scholarly journals Hyperthermia has Consistently Improved the Efficacy of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for Many Types of Cancers

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-05
Author(s):  
Kokkula Pavan Kumar ◽  
Prasad Garrepally
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
Large Role ◽  
Conventional Radiotherapy ◽  
Different Types

Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are a subset of cancer cells that are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. As such, CSCs have been recognized as playing a large role in tumor initiation and recurrence. Although hyperthermia is broadly used in cancer treatment either alone or in combination with radio- or chemo-therapy, its potential to target CSCs is not well understood. In this review, we discuss different types of hyperthermia and potential mechanisms of action in cancer treatment, particularly in regards to killing CSCs.

scholarly journals Oncolytic Viruses and Cancer, Do You Know the Main Mechanism?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wesam Kooti ◽  
Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin Ghaleh ◽  
Mahdieh Farzanehpour ◽  
Ruhollah Dorostkar ◽  
Bahman Jalali Kondori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Oncolytic Viruses ◽  
Global Rate ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Review Study

The global rate of cancer has increased in recent years, and cancer is still a threat to human health. Recent developments in cancer treatment have yielded the understanding that viruses have a high potential in cancer treatment. Using oncolytic viruses (OVs) is a promising approach in the treatment of malignant tumors. OVs can achieve their targeted treatment effects through selective cell death and induction of specific antitumor immunity. Targeting tumors and the mechanism for killing cancer cells are among the critical roles of OVs. Therefore, evaluating OVs and understanding their precise mechanisms of action can be beneficial in cancer therapy. This review study aimed to evaluate OVs and the mechanisms of their effects on cancer cells.

scholarly journals Nanoparticle Activation Methods in Cancer Treatment

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D White ◽  
Chengchen Duan ◽  
Helen E Townley
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Tumour Site ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Specific Targeting ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Target Effects ◽  
Made In

In this review, we intend to highlight the progress which has been made in recent years around different types of smart activation nanosystems for cancer treatment. Conventional treatment methods, such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy, suffer from a lack of specific targeting and consequent off-target effects. This has led to the development of smart nanosystems which can effect specific regional and temporal activation. In this review, we will discuss the different methodologies which have been designed to permit activation at the tumour site. These can be divided into mechanisms which take advantage of the differences between healthy cells and cancer cells to trigger activation, and those which activate by a mechanism extrinsic to the cell or tumour environment.

Epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment and prevention: mechanisms of action

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Dan Yu ◽  
Z. Sheng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Mitotic Catastrophe ◽  
Epigenetic Therapy ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Epigenetic Drugs ◽  
Treatment And Prevention

AbstractThis review provides a brief overview of the basic principles of epigenetic gene regulation and then focuses on recent development of epigenetic drugs for cancer treatment and prevention with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of action. The approved epigenetic drugs are either inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases or histone deacetylases (HDACs). Future epigenetic drugs could include inhibitors for histone methyltransferases and histone demethylases and other epigenetic enzymes. Epigenetic drugs often function in two separate yet interrelated ways. First, as epigenetic drugs per se, they modulate the epigenomes of premalignant and malignant cells to reverse deregulated epigenetic mechanisms, leading to an effective therapeutic strategy (epigenetic therapy). Second, HDACs and other epigenetic enzymes also target non-histone proteins that have regulatory roles in cell proliferation, migration and cell death. Through these processes, these drugs induce cancer cell growth arrest, cell differentiation, inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, or cell death via apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy or mitotic catastrophe (chemotherapy). As they modulate genes which lead to enhanced chemosensitivity, immunogenicity or dampened innate antiviral response of cancer cells, epigenetic drugs often show better efficacy when combined with chemotherapy, immunotherapy or oncolytic virotherapy. In chemoprevention, dietary phytochemicals such as epigallocatechin-3-gallate and sulforaphane act as epigenetic agents and show efficacy by targeting both cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. Further understanding of how epigenetic mechanisms function in carcinogenesis and cancer progression as well as in normal physiology will enable us to establish a new paradigm for intelligent drug design in the treatment and prevention of cancer.

A New Approach for Cancer Immunotherapy Based on the Cancer Stem Cell Antigens Properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirin Mahmoodi ◽  
Navid Nezafat ◽  
Manica Negahdaripour ◽  
Younes Ghasemi
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Tumor Initiation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Radio Therapy ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Target Cancer

Background: Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare population of tumor cells, which play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and maintenance. The concept that cancer cells arise from stem cells was presented about 150 years ago. Recently, this hypothesis was renewed considering the heterogeneity of tumor cells. CSCs are resistant to chemo- and radio-therapy. Therefore, targeting CSCs could be a novel and effective strategy to struggle with tumor cells. Objective: In this mini-review, we highlight that different immunotherapeutic approaches can be used to target cancer cells and eradicate different tumor cells. The most important targets are specific markers recognized on the CSC surface as CSC antigens such as CD44, CD133, Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH), and SOX family members. This article emphasizes recent advances in CSCs in cancer therapy. Results: Our results present that CSC antigens play an important role in tumor initiation, especially in the cells that are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy agents. Therefore, they are ideal targets for cancer immunotherapy, for instance, in developing different types of cancer vaccines or antibodies against tumor cells. Conclusion: The current studies related to cancer immunotherapy through targeting the CSC antigens based on their properties are briefly summarized. Altogether, CSC antigens can be efficiently targeted to treat cancer patients.

Carbazole Derivatives as Kinase-Targeting Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 444-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Ceramella ◽  
Domenico Iacopetta ◽  
Alexia Barbarossa ◽  
Anna Caruso ◽  
Fedora Grande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Biological Pathways ◽  
G Protein Coupled Receptors ◽  
Ability To Act ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Activity Of Enzymes ◽  
Intercalating Agents ◽  
G Protein Coupled

Protein Kinases (PKs) are a heterogeneous family of enzymes that modulate several biological pathways, including cell division, cytoskeletal rearrangement, differentiation and apoptosis. In particular, due to their crucial role during human tumorigenesis and cancer progression, PKs are ideal targets for the design and development of effective and low toxic chemotherapeutics and represent the second group of drug targets after G-protein-coupled receptors. Nowadays, several compounds have been claimed to be PKs inhibitors, and some of them, such as imatinib, erlotinib and gefitinib, have already been approved for clinical use, whereas more than 30 others are in various phases of clinical trials. Among them, some natural or synthetic carbazole-based molecules represent promising PKs inhibitors due to their capability to interfere with PK activity by different mechanisms of action including the ability to act as DNA intercalating agents, interfere with the activity of enzymes involved in DNA duplication, such as topoisomerases and telomerases, and inhibit other proteins such as cyclindependent kinases or antagonize estrogen receptors. Thus, carbazoles can be considered a promising this class of compounds to be adopted in targeted therapy of different types of cancer.

Anticancer Properties of Essential Oils: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (10) ◽  
pp. 957-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milene Aparecida Andrade ◽  
Mariana Aparecida Braga ◽  
Pedro Henrique Souza Cesar ◽  
Marcus Vinicius Cardoso Trento ◽  
Mariana Araújo Espósito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Anticancer Properties ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Antitumor Properties ◽  
Pharmaceutical Properties

Background: Essential oils are complex mixtures of low molecular weight compounds extracted from plants. Their main constituents are terpenes and phenylpropanoids, which are responsible for their biological and pharmaceutical properties, such as insecticidal, parasiticidal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antinociceptive, anticarcinogenic, and antitumor properties. Cancer is a complex genetic disease considered as a serious public health problem worldwide, accounting for more than 8 million deaths annually. Objective: The activities of prevention and treatment of different types of cancer and the medicinal potential of essential oils are addressed in this review. Conclusion: Several studies have demonstrated anti-carcinogenic and antitumor activity for many essential oils obtained from various plant species. They may be used as a substitution to or in addition to conventional anti-cancer therapy. Although many studies report possible mechanisms of action for essential oils compounds, more studies are necessary in order to apply them safely and appropriately in cancer therapy.

Resveratrol as an Adjuvant for Normal Tissues Protection and Tumor Sensitization

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keywan Mortezaee ◽  
Masoud Najafi ◽  
Bagher Farhood ◽  
Amirhossein Ahmadi ◽  
Dheyauldeen Shabeeb ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Therapy ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Radiation Toxicity ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Normal Tissue Toxicity

Cancer is one of the most complicated diseases in present-day medical science. Yearly, several studies suggest various strategies for preventing carcinogenesis. Furthermore, experiments for the treatment of cancer with low side effects are ongoing. Chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy are the most common non-invasive strategies for cancer treatment. One of the most challenging issues encountered with these modalities is low effectiveness, as well as normal tissue toxicity for chemo-radiation therapy. The use of some agents as adjuvants has been suggested to improve tumor responses and also alleviate normal tissue toxicity. Resveratrol, a natural flavonoid, has attracted a lot of attention for the management of both tumor and normal tissue responses to various modalities of cancer therapy. As an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, in vitro and in vivo studies show that it is able to mitigate chemo-radiation toxicity in normal tissues. However, clinical studies to confirm the usage of resveratrol as a chemo-radioprotector are lacking. In addition, it can sensitize various types of cancer cells to both chemotherapy drugs and radiation. In recent years, some clinical studies suggested that resveratrol may have an effect on inducing cancer cell killing. Yet, clinical translation of resveratrol has not yielded desirable results for the combination of resveratrol with radiotherapy, targeted therapy or immunotherapy. In this paper, we review the potential role of resveratrol for preserving normal tissues and sensitization of cancer cells in combination with different cancer treatment modalities.

Co-delivery of Doxorubicin and D-α-Tocopherol Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate by Magnetic Nanoparticles

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1138-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esra Metin ◽  
Pelin Mutlu ◽  
Ufuk Gündüz
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Magnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol 1000 ◽  
Mcf 7

Background: Although conventional chemotherapy is the most common method for cancer treatment, it has several side effects such as neuropathy, alopecia and cardiotoxicity. Since the drugs are given to body systemically, normal cells are also affected, just like cancer cells. However, in recent years, targeted drug delivery has been developed to overcome these drawbacks. Objective: The aim of this study was targeted co-delivery of doxorubicin (Dox) which is an anticancer agent and D-α-Tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (vitamin E TPGS or simply TPGS) to breast cancer cells. For this purpose, Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and coated with Oleic Acid (OA). Coated nanoparticles were encapsulated in Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) and TPGS polymers and loaded with Dox. The Nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, zetapotential analysis, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis. Results: The results showed that NPs were spherical, superparamagnetic and in the desired range for use in drug targeting. The targetability of NPs was confirmed. Moreover, TPGS and Dox loading was shown by TGA and FTIR analyses. NPs were internalized by cells and the cytotoxic effect of drug loaded NPs on sensitive (MCF-7) and drug-resistant (MCF-7/Dox) cells were examined. It was seen that the presence of TPGS increased cytotoxicity significantly. TPGS also enhanced drug loading efficiency, release rate, cellular internalization. In MCF- 7/Dox cells, the drug resistance seems to be decreased when Dox is loaded onto TPGS containing NPs. Conclusion: This magnetic PLGA nanoparticle system is important for new generation targeted chemotherapy and could be used for breast cancer treatment after in vivo tests.

Recent Advances in Curcumin Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Different Types of Cancer with Special Emphasis on In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cellular Uptake Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 577-590
Author(s):  
Jai B. Sharma ◽  
Shailendra Bhatt ◽  
Asmita Sharma ◽  
Manish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cellular Uptake ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
In Vitro Cytotoxicity ◽  
Curcumin Nanoparticles ◽  
Cytotoxicity Studies ◽  
Delivery Technique ◽  
Different Types

Background: The potential use of nanocarriers is being explored rapidly for the targeted delivery of anticancer agents. Curcumin is a natural polyphenolic compound obtained from rhizomes of turmeric, belongs to family Zingiberaceae. It possesses chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity with low toxicity in almost all types of cancer. The low solubility and bioavailability of curcumin make it unable to use for the clinical purpose. The necessity of an effective strategy to overcome the limitations of curcumin is responsible for the development of its nanocarriers. Objective: This study is aimed to review the role of curcumin nanocarriers for the treatment of cancer with special emphasis on cellular uptake and in vitro cytotoxicity studies. In addition to this, the effect of various ligand conjugated curcumin nanoparticles on different types of cancer was also studied. Methods: A systematic review was conducted by extensively surfing the PubMed, science direct and other portals to get the latest update on recent development in nanocarriers of curcumin. Results: The current data from recent studies showed that nanocarriers of curcumin resulted in the targeted delivery, higher efficacy, enhanced bioavailability and lower toxicity. The curcumin nanoparticles showed significant inhibitory effects on cancer cells as compared to free curcumin. Conclusion: It can be concluded that bioavailability of curcumin and its cytotoxic effect to cancer cells can be enhanced by the development of curcumin based nanocarriers and it was found to be a potential drug delivery technique for the treatment of cancer.

Innovatory role of nanomaterials as bio-tools for treatment of cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khuram Shahzad Ahmad ◽  
Muntaha Talat ◽  
Shaan Bibi Jaffri ◽  
Neelofer Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cancerous Cells

AbstractConventional treatment modes like chemotherapy, thermal and radiations aimed at cancerous cells eradication are marked by destruction pointing the employment of nanomaterials as sustainable and auspicious materials for saving human lives. Cancer has been deemed as the second leading cause of death on a global scale. Nanomaterials employment in cancer treatment is based on the utilization of their inherent physicochemical characteristics in addition to their modification for using as nano-carriers and nano-vehicles eluted with anti-cancer drugs. Current work has reviewed the significant role of different types of nanomaterials in cancer therapeutics and diagnostics in a systematic way. Compilation of review has been done by analyzing voluminous investigations employing ERIC, MEDLINE, NHS Evidence and Web of Science databases. Search engines used were Google scholar, Jstore and PubMed. Current review is suggestive of the remarkable performance of nanomaterials making them candidates for cancer treatment for substitution of destructive treatment modes through investigation of their physicochemical characteristics, utilization outputs and long term impacts in patients.

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