Effects of feeding wheat straw or orchardgrass at ad libitum or restricted intake during the dry period on postpartum performance and lipid metabolism

The purpose of the research is to determine the etiopathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in highly productive cows. For this, one group of cows was formed on the principle of paranalogs in the amount of 37 animals inseminated in the first sexual hunt after calving, followed by taking blood samples from them using the Monovet system, considering the duration of pregnancy. During the start-up period, blood was taken 1–4 days before calving and on the first day after calving. A total of 253 blood samples were examined. Subsequently, depending on the effectiveness of insemination, animals were divided into two groups. The first group included inseminated cows after the first insemination (20 animals), the second group included 17 unfertilized cows after the first insemination. Subsequently, blood was taken from animals considering the course of childbirth and the postpartum period. Blood counts were studied according to generally accepted methods using certified equipment. The study found that at an early stage of pregnancy, cows have a significant difference in lipid metabolism and in their peroxidation, in the state of antioxidant systems compared to unstable animals. In the process of pregnancy development in cows, there is a decrease in the level of total lipids and their class, and the accumulation of products of transoxidation of lipids is reduced. In animals with retention of the placenta, a low lipid metabolism and a higher level of peroxidation were established already in the dry period. After calving, this difference increases. The obtained data can be used to develop an algorithm for the prevention of postpartum complications in cows by using substances with antioxidant properties.

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Effect of increasing digestible undegraded protein supply to dairy cows in late gestation on the yield and composition of milk during the subsequent lactation

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800014752 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 201-213 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

J. M. Moorby ◽

R. J. Dewhurst ◽

S. Marsden

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Barley Straw ◽

Protein Supplement ◽

Dry Period ◽

Body Protein ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Management Regime ◽

Protein Pool ◽

Ad Libitum

AbstractEffects of feeding a protein supplement to dairy cows during the dry period on performance during the following lactation were investigated in two experiments. Holstein-Friesian cows were paired towards the end of lactation, and, after drying off, one of each pair received a typical dry cow management regime of ad libitum grass silage (experiment 1), or a mix of grass silage and distillers' grains or pressed beet pulp (experiment 2). The other cows were offered restricted access to the same basal diet, together with ad libitum access to barley straw and 0·5 kg/day high protein maize gluten meal. During the following lactation, animals from both groups were treated without reference to dry period treatment, and were offered equal access to the same lactation diet. Data were analysed by analysis of variance of experiment means and by parallel curve analysis using sample means. In experiment 1, milk yields were similar (27·2 v. 27·9 (s.e.d. 2·12) kg/day for control and supplemented animals respectively) but milk protein yields, and hence concentrations, were significantly higher (P < 0·001) from supplemented animals (28·9 v. 31·8 (s.e.d. 0·58) g/kg). In experiment 2, milk yields were significantly higher (P < 0·001) from supplemented animals (mean 33·3 v. 35·4 (s.e.d. 1·66) kg/day; however, milk protein yields were also significantly increased (P < 0·001) and the change in milk protein concentration was small. No difference in dry-matter intake was recorded in a subset of animals during early lactation in experiment 2. It is hypothesized that the maternal labile body protein pool was maintained or replenished during the dry period by the provision of the protein supplement, and that this had a significant effect on subsequent lactation performance.

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Intrauterine growth-restricted Yucatan miniature pigs experience early catch-up growth, leading to greater adiposity and impaired lipid metabolism as young adults

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2017-0311 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 42 (12) ◽

pp. 1322-1329 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Semone B. Myrie ◽

Leslie L. McKnight ◽

J. Christopher King ◽

John J. McGuire ◽

Bruce N. Van Vliet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Tolerance Test ◽

Abdominal Circumference ◽

Intrauterine Growth ◽

Miniature Pigs ◽

Postprandial Triglyceride ◽

Fat Tolerance Test ◽

Catch Up ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

The Impact

Early nutrition has critical influences on cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood. The study objectives were to evaluate the impact of low birth weight on fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism and endothelium function in Yucatan miniature pigs. Intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR) piglets (n = 6; 3 days old, 0.73 ± 0.04 kg) were paired with normal-weight (NW) same-sex littermates (n = 6; 1.11 ± 0.05 kg) and fed milk replacer ad libitum for 4 weeks. Thereafter, all pigs were fed a standard diet ad libitum for 5 h/day with growth, intakes, and blood samples collected for 8 months. At 9 months old, pigs were surgically fitted with venous catheters and an oral fat tolerance test was performed. At 10 months old, pigs were killed and endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilations of isolated coronary arteries were measured using wire-myographs. IUGR pigs demonstrated catch-up growth (P < 0.05) in body weight and abdominal circumference prior to sexual maturity (<7 months old) and had more (P < 0.05) subcutaneous fat at 10 months old compared with NW pigs. IUGR pigs had consistently higher fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations from 5 to 10 months old and higher liver triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations at 10 months old (P < 0.05). The fat tolerance test revealed delayed postprandial triglyceride clearance in IUGR pigs, but no differences in plaque formation or vascular reactivity. To conclude, IUGR and early postnatal catch-up growth are associated with increased overall body fat deposition and altered triglyceride metabolism in adult Yucatan miniature swine.

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Microelement Supplementation in Dairy Cows by Mineral Lick

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb200978010029 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 78 (1) ◽

pp. 29-36

Author(s):

Štěpán Krys ◽

Eva Lokajová ◽

Aleš Podhorský ◽

Leoš Pavlata

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Selenium Concentration ◽

Control Group ◽

Dry Period ◽

Total Consumption ◽

Zn Concentration ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Mn Concentration ◽

Experimental Group ◽

Mineral Lick

The aim of this experiment was to verify the option of providing microelement supplementation to dairy cows in the dry period through supplemented mineral lick, and then to compare the content of microelements in the blood, colostrum and milk. The experiment was carried out on a farm with Czech Fleckvieh dairy cows. We formed an experimental group (E), supplied with mineral lick ad libitum enhanced with organic forms of microelements (Se, Zn, Cu, Mn) for four to five weeks before parturition and 1 week after parturition. The control group (C) did not receive any mineral lick. The use of mineral lick by cows was very uneven, its total consumption oscillated between 0 to 250 g of lick per animal per day. Lick feeding did not result in evidential increase of concentrations of monitored microelements in the cows’ blood, colostrum and milk. Only a tendency to increased concentrations of Se and Cu in the blood of group E of cows was observed; the average Se concentration increased by 60 μg l-1 (Cu by 9 μmol l-1), whereas in group C, Se increased only by 30 μg l-1 (Cu by 6 μg l-1). The concentration of microelements in colostrum after parturition dropped quickly. Significant drops were determined for Se, Cu and Zn on the first (for Mn on the second) day after parturition. Selenium concentration in the first colostrum was 5 times higher than in milk, Cu concentration 3 times higher, Zn concentration 4 times higher and Mn concentration 1.3 times higher.

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Effects of underfeeding during the second gestation of Holstein-Friesian heifers. 2. Residual effects on second lactation performance

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200595349 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 1997 ◽

pp. 93-93

Author(s):

J.M. Moorby ◽

R.J. Dewhurst ◽

W.J. Fisher ◽

D.W.R. Davies

Keyword(s):

Live Weight ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Lactation Performance ◽

Dry Period ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Holstein Friesian ◽

Lactational Performance ◽

Protein Feeding ◽

Quality Diet ◽

Ad Libitum

Previous work has shown that dry period protein feeding can have important residual effects on the subsequent lactational performance in dairy cows (Moorby et al., 1996), although the results have been variable. This variability may be due to an animals nutrient requirements during late lactation and its ability to compensate during the dry period for previously inadequate supplies. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of heifer age and level of concentrate offered during the second half of the first lactation on the second lactation performance. The size of the Longissimus dorsi was monitored as a marker of skeletal muscle use for lactation.Thirty-eight Holstein-Friesian heifers were treated as described by Dewhurst et al. (1997). Briefly, animals were divided into 4 treatment groups differing in age at first calving (2 or 3 years old) and level of concentrate feeding for the last 18-20 weeks of their first lactation (2 kg/d, ‘L’, or 7 kg/d, ‘H’; n=11, 11, 9 and 7 for treatments 2L, 2H, 3L and 3H respectively). Six weeks before predicted calving date, animals were dried off and offered a relatively low quality diet of ad libitum access to a grass silage:straw mix (40:60 on a DM basis), designed to offer them little chance to compensate for previous differences in diet. After calving, animals were offered a diet of ad libitum access to grass silage plus 8 kg/d concentrate to day 120 of lactation, and 5 kg/d thereafter. Live weight was recorded weekly. After calving, milk yields were recorded daily, and milk samples taken weekly, to week 20 of lactation.

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Influence of organic acids or fermentable carbohydrates on feeding value of urea treated wheat straw forNili-Ravibuffalo bulls fed ad libitum diets

Italian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4081/ijas.2007.s2.508 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 6 (sup2) ◽

pp. 508-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ajmal Khan ◽

M. Sarwar ◽

T. Ahmad ◽

S.A. Bhatti ◽

M. Nisa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Acids ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Feeding Value ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Fermentable Carbohydrates

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Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw by cattle

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9860527 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 527

Author(s):

JC Spragg ◽

RC Kellaway ◽

TJ Kempton

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Wheat Straw ◽

Cottonseed Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Basal Diet ◽

Barley Grain ◽

The Other ◽

Cereal Grain ◽

Digestible Organic Matter ◽

Ad Libitum

Effects of cottonseed meal and cereal grain supplements on intake and utilisation of alkali-treated wheat straw were studied with 45 Friesian heifers (250 kg liveweight) in individual pens. Responses were measured in terms of feed intake and growth rate over 60 days. The basal diet fed ad libitum was coarsely milled wheat straw which was alkali-treated, sprayed with a solution containing urea, sulfur, copper and cobalt and sprinkled with dicalcium phosphate. Animals were also fed 800 g/day of 1 of 5 supplements: cottonseed meal (CSM), whole barley (WB), cracked barley (CB), ammonia-treated whole barley (NB) and extruded barley (EB). Intakes of the basal diet did not differ significantly between groups. Digestible organic matter in dry matter (%) was 53.1, 51.7, 47.2, 47.7, and 48.7 with supplements CSM, CB, WB, NB and EB, respectively; values for CSM and CB were significantly higher than for the other supplements (P< 0.05). Liveweight gains were 891,761,639, 657 and 784 g/day with the respective supplements, and did not differ significantly between CSM, CB and EB. We concluded that CSM did not stimulate intake of roughage more than supplements of barley grain, and that growth of the cattle was limited primarily by intake of energy.

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Metabolic interactions between surplus dietary energy intake and cigarette smoking or its cessation

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1994.267.6.e1023 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (6) ◽

pp. E1023-E1034 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. A. Neese ◽

N. L. Benowitz ◽

R. Hoh ◽

D. Faix ◽

A. LaBua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Weight Gain ◽

Energy Balance ◽

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Energy Intake ◽

Excess Energy ◽

Dietary Energy ◽

Dietary Energy Intake ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Ad Libitum

Cigarette smoking (CS) alters lipid metabolism and is associated clinically with an atherogenic lipid profile. We recently showed that, under controlled eucaloric dietary conditions, CS stimulates lipolysis without increasing oxidation of fat and that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesize or store fat. We asked here whether the ad libitum intake of surplus dietary energy interacts with the metabolic effects of CS or its cessation. Eight male heavy smokers were allowed ad libitum food intake in a metabolic ward, 1 wk in CS phase and 1 wk in non-CS phase, followed by 4 wk of outpatient non-CS and a repeat 7-day study. De novo hepatic lipogenesis (DNL), lipolysis, substrate cycling of free fatty acids (FFA), hepatic glucose production, and energy expenditure were measured by using a multiple stable-isotope infusion protocol and indirect calorimetry. Surplus dietary energy intake (> 150% of predicted energy needs) occurred in five of eight subjects (2 subjs > 5,500 kcal/day, 3 subjs > 4,000 kcal/day) with weight gain of 1–4 kg/wk, but with no difference between CS and non-CS phases. Acute CS significantly increased (P < 0.05) serum FFA concentrations (58%), FFA flux (63%), and glycerol flux (36%); nonsignificantly increased extra-adipocyte (hepatic) esterification of FFA (125%, P = 0.10) and resting energy expenditure (4.1%, P = 0.22); and did not change adipocyte reesterification of FFA or whole body oxidation of fat. Basal metabolic parameters (after overnight abstention from CS) did not differ between phases. Fractional DNL correlated significantly with excess energy intake (r2 = 0.39) and with percentage of total energy needs provided by carbohydrate (r2 = 0.47). The absence or presence of CS did not affect the increase in fractional DNL in subjects with excess energy intake, however. We conclude that cessation of CS does not result in a rebound tendency to synthesis or storage of fat, even in the presence of positive short-term energy balance, contrary to previous suggestions. Moreover, stimulation of lipolysis by CS does not increase oxidation of fat and thereby protect against fat deposition under conditions of surplus energy intake. The prevention of weight gain after cessation of CS, whether or not nicotine is provided, should focus on energy balance (calorigenesis as well as intake) rather than specific alterations in lipid metabolism.

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Prepartum dietary energy intake alters adipose tissue transcriptome profiles during the periparturient period in Holstein dairy cows

Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s40104-019-0409-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Andrea Minuti ◽

Massimo Bionaz ◽

Vincenzo Lopreiato ◽

Nicole A. Janovick ◽

Sandra L. Rodriguez-Zas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Immune System ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Antigen Processing ◽

Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽

Mtor Signaling ◽

Energy Requirements ◽

Dry Period ◽

Periparturient Period

Abstract Background The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of energy overfeeding during the dry period on adipose tissue transcriptome profiles during the periparturient period in dairy cows. Methods Fourteen primiparous Holstein cows from a larger cohort receiving a higher-energy diet (1.62 Mcal of net energy for lactation/kg of dry matter; 15% crude protein) for ad libitum intake to supply 150% (OVR) or 100% (CTR) of energy requirements from dry off until parturition were used. After calving, all cows received the same lactation diet. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) biopsies were collected at − 14, 1, and 14 d from parturition (d) and used for transcriptome profiling using a bovine oligonucleotide microarray. Data mining of differentially expressed genes (DEG) between treatments and due to sampling time was performed using the Dynamic Impact Approach (DIA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Results There was a strong effect of over-feeding energy on DEG with 2434 (False discovery rate-corrected P < 0.05) between OVR and CTR at − 14 d, and only 340 and 538 at 1 and 14 d. The most-impacted and activated pathways in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database that were highlighted by DIA analysis at − 14 d in OVR vs. CTR included 9 associated with carbohydrate metabolism, with ‘Pyruvate metabolism’, ‘Glycolysis/gluconeogenesis’, and ‘Pentose phosphate pathway’ among the most-activated. Not surprisingly, OVR led to marked activation of lipid metabolism (e.g. ‘Fatty acid biosynthesis’ and ‘Glycerolipid metabolism’). Unexpected metabolic pathways that were activated at − 14 d in OVR included several related to metabolism of amino acids (e.g. branched chain) and of cofactors and vitamins (thiamin). Among endocrine and immune system pathways, at − 14 d OVR led to marked activation of ‘PPAR signalling’ and ‘Antigen processing and presentation’. Among key pathways affected over time in OVR, a number were related to translation (e.g. mTOR signaling), endocrine/immune signaling (CXCR4 and IGF1), and lipid metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) with greater activation in OVR vs. CTR specifically at − 14 d. Although statistical differences for several pathways in OVR vs. CTR nearly disappeared at 1 and 14 vs. − 14 d, despite the well-known catabolic state of adipose depots after calving, the bioinformatics analyses suggested important roles for a number of signaling mechanisms at − 14 vs. 14 than 1 vs. -14 d. This was particularly evident in cows fed to meet predicted energy requirements during the dry period (CTR). Conclusions Data underscored a strong activation by overfeeding energy of anabolic processes in the SAT exclusively prepartum. The study confirmed that higher-energy diets prepartum drive a transcriptional cascade of events orchestrated in part by the activation of PPARγ that regulate preadipocyte differentiation and lipid storage in SAT. Novel aspects of SAT biology to energy overfeeding or change in physiologic state also were uncovered, including the role of amino acid metabolism, mTOR signaling, and the immune system.

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