scholarly journals Technology of complex processing of peat

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Yu. Sniezhkin ◽  
◽  
Zh. Petrova ◽  
Yu. Novikova ◽  
A. Petrov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Humic Substances ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Production Studies ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Every country tries to be independent in everything, first of all it is necessary to have a high level of use of own energy resources. Due to the energy crisis, the transition from traditional energy sources to the integrated implementation of alternatives is relevant. The purpose of the study is complex processing of peat for fuel and extraction of humic substances for fertilizer production. Studies of extraction of humic substances were performed on a laboratory stand EI-10, which reproduces the work of a pulsating dispersant with an active diaphragm. The classical technology of extraction of humic substances using chemical methods is based on high temperatures of the mixture, which requires high energy consumption. It was proposed mode of extracting humic component developed by the standard rules, but changes in temperature and duration of extraction processing in an alkaline solution cavitation device. The use of cavitation in the technology of obtaining humic preparations makes it possible to achieve their high physiological activity, high yield of water-soluble organic substances. Briquetting was used to increase the energy density of solid fuel. Based on the research, the technology of obtaining humic fertilizers from peat was developed. The developed technology allows to be integrated into the existing production of the peat briquette plant and will allow to extract as much as possible humic substances from peat with essential reduction of temperature and extraction time with the subsequent application of liquid fraction as fertilizer.

Application of Pulse Electrocoagulation to Dye Wastewater Treatment

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 444-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Min Chen ◽  
Bao Xue Zhou ◽  
Long Hai Li ◽  
Yong Hiu Song ◽  
Jin Hua Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Dye Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Efficiency ◽  
Efficient Technology ◽  
Iron Electrodes ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Electrocoagulation (EC) has been proven by a substantial number of studies to be an efficient technology to remove organic pollutants from wastewater. Nevertheless, the high energy consumption of this technology inhibits its extensive application. The objective of this work is to investigate the feasibility of electrical energy conservation and high efficiency by using Pulse Electrocoagulation (PE). PE, a combination of a pulsing technique and EC, was proposed in an attempt to treat the dye wastewater. The results demonstrated that PE, as compared with DCE (direct current electrocoagulation), resulted in up to 51.66% energy conservation by using two iron electrodes as anode and cathode. Moreover, this high energy conservation was obtained during a high level of treatment efficiency: 99.62% of color removal and 91.15% of COD removal for 1000 mg L-1 4BS solution in a short electrolyzing time of 15 mins.

scholarly journals Interpreting the High Energy Consumption of the Brain at Rest

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Alejandro Chinea Manrique de Lara
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Neuronal Firing ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Common Information ◽  
Physics Model ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Brain ◽  
High Energy Consumption

The notion that the brain has a resting state mode of functioning has received increasing attention in recent years. The idea derives from experimental observations that showed a relatively spatially and temporally uniform high level of neuronal activity when no explicit task was being performed. Surprisingly, the total energy consumption supporting neuronal firing in this conscious awake baseline state is orders of magnitude larger than the energy changes during stimulation. This paper presents a novel and counterintuitive explanation of the high energy consumption of the brain at rest obtained using the recently developed intelligence and embodiment hypothesis. This hypothesis is based on evolutionary neuroscience and postulates the existence of a common information-processing principle associated with nervous systems that evolved naturally and serves as the foundation from which intelligence can emerge and to the efficiency of brain’s computations. The high energy consumption of the brain at rest is shown to be the result of the energetics associated to the most probable state of a statistical physics model aimed at capturing the behavior of a system constrained by power consumption and evolutionary designed to minimize metabolic demands.

Jam processing: Effect of pectin replacement by locust bean gum on its characteristics

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Aida Mekhoukhe ◽  
Nacer Mohellebi ◽  
Tayeb Mohellebi ◽  
Leila Deflaoui-Abdelfettah ◽  
Sonia Medouni-Adrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Locust Bean Gum ◽  
Locust Bean ◽  
Preference Map ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

OBJECTIVE: the present work proposed to extract Locust Bean Gum (LBG) from Algerian carob fruits, evaluate physicochemical and rheological properties (solubility). It aimed also to develop different formulations of strawberry jams with a mixture of LBG and pectin in order to obtain a product with a high sensory acceptance. METHODS: the physicochemical characteristics of LBG were assessed. The impact of temperature on solubility was also studied. The physical and the sensory profile and acceptance of five Jams were evaluated. RESULTS: composition results revealed that LBG presented a high level of carbohydrate but low concentrations of fat and ash. The LBG was partially cold-water-soluble (∼62% at 25°C) and needed heating to reach a higher solubility value (∼89% at 80 °C). Overall, the sensorial acceptances decreased in jams J3 which was formulated with 100% pectin and commercial one (J5). The external preference map explained that most consumers were located to the right side of the map providing evidence that most samples appreciated were J4 and J2 (rate of 80–100%). CONCLUSION: In this investigation, the LBG was used successfully in the strawberry jam’s formulation.

Oxygen Supply Method Using Gas-Permeable Film for Wastewater Treatment

1993 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Suzuki ◽  
S. Miyahara ◽  
K. Takeishi
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
Transfer Rate ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Oxygen Transfer Rate ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Rate ◽  
N Removal ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Gas-permeable film can separate air and water, and at the same time, let oxygen diffuse from the air to the water through the film. An oxygen supply method using this film was investigated for the purpose of reducing energy consumption for wastewater treatment. The oxygen transfer rate was measured for the cases with or without biofilm, which proved the high rate of oxygen transfer in the case with nitrifying biofilm which performed nitrification. When the Gas-permeable film with nitrifying biofilm was applied to the treatment of wastewater, denitrifying biofilm formed on the nitrifying biofilm, and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred, resulting in the high rate of organic matter and T-N removal (7 gTOC/m2/d and 4 gT-N/m2/d, respectively). However, periodic sloughing of the denitrifying biofilm was needed to keep the oxygen transfer rate high. Energy consumption of the process using the film in the form of tubes was estimated to be less than 40% of that of the activated sludge process.

scholarly journals Influence of Adding Encapsulated Phase Change Materials in Aerial Lime Based Mortars

2013 ◽  
Vol 687 ◽  
pp. 255-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Cunha ◽  
José Barroso Aguiar ◽  
Victor Ferreira ◽  
António Tadeu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Change ◽  
Phase Change Materials ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Aesthetic Appearance ◽  
Hardened State ◽  
High Energy Consumption

Increasingly in a society with a high growth rate and standards of comfort, the need to minimize the currently high energy consumption by taking advantage of renewable energy sources arises. The mortars with incorporation of phase change materials (PCM) have the ability to regulate the temperature inside buildings, contributing for an increase in the level of thermal comfort and reduction of the use of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) equipment, using only the energy supplied by the sun. However, the incorporation of PCM in mortars modifies some of its characteristics. Therefore, the main objective of this study was the characterization of mortars doped with two different phase change materials. Specific properties of different PCM, such as particle size, shape and enthalpy were studied, as well as the properties of the fresh and hardened state of these mortars. Nine different compositions were developed which were initially doped with microcapsules of PCM A and subsequently doped with microcapsules of PCM B. It was possible to observe that the incorporation of phase change materials in mortars causes differences in properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and shrinkage. After the study of the behaviour of these mortars with the incorporation of two different phase change materials, it was possible to select the composition with a better compromise between its aesthetic appearance, physical and mechanical characteristics.

Dehydration and Upgrading of Lignite with Microwave

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 667-673 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Wen Xin ◽  
Zhi Qiang Xu ◽  
Ya Nan Tu ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Xiang Yu Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Capacity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Moisture Migration ◽  
Drying Characteristics ◽  
Microwave System ◽  
Electron Microscope Analysis ◽  
Eastern Inner Mongolia ◽  
High Energy Consumption ◽  
Unique Mechanism

For solving the problems of high energy consumption and high capacity of water-absorption, microwave dehydration technology of lignite was studied in this paper. A self-developed microwave system was used for the experiment on dehydration of lignite from eastern Inner Mongolia. It was proved that the condition of moisture migration was improved and microwave dehydration had a unique mechanism. By analyzing the effects of microwave powers, coal particle sizes, and lignite qualities on drying characteristics, it was found that the moisture decreased when the microwave power increased. it was found that the higher the power was, the faster the moisture decreased; the smaller the particle size was, the faster the moisture decreased; the less the lignite was, the faster the moisture decreased. Through the scanning electron microscope analysis, it was concluded that microwave had no significant effect on the smooth particles, and the fibrous particles and clusters particles tended to be smooth under the effect of microwave. Therefore, the interface of lignite was relatively stable, and not easy to reabsorb water after microwave.

A review of genetic and non-genetic opportunities for manipulation of marbling

2004 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 687 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. M. Bindon
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Consumer Preference ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Chemical Extraction ◽  
Eating Quality ◽  
Gene Marker ◽  
Cooperative Research

The biology of marbling is a considerable issue for the Australian beef industry. Measurement of the trait is still a concern: subjective assessment based on the degree of visual fat deposition and its distribution is the 'industry standard' and the basis for payment of marbling grades. Yet this measurement may be subject to operator error and is influenced by chiller temperature. Chemical extraction gives an unequivocal measure of all fat in the muscle (intramuscular fat percentage: IMF%) and has higher heritability and genetic variation than marble score; but does this mirror exactly what the trade regards as 'marbling'?Progeny test results from the Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Cattle and Beef Quality breeding projects provide improved understanding of breed and genetic effects on IMF% and marble score. Estimated breeding values (EBVs) for IMF% have been released to the industry for 7 breeds. Heritability estimates confirm that genetic progress will be faster when selection is based on IMF% rather than marble score. Genetic correlations of IMF% with growth, retail beef yield (RBY%), P8 fat, residual feed intake (RFI) and tenderness are now available to underpin selection indices. A favourable allele for marbling (TG5) on chromosome 14 has been identified by CSIRO/MLA as a direct gene marker for the trait. This is now being marketed as GeneSTAR marbling. Other favourable chromosomal regions are under investigation by the CRC.Nutritional manipulation of marbling remains problematic. It is accepted that high-energy grain diets achieve higher marbling than pasture diets. Within grain-based feedlot diets higher marbling is achieved with maize than barley, while barley diets in turn are better than sorghum. Steam flaking produces higher marbling than dry rolled grain and this effect is more marked with sorghum than maize. Beyond these establishments there are many uncertainties: experiments have examined the effects of diets with high protein; low protein; protected lipid; protected protein; added oil with and without calcium; vitamin A deficiency. None of these manipulations gave consistent improvement in marble score or IMF%. Commercial feedlots supplying Japanese B3/B4 markets may have successful dietary manipulations to enhance marbling but because of its proprietary nature the information is not normally available for scientific scrutiny.Japan is the only market for Australian beef where marbling is an important component of the market specification. There can be no doubt that marbling meets a special consumer preference in that niche market. In other markets scientific evidence for a link between marbling and beef tenderness or eating quality has been difficult to define (marbling is a key component of the USA grading scheme for primal cuts but Australia is not a big supplier to that market). In the domestic Meat Standards Australia market there is a trend for marbling to become more important as a consumer issue in 5-star products where higher order sensory attributes of beef come into play. Early meat science investigations concluded that beef flavour elements were water-soluble. This would exclude marbling fat as having a notable influence on flavour.Marbling remains the major determinant of carcass value in Australia's most valuable beef market. Research should continue to assist Australian producers to meet the specifications of that market with increased precision and reduced costs.

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