scholarly journals ZIK VIRUS AS A PRIME EXAMPLE OF EMERGENT INFECTIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-270
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Chumak ◽  
H. A. Loban ◽  
M. M. Ananieva ◽  
M. O. Faustova
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Infected Mosquito ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Transplacental Transmission ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
The World

The recent development of technologies of the laboratory systems in microbiology, providing detailed genome sequencing, has paved the ways for isolating new pathogens and carrying out in-depth study of long-known microorganisms. Moreover, the progressing of science and technology contributes to study changes in the ecology of microorganisms and the epidemiological characteristics of their spreading over the world. These advances enable scientists to find out some "new" diseases, known as emergent infectious diseases. Emergent diseases have emerged as a new type of rapidly evolving, long-known infectious diseases. A prime example of an emergent infection is the Zika virus (ZIKV). ZIKV belongs to the family Flaviviridae of the Flavivirus genus. It was first isolated from the blood of a rhesus macaque in 1947 in East Africa (Uganda), in the Zika forest, where its name came from. A year later, in the same area, ZIKV was detected in mosquitoes of the Aedes africanus genus. For a long time following the initial isolation of ZIKV, isolated sporadic cases of the disease caused by this pathogen were recorded in Asia and Africa. In 2007, an ZIKV outbreak was reported on the island of YAP (Micronesia). This was the first outbreak outside Asia and Africa. Zika virus is primarily transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito from the Aedes genus in tropical and subtropical regions. But according to literature data, this virus can be spread by 17 species of mosquitoes of this genus. AE. aegypti and Ae. Albopictus have been known a leading role of spreading the infection. Considering that these mosquitoes are not only carriers of ZIKV, but also some other flavivirusiv representatives, their wide geographical distribution has become an issue of great concern. AE. aegypti mosquitoes are thermophilic and live only in tropical and subtropical climate zones and this fact has played as significant rope in the ZIKV spread. Ae. albopictus mosquitoes promote the circulation of this pathogen and cause a rapid expansion of the virus in the world, since this species has become widely distributed in countries of subtropical and temperate climate zones. To date, besides the main vector-borne transmission of the virus, there are a number of reports about ZIKV transplacental transmission from an infected mother to the foetus. ZIKV caused viral infection during the pregnancy results in microcephaly, a congenital condition associated with incomplete brain development and abnormally small size of the skull. This viral infection can also lead to such complications as miscarriage, stillbirth, and premature birth. According to the literature, there is the connection between ZIKV and not congenital CNS abnormalities, but also with Guillain-Barre syndrome. There have been publications on not only ZIKV mosquito transmission and transplacental transmission, but a few reports on ZIKV sexual transmission when no barrier contraceptives are used. ZIKV can be isolated from ejaculate within 14-28 days from the onset of the first symptoms of the disease.

scholarly journals Ongoing Clinical and Immunization Trials for Novel Zoonotic Covid -19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
Ramya Kumari B. S.
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Host Cell ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Contagious Diseases ◽  
The World

Some of the contagious diseases have created history and also remains with us today. So it becomes utmost important to understand such infectious diseases and exploring their remedies. One such disease which has created havoc across the globe is COVID-19, caused by an agent SARS CoV-2 virus. The current threat of coronavirus is the human health and economy, which can be overcome by the development of a target vaccine at a specific level by blocking the entry of virus inside the host cell. This step not only will reduce the morbidity and mortality rate associated with this viral infection but will also improve upon the prevailing economy crisis. Hence, this review chapter aims at the ongoing clinical and immunization trials for novel zoonotic COVID-19 pandemic. Currently the clinical trials are happening throughout the world and all the trials are to be registered in publicly available domain which is recommended by ICMJE. Different phase of trials in various parts of the globe, includes Phase-I to Phase-III and insights of vaccine developers involved in the development of COVID vaccines are the focused areas in this review chapter.

scholarly journals Non-Coding RNAs and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies to Target the 5’UTR of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Baldassarre ◽  
Alessandro Paolini ◽  
Stefania Paola Bruno ◽  
Cristina Felli ◽  
Alberto Eugenio Tozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

After the increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 infections all over the world, researchers and clinicians are struggling to find a vaccine or innovative therapeutic strategies to treat this viral infection. The SARS-CoV infection that occurred in 2002, MERS and other more common infectious diseases such as HCV, led to the discovery of many RNA-based drugs. Among them, siRNAs and antisense LNAs have been demonstrated to have effective antiviral effects both in animal models and humans. Owing to the high genomic homology of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV (80-82%) the use of these molecules could be employed successfully also to target this emerging coronavirus. Trying to translate this approach to treat COVID-19, we analyzed the common structural features of viral 5’UTR regions that can be targeted by non-coding RNAs and we also identified miRNAs binding sites suitable for designing RNA-based drugs to be employed successfully against SARS-CoV-2.

Laboratory Evaluation of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Givens Bell
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Zika Virus Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Current Guidelines

AbstractOur understanding of the effects of maternal Zika virus infection on the newborn continues to evolve. First discovered in 1947 in the Zika Forest in Uganda, the world became more aware of the virus in 2015, with reports of hundreds of cases of microcephaly in Brazilian newborns whose mothers reported symptoms related to Zika viral infection during pregnancy. This article reviews the current guidelines for laboratory evaluation of newborns with possible congenital Zika virus infection.

scholarly journals Pathophysiology of Zika Virus; From Infection to Cure

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asifa Shina Muzaffar ◽  
Zahed Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Jahangeer ◽  
Areej Riasat ◽  
Shoukat Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Transplacental Transmission ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Synthesis Mechanism ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
The Family ◽  
Zika Fever

Zika virus is an icosahedral, enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus, a member of the family Flaviviridae, transmitted to humans by Aedes species mosquitoes. Unique features of Zika virus infection are sexual and transplacental transmission and associated neurological morbidities. The main objective of our review is to summarize the most of current information including epidemiology and pathophysiology of routes of transmission, prevalence, mode of infection, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and vaccine strategies of Zika viral infection. This article is helpful to improve the treatment of Zika viral infection which will be beneficial for society. There are two different methods to diagnose the viral infection through RT-PCR and RNA NAT analysis. Vaccines have been developed against Zika virus, DNA vaccine effects actively than mRNA and live attenuated vaccines, due to its unique mode of infection. Treatment of Zika fever is supportive and primarily involves acetaminophen for fever, headache, or myalgia. ZIKV illness is generally mild in nature, requiring no specific treatment. As with treatment for dengue, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents should be avoided if thrombocytopenia is present. The most successful trials are given by the DNA and mRNA vaccine which act by targeting the genome of the Zika virus or by inhibiting its protein synthesis mechanism.

Organization of restrictive quarantine measures to prevent especially dangerous infections

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-11
Author(s):  
Petr Ilyin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Entire History ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Former Ussr ◽  
Health Regulations

Especially dangerous infections (EDIs) belong to the conditionally labelled group of infectious diseases that pose an exceptional epidemic threat. They are highly contagious, rapidly spreading and capable of affecting wide sections of the population in the shortest possible time, they are characterized by the severity of clinical symptoms and high mortality rates. At the present stage, the term "especially dangerous infections" is used only in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, all over the world this concept is defined as "infectious diseases that pose an extreme threat to public health on an international scale." Over the entire history of human development, more people have died as a result of epidemics and pandemics than in all wars combined. The list of especially dangerous infections and measures to prevent their spread were fixed in the International Health Regulations (IHR), adopted at the 22nd session of the WHO's World Health Assembly on July 26, 1969. In 1970, at the 23rd session of the WHO's Assembly, typhus and relapsing fever were excluded from the list of quarantine infections. As amended in 1981, the list included only three diseases represented by plague, cholera and anthrax. However, now annual additions of new infections endemic to different parts of the earth to this list take place. To date, the World Health Organization (WHO) has already included more than 100 diseases in the list of especially dangerous infections.

ACE-2-Receptors of the Epidermis, Dermal Vascular Walls and Sebaceous Gland Cells: The Way of COVID-19 Entry into the Body?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Sebaceous Gland ◽  
The Body ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Therapy Options ◽  
Vascular Walls ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

Since the outbreak near a fish market in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, researchers have been searching for an effective therapy to control the spreading of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit COVID-19 infection. Many countries like Italy, Spain, and the USA were ambushed by this viral agent. To date, more than 2.5 million people were infected with SARS-CoV-2. There is no clear answer, why SARS-CoV-2 infects so many people so fast. To date of April 2020, no effective drug has been found to treat this new severe viral infection. There are many therapy options under review and clinical trials were initiated to get clearer information, what kind of drug can help in this devastating and serious situation. The world has no time.

1+1 > 2: Integration of the Host-directed Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Virus-targeted Modern Medicine in Control of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-94
Author(s):  
Jianjun Sun
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Medicine ◽  
Traditional Chinese Medicine ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
The World ◽  
Plausible Mechanism

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of infections and hundreds of thousands deaths in the world. The pandemic is still ongoing and no specific antivirals have been found to control COVID-19. The integration of Traditional Chinese Medicine with supportive measures of Modern Medicine has reportedly played an important role in the control of COVID-19 in China. This review summarizes the evidence of TCM in the treatment of COVID-19 and discusses the plausible mechanism of TCM in control of COVID-19 and other viral infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of Polychromophilus parasites of Scotophilus kuhlii bats in Thailand

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Chatree Chumnandee ◽  
Nawarat Pha-obnga ◽  
Oskar Werb ◽  
Kai Matuschewski ◽  
Juliane Schaer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Diverse Group ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Climate Zones ◽  
Haemosporidian Parasites ◽  
South And Southeast Asia ◽  
Molecular Investigation

Abstract Parasites of the haemosporidian genus Polychromophilus have exclusively been described in bats. These parasites belong to the diverse group of malaria parasites, and Polychromophilus presents the only haemosporidian taxon that infects mammalian hosts in tropical as well as in temperate climate zones. This study provides the first information of Polychromophilus parasites in the lesser Asiatic yellow bat (Scotophilus kuhlii) in Thailand, a common vespertilionid bat species distributed in South and Southeast Asia. The gametocyte blood stages of the parasites could not be assigned to a described morphospecies and molecular analysis revealed that these parasites might represent a distinct Polychromophilus species. In contrast to Plasmodium species, Polychromophilus parasites do not multiply in red blood cells and, thus, do not cause the clinical symptoms of malaria. Parasitological and molecular investigation of haemosporidian parasites of wildlife, such as the neglected genus Polychromophilus, will contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of malaria parasites.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of African Swine Fever and Its Risk in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-591
Author(s):  
Deepak Subedi ◽  
Suman Bhandari ◽  
Saurav Pantha ◽  
Uddab Poudel ◽  
Sumit Jyoti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infection ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Illegal Trade ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Wild Pigs ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild pigs with high mortality. First reported in East Africa in the early 1900s, ASF was largely controlled in domestic pigs in many countries. However, in recent years ASF outbreaks have been reported in several countries in Europe and Asia. The occurrence of ASF in China, the largest pork producer in the world, in 2018 and in India, the country that surrounds and shares open borders with Nepal, has increased the risk of ASF transmission to Nepal. Lately, the pork industry has been growing in Nepal, overcoming traditional religious and cultural biases against it. However, the emergence of viral infections such as ASF could severely affect the industry's growth and sustainability. Because there are no effective vaccines available to prevent ASF, the government should focus on preventing entry of the virus through strict quarantine measures at the borders, controls on illegal trade, and effective management practices, including biosecurity measures.

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