scholarly journals Reemergence of Chloramphenicol Sensitivity among Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi : a six year experience in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Niranjan Nayak ◽  
Rajani Shrestha ◽  
Dharm Raj Bhatta ◽  
Deependra Hamal ◽  
Supram Hosuru Subramanya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Paratyphi B

Emerging drug resistance among Salmonella Typhi and Paratyphi has become challenging in the treatment of enteric fever. The objective of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella serotypes isolated from patients with enteric fever admitted to Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara,Nepal. A total of 30 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B isolated from cases of typhoid and paratyphoid fever admitted to Manipal Teaching Hospital over a period from January 2012 to March 2018 were investigated. All strains were identified by standard microbiological methods and tested for in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing,using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method following the criteria designed by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). S Typhi was the most predominant amongst all the isolates (18 of 30 i.e. 60%), followed by S Paratyphi A (33.3%, 10 out of 30) and S Paratyphi B (6.6%; 2 out of 30). Overall, 91.3% of the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol. The percentage sensitivities towards ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole and ampicillin were 82.6%, 75.8%, 63% and 37% respectively. All the isolates were sensitive to imipenem and amikacin. These findings suggested that there were changing patterns of antibiotic resistance in enteric fever with reemergence of chloramphenicol sensitive Salmonellae. This necessitates continuous surveillance of cases and re-evaluation of chloramphenicol therapy in Salmonella infections in Nepal.

scholarly journals Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from pyoderma in a tertiary care hospital, Hyderabad, South India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-278
Author(s):  
Pendru Raghunath ◽  
L N Rao Sadanand
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Penicillin G ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Chloramphenicol Resistance

Pyoderma is a common acute superficial bacterial skin infection which is highly contagious. In the great majority of cases, pyoderma is caused by , , or both. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated from pyoderma in Dr. VRK Women’s Teaching hospital. Swabs or pus samples were collected from 250 patients attending Dermatology, outpatient department (OPD) of Dr. VRK Women’s Teaching hospital. Samples were inoculated onto 5% sheep blood agar plates and incubated for 24 h at 37°C in a candle jar. BHS isolates were phenotypically identified by standard microbiological techniques, all the isolates presumptively identified as BHS were tested for Bacitracin susceptibility. Presumptive identification of a strain as a Group A Streptococcus (GAS) was also made by PYRase test. Presumptively identified GAS isolates were serogrouped by Lancefield grouping using a commercially available latex agglutination test. isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. BHS were isolated from 30% of samples. Prevalence of BHS was more among 0-10 years age group (38%). BHS were isolated more frequently from males (38.8%). were isolated from 52 (20.8%) samples. All 52 isolates were found to be susceptible to Penicillin G, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, azithromycin and vancomycin. Erythromycin and clindamycin showed good activity with sensitivity rates of 92.3% & 96.1%, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline (59.6%) and chloramphenicol (23.1%) was commonly seen in . This study reports the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of isolated from pyoderma in Dr. VRK Women’s Teaching hospital. Results of this study suggests the peak incidence of pyoderma in children aged 0 to 10 years and male preponderance. Our study also reports high prevalence of tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance in .

Prevalence and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bloodstream Salmonella Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Dhaka

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 360-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafsa Afroz ◽  
Md. Manjur Hossain ◽  
Md. Fakruddin ◽  
Md. Afzal Hossain ◽  
Zahed Uddin Mahmood Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns

scholarly journals Drug Resistance and Biofilm Production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Clinical Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Author(s):  
Rajani Shrestha ◽  
N. Nayak ◽  
D.R. Bhatta ◽  
D. Hamal ◽  
S.H. Subramanya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa often exhibit multidrug resistance due to their inherent ability to form biofilms. Drug resistance in Ps. aeruginosa is a major clinical problem, especially in the management of patients with nosocomial infections and those admitted to ICUs with indwelling medical devices. To evaluate the biofilm forming abilities of the clinical isolates of Ps. aeruginosa and to correlate biofilm formation with antibiotic resistance. A total of 90 consecutive isolates of Ps. aeruginosa obtained from various specimens collected from patients visiting the Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara, Nepal between January 2018 - October 2018 were studied. Isolates were identified by standard microbiological methods. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All the isolates were tested for their biofilm forming abilities by employing the tissue culture plate assay. Of the 90 Ps. aeruginosa isolates, maximum i.e 42 (46.6%) were from patients in the age group of > 50 years. Majority (30; 33.3%) of the isolates were obtained from sputum samples. However, percentage isolation from other specimens like urine, endotracheal tube (ETT), pus, eye specimens and blood were 18.9%, 16.7%, 16.7%, 7.8% and 6.7% respectively. All the isolates were sensitive to polymixin B and colistin, 91.1% of the organisms were sensitive to imipenem, and more than 80% to aminoglycosides (80% to gentamicin, 83.3% to amikacin). A total of 29 (32.2%) organisms were biofilm producers. Maximum numbers of biofilm producing strains were obtained from ETT (8 of 15; 53.3%), pus (8 of 15; 53.3%) and blood (2 of 6; 33.3%) i.e from all invasive sites. None of the isolates from noninvasive specimens such as conjunctival swabs were biofilm positive. Significantly higher numbers of biofilm producers (23 of 29; 79.3%) were found to be multidrug resistant as compared to non-biofilm (6 of 61; 9.8%) producers (p=0.000). Ps. aeruginosa colonization leading to biofilm formation in deep seated tissues and on indwelling devices is a therapeutic challenge as majority of the isolates would be recalcitrant to commonly used antipseudomonal drugs. Effective monitoring of drug resistance patterns in all Pseudomonas clinical isolates should be a prerequisite for successful patient management.

scholarly journals Antibiogram of Salmonella Isolates from Blood with an Emphasis on Nalidixic Acid and Chloramphenicol Susceptibility in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Coastal Karnataka: A Prospective Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 074-077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anup Kumar Shetty ◽  
Ichlampady Nagaraj Shetty ◽  
Zevita Venisha Furtado ◽  
Beena Antony ◽  
Rekha Boloor
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
First Line ◽  
Periodic Analysis ◽  
Paratyphi B

ABSTRACT Background: Enteric fever is caused by the serotypes Salmonella Typhi, Salmonella Paratyphi A, Salmonella Paratyphi B and Salmonella Paratyphi C. After emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonellae Ciprofloxacin, a fluorquinolone antibiotic was the first-line therapy. Treatment failure was observed with Ciprofloxacin soon and such strains showed in-vitro resistance to Nalidixic acid. Recent reports suggest re-emergence of Chloramphenicol sensitive strains and increasing Nalidixic acid resistance. This study is aimed at detecting the current trend in the antibiogram of Salmonella isolates from blood culture in coastal Karnataka, with an emphasis on antibiotic susceptibility of Nalidixic acid and Chloramphenicol and evaluate, if there is a need to modify the strategies in the antibiotic therapy for enteric fever. Materials and Methods: Blood samples received for culture in the laboratory between June 2009 and August 2011 was cultured in Brain Heart infusion broth, bile broth or in a commercial BACTEC culture media. The growth from blood cultures were processed for identification and antibiotic susceptibility as per standard methods. Antibiotic susceptibility for Ampicillin, Trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone and Nalidixic acid were noted. Results: Out of 9053 blood culture specimens received, Salmonella was isolated from 103 specimens. There were 85 Salmonella Typhi isolates, 16 Salmonella Paratyphi A and two Salmonella Paratyphi B. Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A showed the highest resistance to Nalidixic acid. Salmonella Typhi showed highest susceptibility to Ceftriaxone and Salmonella Paratyphi A to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and Chloramphenicol. Two isolates were multidrug resistant. One Salmonella Paratyphi A was resistant to Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Routine screening of Nalidixic acid susceptibility is practical to predict fluorquinolone resistance in Salmonella and preventing therapeutic failure while treating with it. It is worthwhile to consider replacing fluorquinolones with Chloramphenicol or Ceftriaxone as the first line of therapy for enteric fever. Periodic analysis of Salmonella antibiogram should be done to formulate the best possible treatment strategies.

scholarly journals Salmonella isolates’ serotypes and susceptibility to commonly used drugs at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 478-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Mohammed Somily ◽  
Samina Bashir Sayyed ◽  
Hanan Ahmed Habib ◽  
Abdulaziz Saleh Al-Khattaf ◽  
Fawzia Eida Al Otabi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
Overall Resistance ◽  
Resistance Rates

Introduction: Resistance of Salmonella to therapeutic agents currently being used for treatment of Salmonella infections is emerging as a global problem. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes and their susceptibility patterns to commonly used drugs for treatment of Salmonella infections including quinolones. Correlation between nalidixic acid susceptibility of these isolates and their ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations was also sought. Methodology; Salmonella isolates (n=213) were collected between January 2007 and May 2009 at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The isolates were serotyped and their susceptibilities to commonly used first-line anti-Salmonella drugs (ampicillin, ceftriaxone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin) were determined using the automated Microscan system, the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and E-test. Results: The most frequently detected serotype was D1 (37%) followed by the serotypes, B (24%) and C1 (11%). Non-typable Salmonella isolates detected using available conventional Salmonella anti-sera were (11%). Overall resistance rates to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and ceftriaxone were 99/213 (46%), 43/213 (20%), 34/213 (16%) and 7/213 (3%), respectively. Of the total isolates, 117 (55%) had a ciprofloxacin MIC of < 0.125 µg/ml and among these 105 (90%) were susceptible to nalidixic acid. The remaining 96 (45%) isolates had a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥ 0.125 µg/ml and among them, 83 (86.5%) were resistant to nalidixic acid. Conclusions: The majority of Salmonella isolates in this study were non-typhi serotypes. Significantly higher proportions of Salmonellae were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin and a vast majority of nalidixic acid resistant organisms exhibited decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin.

scholarly journals Comparision of Antibiotic Susceptility of Levofloxacin with Other Commonly Tested Antibiotics Against Salmonella Enterica Serovar (Typhi And Paratyphi A)

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-21
Author(s):  
A Chhetri ◽  
A Manandhar ◽  
Y Shah ◽  
RC Simkhada ◽  
R Paudyal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Acid Resistance ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Background: Increasing antibiotic resistance of bacteria is a global problem. Fluoroquinolones are recommended as first line therapy for children and adults infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Paratyphi A. The purpose of this study was to compare the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of different classes of antibiotics with levofloxacin from blood samples of suspected enteric fever patients visiting Birhospital, Kathmandu. Methods: Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby-Bauerdisc diffusion method as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Results: Among 50 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 39 (78%) were S.Typhi and 11 (22%) were S. Paratyphi A. All the isolates were tested against antibiotics, and all isolates were found sensitive to chloramphenicol and ceftriaxone whereas 3 isolates of S. Typhi were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 1 was resistant to levofloxacin. Fluoroquinolone resistant S. ParatyphiA was not observed. Among the 10 (20%) multi drug resistant isolates, only 1 isolate was resistant to levofloxacin which was S. Typhi. Both S.Typhi (96.7%) and S. Paratyphi A (89.4%) were resistant to Nalidixic acid. Conclusion: High level of nalidixic acid resistance and even some fluoroquinolone resistance showed that the treatment of the enteric fever cannot be relied on the fluoroquinolones. Nepal Journal of Medical Sciences | Volume 03 | Number 01 | January-June 2014 | Page 19-21 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njms.v3i1.10344

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Salmonella Enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A Isolated From Patients Suspected of Enteric Fever

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 31-36
Author(s):  
Dhirendra Niroula ◽  
Jyotsna Shrestha ◽  
Supriya Sharma ◽  
Anjana Singh
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Microbiological Techniques

Objectives: The study aimed to assess the antibiotic susceptibility profile of Salmonella spp isolated from patients suspected of enteric fever. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was carried out from April to June, 2014among 484 patients clinically suspected of enteric fever visiting Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Blood sample collected from each patient was processed for culture in bile broth. Identification of Salmonella spp was done by conventional microbiological techniques including colony characteristics, Gram's staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of identified isolates was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method following the 2014 CLS I guideline. Results: Out of 484 blood samples, 36 (7.43%) cases showed the growth of Salmonella spp; of which 27 (75%) were Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (ST) and 9 (25%) were Salmonella enterica Paratyphi A (SPA). Among the Salmonella isolates, 5.55% were multidrug resistant and 41.66% were fluoroquinolone resistant. More than 80% of isolates were sensitive to chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, and cotrimoxazole whereas 58%, 50% and 6% of isolates were sensitive to fluoroquinolone antibiotics i.e. ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and nalidixic acid respectively. All the isolates were susceptible to ceftazidime. All SPA and 89% of ST were sensitive to azithromycin. Conclusion: Higher percentage of susceptible isolates to chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, and amoxicillin suggests the reconsideration of these antibiotics for the treatment of enteric fever. Azithromycin can be considered as drug of choice for the treatment of enteric fever.  

scholarly journals Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern India

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (02) ◽  
pp. 078-081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shilpa Arora ◽  
Pushpa Devi ◽  
Usha Arora ◽  
Bimla Devi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern

ABSTRACT Aim: The emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has posed a serious therapeutic challenge. We report the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA in the hospitals attached to GMC, Amritsar, Punjab. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 250 coagulase-positive staphylococci (COPS) isolated from a total of 6743 clinical specimens (like pus, blood, urine, high vaginal swab, sputum, etc.) of patients admitted in hospitals attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar from January 2008−February 2009. Routine antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted as per standard guidelines. Methicillin resistance was detected using oxacillin and cefoxitin disc diffusion method, oxacillin screen agar method, and minimum inhibitory concentration using broth macrodilution method. Results: A total of 115 (46%) strains were found to be methicillin resistant. Multidrug resistance was observed in 73% MRSA strains. However, no strain was resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: Regular surveillance of hospital-associated infection and monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern is required to reduce MRSA prevalence.

scholarly journals Childhood Septicemia in Nepal: Documenting the Bacterial Etiology and Its Susceptibility to Antibiotics

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamshul Ansari ◽  
Hari Prasad Nepal ◽  
Rajendra Gautam ◽  
Sony Shrestha ◽  
Puja Neopane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Care Center ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Microbiological Methods

Introduction. Children are among the most vulnerable population groups to contract illnesses. The varying microbiological pattern of septicemia warrants the need for an ongoing review of the causative organisms and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. Therefore, the objective of this study was to document the bacterial etiology of childhood septicemia and its antibiotic susceptibility profile.Methods.Cross-sectional type of study in 1630 suspected patients was conducted at CMCTH from January 2012 to December 2013. Blood samples were collected aseptically for culture. The organisms grown were identified by standard microbiological methods recommended by American Society for Microbiology (ASM) and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing by modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Methicillin resistance was confirmed using cefoxitin and oxacillin disks methods.Results.Septicemia was detected in 172 (10.6%) cases. Among Gram-positive organisms, coagulase negative staphylococci (CoNS) were leading pathogen andAcinetobacterspp. were leading pathogen among Gram-negative isolates. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, and clindamycin were the most effective antibiotics against Gram-positive isolates while amikacin was effective against Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative isolates. Methicillin resistance was detected in 44.4% ofStaphylococcus aureus.Conclusions. This study has highlighted the burden of bacterial etiology for septicemia among children in a tertiary care center of central Nepal.

scholarly journals Frequency and susceptibility pattern of metallo-beta-lactamase producers in a hospital in Pakistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 810-813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Kaleem ◽  
Javaid Usman ◽  
Afreenish Hassan ◽  
Aslam Khan
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Strip Method ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
National University

Introduction: The rapid spread of acquired metallo-beta-lactamases (MBLs) among major Gram-negative pathogens is an emerging threat and a matter of particular concern worldwide. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted between January and August 2009 in the department of Microbiology, Army Medical College, National University of Sciences and Technology, Rawalpindi, to determine the frequency and susceptibility patterns of MBL-producers among carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative rods (GNRs) from clinical isolates of a tertiary care hospital. All clinical samples were processed according to standard microbiological methods. Isolated GNRs were subjected to susceptibility testing against various antibiotics by disc diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.  Carbapenem-resistant isolates were subjected to the detection of MBL production by the E-test MBL strip method. Results: Out of 50 carbapenem resistant isolates, 39 (78%) of were confirmed to be MBL producers by the E-strip method.  Acinetobacter baumannii were the most frequent MBL producers, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A total of 19 (37%) of the MBL producers were susceptible to cefoperazone-sulbactam. Conclusion: The findings strongly suggest that there is a need to track the detection of MBL producers and that judicious use of carbapenems is necessary to prevent the further spread of these organisms.

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