scholarly journals Analyzing the genetic relatedness of pigeonpea varieties released over last 58 years in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Satheesh Naik ◽  
I. P. Singh ◽  
Abhishek Bohra ◽  
F. Singh ◽  
D. Datta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Germplasm Resources ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Pedigree Selection ◽  
Population Improvement

The genetic base of 150 pigeonpea varieties released in India during1960 to 2018 was examined. Of these, 89, 57, three, and one variety were developed by pedigree selection, pureline selection, mutation and population improvement, respectively. Examination of pedigree records of 89 pigeonpea varieties developed through pedigree breeding method between 1971 and 2018 traced back to 113 ancestors. The highest mean genetic contribution was recorded for the genotype T 190 (0.051) accompanied by UPAS 120 (0.049) and ICP 8863 (0.043). The ancestor T 190 appeared with highest frequency of 21, directly as one of the parent (male/female) in four varieties and indirectly in the development of 17 varieties. Similarly, the ancestors UPAS 120 and ICP 8863 were more frequently used (in nine varieties) as direct parents followed by T 21 and C 11 (in five varieties). The variety PRG 176 involved the highest number (9) of ancestors during the course of its development followed by the variety VBN (Rg) 3 with eight ancestors. Results indicated that 51.69% (46 of the 89 varieties) of released varieties were developed through bi-parental crossing whereas 48.31% involved multiple parents. The frequent use of a limited number of ancestors has caused the narrow genetic base of released pigeonpea varieties. We recommend large-scale deployment of novel germplasm resources for generating broad-base breeding populations. This will help to obtain improved pigeonpea cultivars with high grain yield, biotic tolerance and climate adaptation.

scholarly journals Population improvement and synthetic cultivar production in forage kale (Brassica oleracea L.)

Euphytica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 217 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Bradshaw
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
No Reduction ◽  
Optimum Number ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Thiocyanate Ion ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Field Transplant

AbstractExperimental results are brought together to demonstrate that forage kale population improvement involving full-sib and selfed families can be done on an annual cycle, followed by production of a synthetic cultivar. Furthermore, this new breeding method compares favourably with the two successful methods used to date, namely triple-cross hybrid cultivars from inbreeding and crossbreeding programmes and open-pollinated cultivars from population improvement programmes. The key findings were that natural vernalization of kale in south east Scotland occurred by mid-December so that plants could be pollinated in a glasshouse with heating and lighting by the end of February and seed harvested by the end of May. The resulting full-sib or selfed families could be assessed in a field transplant trial in the same year, from June to November, thus completing an annual cycle. Self-pollination resulted in shorter plants with lower fresh-weight, dry-matter and digestible organic-matter yields, and undesirably higher contents of S-methylcysteine sulphoxide, the haemolytic anaemia factor, and the goitrogenic thiocyanate ion. As a consequence of digestible organic-matter yield being reduced by as much as 22%, the estimated optimum number of selfed parents in a synthetic cultivar was four to eight. Synthetic cultivars are expected to yield as well as triple-cross hybrids as there was no reduction in yield when the latter were open-pollinated.

Research and industrialisation of Hermetia illucens L. in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12
Author(s):  
J.B. Zhang ◽  
J.K. Tomberlin ◽  
M.M. Cai ◽  
X.P. Xiao ◽  
L.Y. Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Hermetia Illucens ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government ◽  
Future Work

The larvae of the black soldier fly (BSF), Hermetia illucens L., are commonly associated with decaying organic wastes. Over the past 15 years, investigators in China have conducted extensive research exploring the use of BSF larvae to recycle organic materials as a means to protect the environment, while producing products of value, such as protein and bioenergy. Initial efforts were based on a BSF strain from the USA. However, since then, H. illucens strains from specimens collected in Hubei and Guangdong Provinces have been established and used as models to explore the use of this species in sustainable agriculture. China has played an instrumental role in developing an in-door breeding method using a quartz-iodine lamp rather than depend on natural sunlight. This discovery has allowed the establishment of in-door BSF colonies in regions throughout the world where abiotic conditions (i.e. cold temperatures) are preventative. Researchers in China paved the way for using microbes as a means to enhance BSF production including, enhancing BSF egg-laying as well as waste reduction. Furthermore, bacteria from BSF gut or waste can be cultured and used to promote BSF growth, shorten conversion time, and enhanced conversion efficacy. Recent efforts have demonstrated BSF larvae can degrade antibiotics as well as suppress noxious odours in livestock manure. Due to the efforts of research on BSF in China, numerous companies that recycle organic waste at a large scale (>20 tonnes waste digested/day), have been established. Resulting products include insect powder, and live BSFL that can be used as animal feed ingredients for livestock (e.g. eels and frogs), while protecting the environment. Future work will decipher the mechanisms regulating BSF larval conversion of organic waste so that the system can be optimised. However, efforts are still needed at the government level to establish quality assurance standards if this process is truly to become established as an industry in China.

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Red Raspberry Varieties throughout the-World

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Dale ◽  
Patrick P. Moore ◽  
Ronald J. McNicol ◽  
Thomas M. Sjulin ◽  
Leonid A. Burmistrov
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Geographical Origin ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Genetic Contribution ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Inbreeding Coefficients ◽  
Breeding Populations ◽  
Distinct Cluster ◽  
The World

Pedigrees of 137 red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) varieties released throughout the world since 1960 were used to calculate: 1) the genetic contribution of founding clones to these varieties; 2) genetic relatedness among them; and 3) their inbreeding coefficients. Fifty founding clones contributed to the pedigrees of these varieties with a mean genetic contribution ranging from <0.1% to 21%. Varieties were clustered according to the genetic contribution into groups strongly related to geographical origin. Varieties developed in the former USSR and derived from `Novost Kuzmina' formed a distinct cluster. The remaining varieties were clustered in groups based mainly on whether they were of North American or European origin. Varieties were clustered also on the basis of Wright's coefficient of relationship-a measure of genetic relatedness. Cluster groups were related to their geographical origin and the varieties within the groups could be traced to similar intermediate parents. Inbreeding coefficients ranged from 0.0 to 0.625 and were related, in part, to the numbers of generations of controlled hybridization from common ancestors. The British group, with the largest number of generations of breeding, had a low mean inbreeding coefficient, indicating that inbreeding can be minimized with attention to the mating system. Strategies are suggested for maintaining and increasing the genetic diversity in the world's red raspberry breeding populations.

scholarly journals Identifying and Overcoming Barriers to Climate Change Adaptation in the Seychelles

2021 ◽  
pp. 2675-2692
Author(s):  
Daniel Etongo ◽  
Vincent Amelie ◽  
Angelique Pouponneau ◽  
Walter Leal Filho
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Property Development ◽  
Human Resource Capacity ◽  
Land Use Decisions ◽  
Key Barrier

AbstractAs a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), Seychelles is quite vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, and adaptation is considered a national priority. Despite efforts to enhance its adaptive capacity, a number of barriers still hamper the adaptation process such as fragile institutions and inadequate governance to climate change, financial and human resource capacity constraints, and limited scientific knowledge and understanding of how climate change affects the country. A key barrier to climate change adaptation in the Seychelles is called “remote” or “legacy” barriers – linked to land use decisions made five decades ago during which wetlands were reclaimed for property development. Therefore, 80% of Seychelles’ critical infrastructures are located on the coastline and are exposed to floods, erosion, and sea level rise. Additionally, the pros and cons of hard and soft adaptation interventions in the Seychelles ranging from rock armoring, retaining wall, groynes to ecosystem-based adaptation actions such as timber piling, beach nourishment, dune management, rainwater harvesting, and mangrove and coral restoration are assessed with recommendations on the way forward. In other words, this chapter provides some examples of actions and strategies that may assist the island nations to improve on adaptation actions. An example that addresses partly the financial constrain is the Seychelles’ Conservation and Climate Adaptation Trust (SeyCCAT) that provide funding for medium- and large-scale project in the Seychelles since 2015.

scholarly journals Balancing the need for seed against invasive species risks in prairie habitat restorations

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0248583
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Larson ◽  
Diane L. Larson ◽  
Robert C. Venette
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Exotic Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Migration Strategy ◽  
Native Prairie ◽  
Native Seed ◽  
Commercial Sources

Adequate diversity and abundance of native seed for large-scale grassland restorations often require commercially produced seed from distant sources. However, as sourcing distance increases, the likelihood of inadvertent introduction of multiple novel, non-native weed species as seed contaminants also increases. We created a model to determine an “optimal maximum distance” that would maximize availability of native prairie seed from commercial sources while minimizing the risk of novel invasive weeds via contamination. The model focused on the central portion of the Level II temperate prairie ecoregion in the Midwest US. The median optimal maximum distance from which to source seed was 272 km (169 miles). In addition, we weighted the model to address potential concerns from restoration practitioners: 1. sourcing seed via a facilitated migration strategy (i.e., direct movement of species from areas south of a given restoration site to assist species’ range expansion) to account for warming due to climate change; and 2. emphasizing non-native, exotic species with a federal mandate to control. Weighting the model for climate change increased the median optimal maximum distance to 398 km (247 miles), but this was not statistically different from the distance calculated without taking sourcing for climate adaptation into account. Weighting the model for federally mandated exotic species increased the median optimal maximum distance only slightly to 293 km (182 miles), so practitioners may not need to adjust their sourcing strategy, compared to the original model. This decision framework highlights some potential inadvertent consequences from species translocations and provides insight on how to balance needs for prairie seed against those risks.

scholarly journals Adaptation confusion? A longitudinal examination of the concept “climate change adaptation” in Norwegian municipal surveys.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torbjørn Selseng ◽  
Marit Klemetsen ◽  
Tone Rusdal
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Building Society ◽  
Questions And Answers ◽  
Local Government Level ◽  
Longitudinal Examination

AbstractIn recent decades, there has been a surge in the scholarship on climate change adaptation (CCA) terminology and diverging interpretations of the term has emerged. Given the crucial role of local governments in building society-wide adaptive capacity, understanding how municipalities understand and interpret CCA, is important. In this study, we analyse twelve large-scale questionnaires from 2007 to 2020 distributed to all Norwegian municipalities. Using a combination of directed and conventional content analysis of the questions and answers, we summarise and map the progress of adaptation work over the 14 years and assess the consistency and the scope of the surveys in light of the current research on climate adaptation. We find diverging views on what adaptation entails, both from the researchers, in the phrasing of questions, and from the respondents. The empirical evidence suggests an overall imbalanced interpretation of CCA, both in terms of the risks and consequences we may face, the climate that needs adapting to, as well as adequate adaptation strategies. We go on to discuss the implications of these findings, highlighting the need for a shared and well-communicated framework for local CCA and a closer monitoring of the actual efforts of the municipalities. If instead left unchecked, this confusion might lead to unsustainable maladaptation at the local government level throughout Norway and beyond.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Regular Use of Ridesourcing and Frequency of Public Transport Use in the MENA Region (Tehran and Cairo)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (19) ◽  
pp. 8134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Mostofi ◽  
Houshmand Masoumi ◽  
Hans-Liudger Dienel
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Mena Region ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
The Relationship

Despite the growing share of ridesourcing services in cities, there is limited research about their impacts on other transport mode choices in the large cities of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). There is a debate about whether ridesourcing affects the frequent use of sustainable modes like public transport. This study uses the results of a large-scale series of face-to-face interviews in Tehran and Cairo to study the relationship between the regular use of ridesourcing and the frequency of public transport use. Descriptive statistics and logit regression are used to analyze this association. The findings indicate contradictory correlations between the regular use of ridesourcing and the frequent use of public transport in Tehran and Cairo. The regular use of ridesourcing has a positive correlation with the probability of frequent public transport use in Cairo. In contrast, this correlation is negative in Tehran, which means that the regular ridesourcing users are less likely than the non-regular users to use frequently public transport. The reasons for these different correlations are studied in terms of socioeconomic variables, accessibility, and the citizens’ perception of public transport in both cities.

scholarly journals Genetic Performance and General Combining Ability of Oil Palm Delidurax AVROSpisiferaTested on Inland Soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Noh ◽  
M. Y. Rafii ◽  
G. Saleh ◽  
A. Kushairi ◽  
M. A. Latif
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Combining Ability ◽  
Small Population ◽  
General Combining Ability ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Main Obstacle ◽  
Germplasm Collections ◽  
Genetic Base ◽  
Population Improvement

The performance of 11 oil palm AVROS (Algemene Vereniging van Rubberplanters ter Oostkust van Sumatra)pisiferaswas evaluated based on their 40duraxpisifera(DxP) progenies tested on inland soils, predominantly of Serdang Series. Fresh fruit bunch (FFB) yield of eachpisiferasranged from 121.93 to 143.9 kg palm−1 yr−1with trial mean of 131.62 kg palm−1 yr−1. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed low genetic variability amongpisifera parentsfor most of the characters indicating uniformity of thepisiferapopulation. This was anticipated as the AVROSpisiferaswere derived from small population and were inbred materials. However, some of thepisiferashave shown good general combining ability (GCA) for certain important economic traits. Threepisiferas(P1 (0.174/247), P3 (0.174/498), P11 (0.182/308)) were identified of having good GCA for FFB yield whilepisiferasP1 (0.174/247), P10 (0.182/348), and P11 (0.182/308) were good combiners for oil-to-bunch ratio (O/B). The narrow genetic base of these materials was the main obstacle in breeding and population improvement. However, efforts have been made to introgress this material with the vast oil palm germplasm collections of MPOB for rectifying the problem.

scholarly journals Problematic Internet Use, Non-Medical Use of Prescription Drugs, and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescents: A Large-Scale Study in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 774
Author(s):  
Beifang Fan ◽  
Wanxing Wang ◽  
Tian Wang ◽  
Bo Xie ◽  
Huimin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Prescription Drugs ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internet Use ◽  
Chinese Adolescents ◽  
Problematic Internet Use ◽  
Large Scale Study ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Path Models

This large-scale study aimed to test, among Chinese adolescents, the association between problematic Internet use (PIU), non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD), and depressive symptoms, as well as the mediating effects of NMUPD on the associations above. This study used the data from the 2017 National School-based Chinese Adolescents Health Survey, and 24,345 students’ questionnaires qualified for the analyses. Generalized linear mixed models and path models were performed. In the models without mediation, PIU was associated with depressive symptoms (unstandardized β estimate = 0.26, 95% CI = 0.25–0.27); frequent use of opioid or sedative was also related to depressive symptoms (unstandardized β estimate for opioid = 2.77, 95% CI = 1.90–3.63; unstandardized β estimate for sedative = 4.45, 95% CI = 3.02–5.88). Additionally, the results of the path models indicated that opioid misuse partially mediated the association between PIU and depressive symptoms. PIU and opioid/sedative misuse were related to the increased risk of depressive symptoms, respectively. The association above might be complicated, and PIU may elevate the risk of opioid or sedative misuse and depressive symptoms, which in turn could worsen the situation of PIU and vice versa. Multidisciplinary health intervention programs to prevent adolescents involving in PIU, as well as NMPUD, are recommended to be provided.

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