternative fuels. The use of pyrolysis products does not require special installations. Their combustion can be carried out in existing installations without significant reconstruction.

scholarly journals Analysis of Energy Properties of Granulated Plastic Fuels and Selected Biofuels

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maciej Domański ◽  
Jarosław Paszkowski ◽  
Otroshko Sergey ◽  
Janusz Zarajczyk ◽  
Dariusz Siłuch
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Power Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Heat Of Combustion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Chlorine Content ◽  
Physiochemical Properties

AbstractThe paper discusses the possibility of using alternative fuels from bio-mass and plastics in Poland. Their physiochemical properties and possible application in the chemical, cement and energy industries were determined. The heat of combustion of the tested samples was 26.169 MJ·kg−1. On the other hand, the moisture content in the tested material was 1.6%, i.e. within the requirements for this raw material. Since the chlorine content in relation to the sulfur content in the waste is an indicator of the corrosive potential of the fuel, the content of chlorine and sulfur was determined in laboratory tests. The analyzed waste samples were within the specified requirements. The tested material, in which the chlorine content was determined (0.577%), indicates that the tested fuels can be included in the power industry, in accordance with PN-EN 15359:2012.

CFD Modeling of Multi-Fuel Suspension Co-Combustion and Calcination Processes Within a DDF Precalciner of Cement Kiln

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugen-Dan Cristea ◽  
Pierangelo Conti
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Radiation Heat Transfer ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Cement Kiln ◽  
Discrete Phase Model ◽  
Local Flow ◽  
Dry Process

Abstract The paper reports a CFD engineering application for modeling the thermal-fluid dynamics and thermochemical conversion processes, which govern the conventional air-fossil fuel firing or multi-fuel co-processing, responsible for thermal sustain of raw material calcination process, within a dry process cement kiln. We simulate a Dual-Combustion and Denitration Furnace (DDF) precalciner, which co-combusts in suspension the petroleum coke (primary fuel) with alternative fuels (e.g., the pre-dried sewage sludge and/or the animal meat and bonemeal). CFD software package ANSYS Fluent R18.2 is used to build CFD reactive model and to perform the numerical simulations. The Eulerian–Lagrangian approach is usually employed for modeling turbulent multiphase reacting flows. Few turbulence and radiation heat transfer models are compared, to identify pros and cons of each model applicability and to determine which model is most suitable. The Discrete Phase Model (DPM), in Lagrangian framework, is employed for tracking petcoke/alternative fuels and limestone particle clouds. CFD analysis provides valuable insights into the DDF precalciner performance e.g., combustion and calcination characteristics, in-furnace NOx control strategy by combustion aerodynamics optimization (particularly the effect of Tertiary Air tangential inlet, which creates swirl and induces several local flow recirculation zones). The major predicted results e.g., exit degree of calcination, fuel burnout, gas species concentration fields etc., are quite well captured and validated against control system continuously logged operation data and the measurements collected by newly installed instrumentation.

UNIDO, Industrial Processing of Natural Resources. New York: United Nations. 1981. viii + 78pp.US $ 5.00. [United Nations Publication Sales No. E. 81. 11 . B.1]

1982 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-333
Author(s):  
Rashid Aziz
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Processing ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Manufactured Exports ◽  
Year 2000

The book under review is a concise but fairly in-depth study of the prospects for export diversification from the Less Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as LDCs) particularly to Developed Countries (henceforth labeled as OCs). Given the multiple problems faced by the LOCs in exporting to the OCs - protectionist policies with regards to manufactured exports, volatility of prices obtained for raw material exports, etc. - the study analyses the potential for following an intermediate route. The important issues in the export of semi -processed and wholly processed raw materials are discussed. 111ese issues range from the problems and potentials for the location of processing facilities in the LOCs to the formulation of appropriate policies to encourage an export of processed goods rather than raw materials. Such policies will be useful both in solving the balance of-payments problems of the LDCs and in attaining the goal of the Lima Declaration and Plan of Action on Industrial Development and Co-operation, that called for 2S percent of world industrial production to be located in the LOCs by the year 2000.

Pyrolysis of unsubstituted bicyclic hydrocarbons and gas oil

1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (7) ◽  
pp. 1838-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Bajus ◽  
Jozef Baxa
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Elemental Sulphur ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Reactor Material ◽  
Tubular Reactors ◽  
Stainless Steel Reactor

Pyrolysis of tetraline, decaline, 1,1'-bicyclohexane, cyclohexylbenzene and gas oil was studied in stainless steel and quartz flow tubular reactors at 780 and 800 °C, residence time 0.08 to 0.5 s and at the mass ratio of steam to the raw material changing from 0.5 to 1.5. The effect of reaction temperature, the mass ratio of steam to the raw material, reactor material and of the added elemental sulphur on the yields of individual reaction products is reported. Of bicyclic hydrocarbons, condensed hydrocarbons are more stable than those with noncondensed rings, cyclanoaromates being more stable than bicyclanes. Pyrolysis of gas oil in the stainless steel reactor yields greater amounts of ethylene, propylene, butadiene and smaller amounts of methane and ethane, compared to the pyrolysis carried out under identical conditions in the quartz reactor. Elemental sulphur increases the conversion of gas oil into gaseous pyrolysis products.

scholarly journals Exergy analysis of conventional and hydrothermal liquefaction–esterification processes of microalgae for biodiesel production

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 874-881
Author(s):  
Laras Prasakti ◽  
Sangga Hadi Pratama ◽  
Ardian Fauzi ◽  
Yano Surya Pradana ◽  
Arief Budiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Exergy Loss ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Land Utilization

AbstractAs fossil fuels were depleting at an alarming rate, the development of renewable energy has become necessary. One of the promising renewable energy to be used is biodiesel. The interest in using third-generation feedstock, which is microalgae, is rapidly growing. The use of third-generation biodiesel feedstock will be more beneficial as it does not compete with food crop use and land utilization. The advantageous characteristic which sets microalgae apart from other biomass sources is that microalgae have high biomass yield. Conventionally, microalgae biodiesel is produced by lipid extraction followed by transesterification. In this study, combination process between hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and esterification is explored. The HTL process is one of the biomass thermochemical conversion methods to produce liquid fuel. In this study, the HTL process will be coupled with esterification, which takes fatty acid from HTL as raw material for producing biodiesel. Both the processes will be studied by simulating with Aspen Plus and thermodynamic analysis in terms of energy and exergy. Based on the simulation process, it was reported that both processes demand similar energy consumption. However, exergy analysis shows that total exergy loss of conventional exergy loss is greater than the HTL-esterification process.

scholarly journals Rendering Fat and Heavy Fischer-Tropsch Waxes Mixtures (0–100%) Fast Pyrolysis Tests for the Production of Ethylene and Propylene

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Martyna Murat ◽  
Zahra Gholami ◽  
Josef Šimek ◽  
Daily Rodríguez-Padrón ◽  
José Miguel Hidalgo-Herrador
Keyword(s):  
Linear Chain ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽  
Energy Materials ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Pyrolysis Products ◽  
Product Composition ◽  
Rendered Fat ◽  
Linear Chain Structure

A great emphasis is placed on searching for efficient sources to produce renewable fuels due to the actual trends in avoiding the use of fossil resources to mitigate the environment’s deterioration. Thus, the use of waste from the food or wood industry for the production of biofuels is widely researched and may contribute to sustainable general development. Rendered fat and Fischer-Tropsch waxes are high-energy materials which could be used for the pyrolysis reaction. Therefore, in this study, the effect of reaction parameters and feedstock composition on the distribution of the pyrolysis products has been examined. The experiments were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere in a multi-shot pyrolizer instrument equipped with GC-FID. First, the influence of the temperature was examined at 785, 800, and 815 °C. The highest yield to olefins was observed at 815 °C. The effect of triglycerides and paraffins contents (0–100% with 10% ramp) in the feedstock on the product composition was investigated at 815 °C. The gas chromatography analyses revealed that the feedstock composition did not significantly affect the product composition due to the high temperature and the long linear chain structure similarities between the free fatty acids and Fischer-Tropsch waxes.

scholarly journals Effect of Biochar Prepared from Food Waste through Different Thermal Treatment Processes on Crop Growth

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Hang Jia ◽  
Haoxi Ben ◽  
Fengze Wu
Keyword(s):  
Crop Growth ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Synthetic Methods ◽  
Thermochemical Conversion ◽  
Growth Trend ◽  
Wheat Growth ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Impact

Biochar is generally accepted and increasingly valued in scientific circles as solid products in the thermochemical conversion of biomass, mainly because of its rich carbon content. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of biochar from different sources on wheat growth. In particular, this work focused on the effect of different preparation methods and raw material of biochar on the growth of wheat and aim to find a potential soil substitute that can be used for crop cultivation. Two synthetic methods were evaluated: hydrothermal conversion and pyrolysis. The characterization of biochar was determined to explore the impact of its microstructure on wheat growth. The results show that the yield of biochar produced from high-pressure reactor is significantly higher than that obtained by using microwave reactor. For example, the biochar yield obtained through the former is about six times that of the latter when using steamed bread cooked as biomass raw material. In addition, the growth trend of wheat indicates that biochar has different promoting effects on the growth of wheat in its weight and height. The pyrolyzed carbon is more suitable for wheat growth and is even more effective than soil, indicating that pyrolyzed biochar has more potential to be an alternative soil in the future. Moreover, this research tries to explore the reasons that affect crop growth by characterizing biochar (including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), biofilm electrostatic test (BET) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR)). The results indicate that the biochar containing more pits and less hydroxyl functional are more suitable for storing moisture, which is one of the significant factors in the growth of crops. This study provides evidence of the effects of biochar on crop growth, both in terms of microstructure and macroscopic growth trends, which provides significant benefits for biochar to grow crops or plants.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Metal Recovery Yield during Induction Melting of Aluminium Swarf

2012 ◽  
Vol 730-732 ◽  
pp. 781-786
Author(s):  
Hélder Puga ◽  
Joaquim Barbosa ◽  
Carlos Silva Ribeiro
Keyword(s):  
Processing Parameters ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Metal Recovery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Protective Atmosphere ◽  
Induction Melting ◽  
Recovery Rates ◽  
Recovery Yield ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
Machining Operations

Machining operations of cast parts usually generate considerable amounts of waste in the form of chips (usually 3–5% of the casting weight). Traditionally, swarf is sold to scrapers and remelters, but this option is quite expensive because the selling price is roughly 30% of the acquisition price of the commercial 2nd melt raw material. For most aluminium foundries that incorporate machining operations in their products, reusing aluminium chips as raw material for the melting stocks is perhaps the best option as waste management policy in what concerns to economical and technical aspects. Nevertheless, aluminium swarf is a low density product (0.25 kg/dm3) and is usually covered by a thin film of aluminium oxide and machining fluid. Melting such a product without suitable previous preparation leads to very low metal recovery rates, high energy consumption, gases and smoke generation and very low quality of the final product. During the last years, the authors have developed a high efficient and environmentally friend aluminium swarf recycling technique, using direct incorporation in aluminium melts. The influence of processing parameters, namely melt temperature and holding time, melting atmosphere, swarf briquetting pressure and melting charge composition in the metal recovery yield and dross generation was studied and characterized, and the optimal processing parameters were established. The microstructure of the final product obtained in those conditions was evaluated and is also presented. It is shown that the recycling efficiency depends on the swarf conditioning, the melting technique and the melt treatment methodology. Swarf moisture reduction, induction melting under protective atmosphere and a specially developed degassing technique were found the most important factors influencing the recycling process. By using the developed technique, cast ingots with microstructure and sanity similar to commercially available AlSi12Cu1 2nd melt raw material were successfully obtained with minimal dross formation and metal recovery rates around 90%, without using traditional salts and fluxes.

scholarly journals FOREIGN TRADE RELATIONS OF UKRAINE AND CHINA: CHALLENGES FOR THE NATIONAL ECONOMIC INTERESTS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevhen Ivanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Electrical Machinery ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
The Eu

The article looks into key challenges for Ukrainian economy caused by foreign trade intensification with China in 2020 when Ukraine’s exports to PRC increased by 98 per cent. The dynamics and main structural shifts in the UA-CN trade are analyzed. The structure of bilateral trade flows between the parties by degree of processing and value added is explored. It is revealed that Ukraine’s exports to China consists predominantly from raw materials and products of primary processing: mineral products (iron ore), cereals (maize), sunflower oil and its residues, ferrous metals, etc. The imports from China to Ukraine consists mainly from electrical machinery, mechanical appliances, articles of apparel, chemical products, iron and steel, etc. Comparative analysis of the commodity structure of Ukraine’s exports to PRC and to the EU is conducted. The analysis shows that, despite dominance of traditional and low value added goods in Ukrainian overall exports, the share of sophisticated manufactured goods in exports to the EU is much larger than in exports to China. It is substantiated that trade with China largely determines the raw material orientation of Ukraine's international specialization, while exports to developed countries are characterized by a relatively higher share of intermediate and consumer goods. To increase the efficiency of Ukraine’s foreign trade, it is considered that the best option is to focus on reducing dependence on imports from China by developing domestic production of appropriate consumer goods and increasing export flows to developed countries. The expediency of Ukraine's refusal to participate in the New Silk Road project is argued in favor of using the benefits of nearshoring strategy, which opens the opportunity to replace Chinese consumer goods in the EU market with Ukrainian ones under the EU-UA association agreement. The article briefly surveys some cases of successful implementation of this strategy by Ukrainian business, in particular the launch of exports of household appliances (electro-thermic coffee and tea makers, electric razors, washing machines, electric heaters) to the EU.

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