Definition and measurement of rider-intrinsic physical attributes influencing all-terrain vehicle safety

2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. E6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias A. Mattei ◽  
Brandon J. Bond ◽  
John W. Hafner ◽  
Martin J. Morris ◽  
Jennifer Travis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Vehicle Safety ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Lateral Instability ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
Spine Injuries ◽  
Physical Attributes

Object All-terrain vehicle (ATV) usage has grown tremendously over the years, reaching 9.5 million vehicles in use in 2007. Accompanying this growth has been a concomitant increase in rider morbidity (including traumatic brain and spine injuries) and death, especially in children. The purpose of this study was to define and measure, through field testing, those physical attributes intrinsic to riders, such as height, weight, and wingspan, which may have implications for ATV riders' safety. Methods Three field tests (J-hook, brake, and bump) were developed and performed to allow direct measurement of the lateral, longitudinal, and vertical dynamics in 5 riders of varying heights, weights, and wingspans. Two ATVs, a utility and a sport model, were tested for further comparisons. Data were acquired using a comprehensive data acquisition system attached to the ATVs. Assignment of individual rider/ATV test safety ratings and a rider/ATV Total Safety Rating were made from the results of these field tests. Results The J-hook test results demonstrated that larger rider wingspans positively influence ATV rider safety and mitigate against lateral instability. From the brake test it was determined that a 10-in (25.4-cm) longitudinal displacement, such as that experienced during a sharp deceleration, for a rider of any height or weight, breached the level of defined safety. As rider weight increased, displacement decreased. The bump test provided evidence that increased rider weight also mitigates against vertical displacement. Conclusions Individuals with light weights and small wingspans, such as those in the pediatric population, are under considerable risk of injury when operating an ATV due to lateral, longitudinal, and vertical operational instability.

Experimental investigation on the characteristics of the dynamic rail pad force and its stress distribution in the time and frequency domain

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Chunfa Zhao ◽  
Xiaobo Ren ◽  
Yang Feng ◽  
Can Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Frequency Domain ◽  
Maximum Stress ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Service Condition ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Dominant Frequency ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Parabolic Shape ◽  
Dominant Frequencies

The rail pad force and its stress distribution have critical influences on the performance and fatigue life of the rail, fasteners, and sleepers. The characteristics of the rail pad force and its stress distribution in the time and frequency domain obtained from field tests carried out using matrix-based tactile surface sensor are presented in this paper. The field testing involved rail pads under various axle-loads of running trains at different speeds. The influences that the train axle-load, the operational speed, and the rail pad stiffness have on the rail pad force and its stress distribution are analyzed. The test results indicate that the rail pad stiffness has a remarkable influence on the amplitude of the rail pad force but has little influence on its dominant frequencies. The first dominant frequency of the rail pad force is quite close to the passing frequency of the vehicle length. The stress distribution on the rail pad has a parabolic shape along the longitudinal and the lateral directions with the large stress appearing near the center of the rail pad, and is remarkably affected by the service condition of the rail pad. The maximum stress is about 2.5 to 3 times of the average stress, which is significantly greater than the nominal stress resulting from the assumption of uniform stress distribution.

Experiences in Field Testing a Variety of Aeration Equipment in Sweden and in the U.S.A. by Offgas Analysis

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1421-1429
Author(s):  
D. T. Redmon ◽  
W. C. Boyle ◽  
B. G. Hellstrom
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Transfer ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Transfer Testing ◽  
Parallel Tests

The background and theory of the offgas analysis procedure used in oxygen transfer testing of diffused aeration tanks is reviewed. Correlation of this method with other applicable procedures in parallel tests is reported. State-of-the-art equipment and accessories are described. Advantages of the procedure are identified, as are precautionary considerations regarding its use. Applications considered appropriate for its employment are delineated. Experience and test results in both Sweden and the U.S.A. on a variety of aeration devices are disclosed.

Driving in the Dust: Challenges and Lessons Learned from Field Testing in Degraded Visual Environments

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1916-1920
Author(s):  
Kayla L. Riegner ◽  
Kelly S. Steelman
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Ground Vehicle ◽  
Significant Safety ◽  
Dust Clouds

Degraded visual environments (DVEs) pose significant safety and efficiency problems in military ground vehicle operations. As part of a larger research program, two field tests were conducted to evaluate driving aids while indirect driving in DVEs. The current paper presents the results of one of these field tests, and focuses on the challenges and lessons learned in designing a challenging test course and producing consistent dust clouds for assessing Soldier driving performance and workload in degraded visual environments.

scholarly journals Estimation of Outdoor PM2.5 Infiltration into Multifamily Homes Depending on Building Characteristics Using Regression Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5708
Author(s):  
Bo-Ram Park ◽  
Ye-Seul Eom ◽  
Dong-Hee Choi ◽  
Dong-Hwa Kang
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Field Test ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Building Characteristics ◽  
Pm2.5 Concentration

The purpose of this study was to evaluate outdoor PM2.5 infiltration into multifamily homes according to the building characteristics using regression models. Field test results from 23 multifamily homes were analyzed to investigate the infiltration factor and building characteristics including floor area, volume, outer surface area, building age, and airtightness. Correlation and regression analysis were then conducted to identify the building factor that is most strongly associated with the infiltration of outdoor PM2.5. The field tests revealed that the average PM2.5 infiltration factor was 0.71 (±0.19). The correlation analysis of the building characteristics and PM2.5 infiltration factor revealed that building airtightness metrics (ACH50, ELA/FA, and NL) had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation (r = 0.70, 0.69, and 0.68, respectively) with the infiltration factor. Following the correlation analysis, a regression model for predicting PM2.5 infiltration based on the ACH50 airtightness index was proposed. The study confirmed that the outdoor-origin PM2.5 concentration in highly leaky units could be up to 1.59 times higher than that in airtight units.

Field Tests of Guide Vanes and Runner Blades of a Large Bulb Turbine for Output Deficiency Diagnosis

2012 ◽  
Vol 212-213 ◽  
pp. 1057-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhong Liu ◽  
Zhu Qing Huang ◽  
Shu Yun Zou ◽  
Hong De Rao
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Hydropower Plant ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Guide Vanes ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Runner Blade ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Theoretical Analyses ◽  
Bulb Turbine

The 3# bulb turbine in Hongjiang Hydropower Plant has faced the problem of output deficiency since its commission in Sept. 2003, which caused a large economic loss. Following simple theoretical analyses on the main factors affecting the turbine’s output and efficiency, the field test schemes were determined to measure the shapes and intervals of guide vanes and runner blades of the 3#, 5# and 6# turbines. The test results discover that the average blade intervals of the 3# turbine are generally less than those of the 5# one. Suggestions on runner blade installation adjustment and combined curve modification are given.

Assessment of fundamental movement patterns and risk of injury in male soccer players

Physiotherapy ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanisław Gadziński ◽  
Agata Masłoń ◽  
Dorota Czechowska ◽  
Joanna Golec ◽  
Elżbieta Szczygieł ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Functional Movement Screen ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Functional Movement ◽  
Risk Of Injury ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fundamental Movement Patterns

AbstractIntroduction. The aim of the study was to assess the functional status of male soccer players in different age groups who played on different surfaces. Methods. The study included 45 soccer players aged 13-35 years. Among them, 15 were junior players, 15 were players of the senior Silesia-Opole 3rd league (SL), and 15 were senior players in the futsal Extra Class league (SF). The functional status and basic motor skills were assessed according to the results obtained in seven motor tasks included in the Functional Movement Screen™ (FMS) test. Results. The mean total scores in the FMS test were statistically significantly higher among both senior futsal and senior 3

The Effect of Blade Geometry on Blade Stall Characteristics

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. J. O. M. van Rooij ◽  
J. G. Schepers
Keyword(s):  
Correction Term ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Wind Tunnel Experiments ◽  
Twisted Blade ◽  
The Impact ◽  
2D Airfoil ◽  
Twist Pitch ◽  
Force Characteristics ◽  
Blade Geometry

The effect of rotation has been investigated with emphasis on the impact of blade geometry on the “correction factor” in stall models. The data used came from field tests and wind tunnel experiments performed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and were restricted to the steady-state nonyawed conditions. Three blade layouts were available; a blade with constant chord without twist (phase II), a blade with constant chord and twist (phases III and IV), and a tapered blade with twist (phase VI). Effects due to twist and taper were determined from comparison of c n between the different blade layouts. The formulation of the stall model was rewritten so that the measured c n values could be used without reference to 2D airfoil performance. This enabled a direct comparison of the normal force characteristics between the four blade stations of the selected blade configurations. In particular, the correction term f used in stall models for rotational effects was analyzed. The comparison between the test results with a straight and a twisted blade showed that a relation for twist + pitch is required in f . In addition, a dependency offon the angle-of-attack was identified in the measurements and it is recommended that this dependency be incorporated in the stall models.

scholarly journals State-of-the-Art-Review of Collapsible Soils

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 115 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. AL-Rawas
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Foundation Design ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Collapse Potential ◽  
Collapsible Soils ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Compaction Control

Collapsible soils are encountered in arid and semi-arid regions. Such soils cause potential construction problems due to their collapse upon wetting. The collapse phenomenon is primarily related to the open structure of the soil. Several soil collapse classifications based on parameters such as moisture content, dry density, Atterberg limits and clay content have been proposed in the literature as indicators of the soil collapse potential. Direct measurement of the magnitude of collapse, using laboratory and/or field tests, is essential once a soil showed indications of collapse potential. Treatment methods such as soil replacement, compaction control and chemical stabilization showed significant reduction in the settlement of collapsible soils. The design of foundations on collapsible soils depends on the depth of the soil, magnitude of collapse and economics of the design. Strip foundations are commonly used when collapsing soil extends to a shallow depth while piles and drilled piers are recommended in cases where the soil extends to several meters. This paper provides a comprehensive review of collapsible soils. These include the different types of collapsible soils, mechanisms of collapse, identification and classification methods, laboratory and field testing, treatment methods and guidelines for foundation design.

scholarly journals Screening of the Argentinean INTA peanut core collection with a molecular marker associated with resistance to Sclerotinia minor Jaggar

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
K.D. Chamberlin ◽  
J.J. Baldessari ◽  
E.M.C. Mamani ◽  
M.V. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Marker ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Blight Resistance ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Sclerotinia Minor ◽  
Sclerotinia Blight ◽  
Potential Sources

ABSTRACT Cultivated peanut, the third most important oilseed in the world, is consistently threatened by various diseases and pests. Sclerotinia minor Jagger (S. minor), the causal agent of Sclerotinia blight, is a major threat to peanut production in many countries and can reduce yield by up to 50% in severely infested fields. Host plant resistance will provide the most effective solution to managing Sclerotinia blight, but limited sources of resistance to the disease are available for use in breeding programs. Peanut germplasm collections are available for exploration and identification of new sources of resistance, but traditionally the process is lengthy, requiring years of field testing before those potential sources can be identified. Molecular markers associated with phenotypic traits can speed up the screening of germplasm accessions. The objective of this study was to genotype the peanut core collection of the Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA) Manfredi, Argentina, with a molecular marker associated with Sclerotinia blight resistance. One hundred and fifty-four (154) accessions from the collection were available and genotyped using the Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) marker. Accessions from each botanical variety type represented in the core collection were identified as new potential sources of resistance and targeted for further evaluation in field tests for Sclerotinia blight resistance.

scholarly journals The small strain stiffness from bender elements tests for clayey soils

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 353-371
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Markowska-Lech ◽  
Wojciech Sas ◽  
Mariusz Lech ◽  
Katarzyna Gabryś ◽  
Alojzy Szymański
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Small Strain ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Bender Elements ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Small Strain Stiffness ◽  
Seismic Wave Velocities ◽  
Case Basis ◽  
Hardening Soil Model

Abstract The shear modulus of soils at small strain (G0) is one of the input parameters in a finite element analysis with the hardening soil model with small strain stiffness, required in the advanced numerical analyses of geotechnical engineering problems. The small strain stiffness can be determined based on the seismic wave velocities measured in the laboratory and field tests, but the interpretation of test results is still under discussion because of many different factors affecting the measurements of the wave travel time. The recommendations and proposed solutions found in the literature are helpful as a guide, but ought to be adopted with a certain measure of care and caution on a case-by-case basis. The equipment, procedures, tests results and interpretation analyses of bender elements (BE) tests performed on natural overconsolidated cohesive soils are presented.

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