scholarly journals Features of mineral nutrition of agricultural crops

Author(s):  
A. N. Babichev ◽  
◽  
A. A. Babenko ◽  

Purpose: to analyze the experience of applying mineral and organic fertilizers on dry and irrigated lands for the main agricultural crops. The overview of scientific research results, literature sources on applying a fertilizer system in agriculture, in which nutrients necessary for agricultural crops are introduced into the soil during the most critical periods of growth and development are presented. This paper considers the use of fertilizers, taking into account the utilization rates of available forms of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other elements necessary for plants from fertilizers and the root layer of the soil, clarifies the need to compensate for the removal of nutrients by the vegetative and generative parts of the crop, the rate of consumption of mineral nutrition elements by agrocenoses. The timing and methods of using organic and mineral fertilizers depend on the granulometric composition of the soil, the predecessor, the level of groundwater occurrence, the agrochemical properties of soils, the efficiency of the drainage network, weather and climatic conditions, the growth and development phase of the cultivated crop. Conclusion. The study of the works of domestic and foreign scientists on the timing, norms, types and methods of applying mineral and organic fertilizers for various agricultural crops cultivated on dry and irrigated lands, and the analysis of the studies allow us to conclude that in the conditions of digitalization of agricultural production, there is no consensus about the systems the use of mineral and organic fertilizers in the conditions of precision (precision) farming. Research in this area is promising at the present time and in the near future, especially when using modern means of diagnosing deficiencies in plant nutrients.

Author(s):  
A. N. Babichev ◽  
◽  
A. A. Babenko ◽  

Purpose: to analyze the experience of Russian scientists in the field of application of a differentiated approach to agricultural crops irrigation. The overview of research work of domestic scientists on the use of an irrigation system in agriculture, in which the provision of agricultural crops with water to maintain a given level of the minimum water capacity will be carried out during the most critical periods of their growth and development is presented. During irrigation, the timing, frequency, irrigation rates depend on the level of groundwater occurrence, agrochemical properties of soils, weather and climatic conditions, phases of growth and development of crops. The application of a differentiated irrigation regime to maintain a given level of pre-irrigation moisture allows increasing the productivity of agricultural crops, the quality of products obtained while reducing irrigation and watering rates, the number of waterings. Conclusions. The study of the results of research work of domestic scientists in the field of influence of irrigation and the fertilization system on the yield and quality of agricultural products allows concluding that obtaining the planned yields is possible only if irrigation regimes are observed and the level of soil fertility is maintained by applying various fertilizers. The use of a differentiated approach to irrigation while maintaining a given level of pre-irrigation soil moisture during critical periods of crop development allows reducing irrigation water consumption and optimizing irrigation rates and their quantity. The study of a differentiated irrigation regime is promising now and in the near future, taking into account the deteriorating water supply in the territory of our country, associated with a change in weather and climatic conditions.


2020 ◽  
pp. 26-28
Author(s):  
Н.Т. Чеботарев ◽  
Н.Н. Шергина

Пахотные угодья Республики Коми в основном представлены дерново-подзолистыми почвами с низким естественным плодородием, которые без применения удобрений быстро подвергаются деградационным процессам, что резко снижает их продуктивность. Цель исследований: оценка эффективности долговременного применения органических и минеральных удобрений при выращивании картофеля в кормовом севообороте в условиях Республики Коми. Методической основой выполнения работ были комплексные исследования дерново-подзолистых почв, клубней картофеля на участках многолетнего полевого эксперимента, заложенного на землях Института агробиотехнологий ФИЦ Коми НЦ УрО РАН в соответствии с «Методическими указаниями географической сети опытов с удобрениями». Длительный период исследований (более 40 лет) характеризовался различными климатическими условиями, которые отразились на количестве урожая и качестве клубней картофеля. Было проведено 7 ротаций (14 лет) с выращиванием картофеля. Вносили органические удобрения – торфонавозный компост (ТНК) в дозах 40 и 80 т/га (1 и 2 фон, соответственно) под картофель и минеральные удобрения – NPК в дозах 1/3; 1/2 и 1 для восполнения выноса растениями элементов питания. Установлено положительное влияние комплексного применения органических и минеральных удобрений на урожайность и качество картофеля, а также на плодородие дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой среднеокультуренной почвы в кормовом севообороте в почвенно-климатических условиях Республики Коми. В результате применения шестипольного севооборота и комплексного внесения удобрений с 1978 года к 2019 году в почвах снизилась обменная и гидролитическая кислотность; повысилось содержание гумуса на 0,5% (в контроле); на 0,2–0,5% (с тремя дозами минеральных удобрений); на 0,3–1,1% (с ТНК); на 0,2–1,6% (при совместном применении органических и минеральных удобрений). Наибольшие урожаи картофеля получены при совместном применении органических (80 т/га) и минеральных удобрений (1 NPК) и составили 37,1 т/га клубней (8,5 тыс/га кормовых единиц). При таком соотношении удобрений показано высокое качество клубней картофеля: содержание крахмала 15,5%, витамина С – 19,4 мг%, сырого протеина – 14,1%. Количество нитратного азота не превышало ПДК (ПДК 250 мг.с.м.). Экономические расчеты показали, что при внесении ТНК 40 т/га + 1 NPК в дерново-подзолистые почвы с.-х. использования в среднетаежной зоне Республики Коми при выращивании картофеля, условный чистый доход составит 68,4 тыс. р. с 1 га, себестоимость 1 т картофеля – 2,8 тыс. р., рентабельность 188,7%. The arable land of the Republic of Komi is mainly represented by dern-sub-ground soils with low natural fertility, which without the use of fertilizers are quickly subjected to degradation processes, which dramatically reduces their productivity. The aim of the research is to evaluate the efficiency of long-term use of organic and mineral fertilizers in the growing of potatoes in feed crop rotation in the conditions of the Komi Republic. The methodological basis for carrying out the works was comprehensive studies of dern-subhead soils, potato tubers on the sites of a multi-year field experiment laid on the lands of the Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the FRC Komi SC UB RAS in accordance with the «Methodological Instructions of the Geographical Network of Experiments with Fertilizers». A long period of research (more than 40 years) was characterized by different climatic conditions, which affected the number of crops and the quality of potato tubers. There were 7 rotations (14 years) with potato cultivation. Organic fertilizers – peat-avous compost (TNK) in doses of 40 and 80 t/ha (1 and 2 background, respectively) for potatoes and mineral fertilizers – NPK in doses of 1/3; 1/2 and 1 to replenish the carry-out of food elements by plants. The positive effect of the integrated use of organic and mineral fertilizers on the yield and quality of potatoes, as well as on the fertility of soddy-podzolic light loamy medium cultivated soil in fodder crop rotation in the soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic, has been established. As a result of the use of six-bed crop rotation and the integrated application of fertilizers, metabolic and hydrolytic acidity decreased in soils from 1978 to 2019; humus content increased by 0.5% (in control); 0.2–0.5% (with three doses of mineral fertilizers); 0.3–1.1% (with TNCs); 0.2–1.6% (with combined use of organic and mineral fertilizers). The largest potato yields were obtained from the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha tubers (8.5 thousand/ha feed units). The largest potato harvests were obtained with the combined use of organic (80 t/ha) and mineral fertilizers (1 NPK) and amounted to 37.1 t/ha of tubers (8.5 thousand/ha of feed units). With this ratio of fertilizers, the high quality of potato tubers was also determined: the starch content was 15.5%, vitamin C – 19.4 mg%, crude protein – 14.1%. The amount of nitrate nitrogen did not exceed the MPC (MPC 250 mg.s.m.). Economic calculations showed that if TNK is added 40 t/ha 1 NPK to the dern-sub-ground soils of agricultural use in the medium-sized zone of the Komi Republic when growing potatoes, the conditional net income will be 68.4 thousand rubles from 1 ha, the cost of 1 t of potatoes – 2.8 thousand rubles, profitability 188.7%.


2010 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
V.V. Volkogon ◽  
S.B. Dimova ◽  
K.I. Volkogon ◽  
M.S. Komok ◽  
N.P. Shtan’ko

The paper shows the results of studies of denitrification activityin root zone of spring barley, maize and potato under the use of mineralfertilizers and microbial preparations. It was established that applicationof optimal for the plants growth and development doses of fertilizershad restrained the biological denitrification activity due to the bothplants assimilation of mineral nitrogen and deprivation of rhizosphericmicroorganisms with nitrite respiration substrate. Use of physiologicallyungrounded doses of fertilizers especially when combining withmicrobial preparations had led to the significant loses of nitrogen dueto the denitrification. Thereby the application of microbial preparationsin agricultural crops growing technologies should be performed onoptimal agricultural backgrounds keeping biological denitrification atits lowest levels.


2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 02041
Author(s):  
Grigory Pischulin ◽  
Lybov Esaulova

For the rapid distribution and successful cultivation of beans, it is necessary to develop methods of cultivation technology in accordance with the soil and climatic conditions of Krasnodar region. In this regard, the aim of this work was to study the efficiency of irrigation, various doses of mineral nutrition and the use of the biological product Nitragin KM on grain beans crops. The effect of pre-sowing application of mineral fertilizers under irrigation and rainfed conditions on phenological, morphological traits, yield and productivity of grain beans variety Yuzhanka has been studied. Analysis of the data on the yield of beans seeds showed that the most effective agricultural method for seed production of this crop is the introduction of mineral fertilizers on drip irrigation. With an increase in the level of mineral nutrition, the seed multiplication factor increased from 30 to 45 pcs/pcs on dry land and from 50 to 69 pcs/pcs during irrigation. The application of mineral fertilizers contributed to an increase in yields both in rainfed and irrigated conditions. The highest yield of bean seeds of variety Yuzhanka was obtained with the use of fertilizers at a dose of N30P30K30 (1,77 t/ha on dry land and 3,04 t/ha on irrigated plots).


2022 ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
В.А. Борисов ◽  
И.И. Вирченко ◽  
Е.В. Янченко ◽  
О.Н. Успенская

Цветная капуста – одна из наиболее ценных овощных культур по своим питательным и лечебным свойствам. Эта культура отличается высоким содержанием полноценного растительного белка, ее используют как диетический продукт при диабете и заболеваниях желудка, кишечника, печени. Однако выращивание цветной капусты сопряжено с большими проблемами ввиду очень высокой требовательности этой культуры к уровню плодородия почвы, элементам минерального питания, влажности почвы и воздуха. В почвенно-климатических условиях ЦНЗ России уровень урожайности цветной капусты колеблется в пределах 10–20 т/га, в среднем по России – 9,7 т/га, что не всегда компенсирует затраты на ее выращивание. Важнейшее условие повышения урожайности и рентабельности этой культуры – оптимизация питательного режима и внедрение новых высокоурожайных сортов и гибридов. Цель работы: поиск способов оптимизации питания капусты цветной с помощью органических удобрений (компостов) и их комбинаций с минеральными удобрениями. В 2020–2021 годах отделом земледелия и агрохимии ВНИИО-филиале ФГБНУ ФНЦО были проведены комплексные исследования по изучению отзывчивости некоторых сортов и гибридов цветной капусты на применение органических (птичий компост в дозе 6 т/га) и минеральных (N120P120K180) удобрений и их сочетаний, а также по влиянию этих удобрений на качество продукции. Было изучено семь сортов и гибридов капусты цветной отечественной и зарубежной селекции. Результаты исследований показали, что совместное применение минеральных и органических удобрений в наибольшей степени увеличивает продуктивность капусты, в среднем на 30%, в то время как чисто минеральные – на 25%, а чисто органические – на 19%. Совместное применение минеральных и органических удобрений позволяет получать в среднем 28,3 т/га головок цветной капусты, по отдельным сортам и гибридам – от 23,9 до 38,1 т/га. Качество продукции остается хорошим при применении минеральных и органических удобрений как раздельным, так и совместным способами. Cauliflower is one of the most valuable vegetable crops for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Differs in a high content of complete vegetable protein, is a dietary product for diseases of the stomach, intestines, liver and diabetes. However, the cultivation of cauliflower is fraught with great problems due to the very high demands of this crop on the level of soil fertility, elements of mineral nutrition, soil and air moisture. In the soil and climatic conditions of the Central Black Earth Region of Russia, the yield level of cauliflower fluctuates between 10–20 t/ha, on average in Russia 9.7 t/ha, which does not always compensate for the costs of its cultivation. The most important condition for increasing the yield and profitability of this crop is the optimization of the nutritional regime and the introduction of new high-yielding varieties and hybrids. The aim of our work was to find ways to optimize the nutrition of cauliflower using organic fertilizers – composts and their combinations with mineral fertilizers. In this regard, in 2020–2021, the Department of Agriculture and Agrochemistry of the ARRIVG-branch FSBSI FSVC conducted comprehensive studies to study the responsiveness of some varieties and hybrids of cauliflower to the use of organic (bird compost at a dose of 6 t/ha) and mineral (N120P120K180) fertilizers and their combinations, as well as the effect of these fertilizers on product quality. Seven varieties and hybrids of cauliflower of domestic and foreign selection were studied. The research results showed that the combined use of mineral and organic fertilizers to the greatest extent increases the productivity of cabbage, on average by 30%, while purely mineral fertilizers – by 25%, and purely organic – by 19%. The combined use of mineral and organic fertilizers allows to obtain an average of 28.3 t/ha of cauliflower heads; for individual varieties and hybrids from 23.9 to 38.1 t/ha. Product quality remains good when mineral and organic fertilizers are used both separately and jointly.


Author(s):  
В.А. Петрук ◽  
А.О. Вотяков

В статье представлены результаты изучения экономической и энергетической эффективности возделывания многолетних трав сенокосного и пастбищного использования. С 2007 по 2012 год проведено изучение продуктивности и экономической эффективности возделывания многолетних трав сенокосного использования в лесостепной зоне, коренное улучшение естественных кормовых угодий с 2011 по 2016 год — в южной лесостепи Западной Сибири. Продуктивность и рентабельность производства многолетних трав сенокосного использования с применением минеральных удобрений в лесостепной зоне наиболее высокими были у люцерны и составили 3,2 т/га корм. ед. и 190% соответственно при затратах 8,8 тыс. руб./га. Выход энергии — 43 ГДж/га, энергетический коэффициент (отношение величины выхода продукции к затраченной энергии) — 8,1. Коренное улучшение лугов с применением минеральных удобрений обеспечило получение 0,8 т/га корм. ед. при затратах 4,1 тыс. руб./га, рентабельность составила 56%. Продуктивность естественных угодий при коренном улучшении с использованием органических удобрений — 0,9 т/га корм. ед., рентабельность — 278% при затратах 1,9 тыс. руб./га. Выход энергии с использованием минеральных удобрений — 9,1 ГДж/га, энергетический коэффициент — 1,9, на фоне органических удобрений — соответственно 10,2 ГДж/га и 3,4. Внесение органических удобрений один раз в 5 лет способствовало существенному снижению затрат при коренном улучшении лугов и значительному повышению рентабельности производства. На основании полученных результатов можно заключить: рентабельность производства многолетних трав достаточно высокая, особенно при использовании органических удобрений. Поэтому в хозяйствах с экстенсивными технологиями многолетние травы должны составлять основу кормопроизводства. This article reports on economic and energy efficiencies of perennial grasses cultivated in pastures and haylands. Experiments on hay production took place in the forest-steppe in 2007–2012. Optimization of natural forage lands was conducted in 2011–2016. Alfalfa had the highest hay productivity and economic efficiency under mineral nutrition yielding 3.2 t ha-1 of feed units. Payback amounted to 190%, production costs — 8.8 thousand rubles ha-1. Energy yield reached 43 GJ ha-1, energy coefficient (yield-to-energy ratio) — 8.1. Mineral fertilizers led to the yield of feed units of 0.8 t ha-1, costs of 4.1 thousand rubles ha-1, and profitability of 56%. Under organic fertilization natural forage lands produced 0.9 t ha-1 of feed units, profitability reached 278% while costs — 1.9 thousand rubles ha-1. On the background of mineral nutrition energy yield amounted to 9.1 GJ ha-1, energy coefficient — 1.9, on the background of organic nutrition — 10.2 GJ ha-1 and 3.4, respectively. Organic fertilization once in 5 years significantly reduced costs and increased profitability. Production of perennial crops resulted in high payback, particularly under the application of organic fertilizers. Therefore, farms applying extensive cultivation practices should widely grow perennial grasses.


2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Радик Сафин ◽  
Radik Safin ◽  
Марат Амиров ◽  
Marat Amirov ◽  
Салават Сулейманов ◽  
...  

A powerful factor in increasing the yield of feed mixtures is the use of mineral fertilizers. On average, over 4 years of research, the yield of green mass increases from 13.8 tons per hectare at the control (without fertilizers) to 27.4 tons per hectare (almost 2 times). However, the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers depends on how the sunflower and annual herbs are placed in space. Thus, on all backgrounds of mineral nutrition, the highest yield of green mass was obtained by sowing sunflower and annual herbs in separate strips with strip widths of 180 cm: N85P38K46 - 28.2 tons per hectare; N99P44K54 - 32.9 tons per hectare; N113P51K61 - 34.2 tons per hectare. In the same conditions, both narrowing the bands to 90 cm and expanding to 360 cm reduce the yield of the object of study. Mineral fertilizers also have a great influence on the gross yield of raw fat (an increase of 2.8 times), feed units - from 2,562 to 3,904, crude protein - 1.9 times, exchange energy - 2.4 times. As a result, the payback of each ruble of the cost of mineral fertilizers provides for the production of 1.5 rubles, and the bioenergy coefficient increases to 4.4, versus 2.2 for mixed sowing of sunflower and annual herbs.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
L.M. Skachok ◽  
L.V. Potapenko ◽  
N.I. Horbachenko

Objective. Study capacity of bioenergetic cultures in different fertilizing systems in combination with microbial preparations in soil and climatic conditions of Polissia. Methods. Field, laboratory, computational, mathematical and statistical. Results. The influence of fertilizing systems and microbial preparations during cultivation of switch grass and sward grass in the soil and climatic conditions of Polissia has been shown. It was established that under cultivation of energy crops, it is expedient to use fertilizing system, which involves introduction 10 t/ha straw, biomass of intermediate lupine manure and mineral fertilizers in the ratio of N40P15K60. Treatment of rhizomes of sward grass and seeds of switch grass with microbial preparations Mikrohumin and Polimiksobakteryn allow to reduce the ratio of mineral fertilizers by 20 kg/ha active substance and contributes to increasing the capacity of bioenergy crops, the release of solid fuels and energy from their biomass. An alternative fertilizing system, where mineral fertilizers were partially replaced by microbial preparations (such as Polimiksobakteryn and Mikrohumin), contributed to the largest increase of yield of switch grass in the study (dry matter) – 1.14 times and of sward grass – 1.15 times compared to the traditional fertilizing system (control). Conclusion. It has been established that under the cultivation of new varieties of energy crops, it is expedient to use organic fertilizers (straw, green manure) and treat seeds of switch grass and rhizomes of sward grass with microbial preparations Mikrohumin or Polimiksobakteryn. This fertilizing system ensures a 14 % increase in the capacity of switch grass, and 14-16 % increase for sward grass compared to the traditional fertilizing system (animal manure + NPK). In this case, the maximum calculated yield of solid fuel and energy from switch grass biomass was obtained, respectively – 10.1 t/ha and 161.6 GJ, and sward grass – 14.4-14.6 t/ha and 230.6-234.1 GJ, that is 13 and 13-15 % higher than parameters of the system “animal manure + NPK”.  


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Виктор Агафонов ◽  
Viktor Agafonov ◽  
Евгений Бояркин ◽  
Evgeniy Boyarkin

The article presents findings of the influence of different levels of mineral nutrition on plant growth and development, the impact of fertilizers on the botanical composition, on the productivity and forage benefits of cereal-bean agrocenoses in the forest-steppe zone of the Baikal region. The objects of research were mixed crops of oats with peas and millet with vetch, peas, and Austrian winter pea. Legumes are the main source of protein increase in feed. In the field, the most widespread, among legumes, were vetch, sowing peas, field peas (Austrian winter pea). As a result of phenological observations, it was found that the growth and development of plants depended on the biological characteristics of crops, weather conditions and directly on the mineral nutrition level. The millet reacted most effectively to the application of mineral fertilizers, starting from the exit phase into the tube. The introduction of mineral fertilizers in pre-sowing tillage contributed to an increase in the proportion of legume components in the total green mass yield and a decrease in cereals. The highest competition in agrocenoses of millet with legume components was vetch, its share in the mixture increased, compared to the unfertilized background, by 6 and 14.5%, depending on the background of fertilizers. It was found that, compared with the unfertilized background, mineral fertilizers increased the yield of green mass from 1.5 to 4.9 tons per hectare, the collection of dry matter from 0.4 to 2.0 tons per hectare and the collection of feed units from 0.3 to 1.3 tons per hectare. Digestible protein content in 1 unit increased with the introduction of nitrogen fertilizer (N45), depending on the type of components in the mixture, from 3.2 to 6.6 g, and with the introduction of complex mineral fertilizer (N45P30K30) from 2.5 to 9.6 g. All are millet-bean mixtures at all levels of mineral nutrition comply with zootechnical standards.


2020 ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
O. Markovska ◽  
T. Hrechyshkina

Agrarian science has faced the problem of is the humanity provision with food, the major part of which is provided by grain crops. Winter wheat the most fully uses the existing bioclimatic potential of the Ukrainian regions. The highest productivity of this crop can be obtained with the use of modern adapted varieties with high genetic potential of productivity taking into account the soil-climatic conditions of the zone, improvement and development of highly effi cient, scientifi cally grounded systems of nutrition and plants protection against harmful organisms. The article presents the results of the research conducted in 2017–2019 on dark brown medium-loam low-saline soils under the conditions of the experimental fi eld of State Enterprise Experimental Farm “Kopani” of the Institute of Irrigated Agriculture of NAAS of Bilozersky district of Kherson region. The infl uence of varietal characteristics, mineral and organic-mineral fertilizer system, biological and chemical methods of disease protection on the productivity of winter wheat plants was investigated. The fi eld, laboratory, mathematical and statistical methods were used in the experiment according to the generally accepted methods and guidelines in Ukraine. It was found out that the highest level of productivity was formed by wheat plants of Maria winter variety on the background of application of pre-sowing cultivation of mineral fertilizers at a N30P30 dose with the use of foliar fertilization with organic-mineral fertilizer ROST, solution (2.0 l/ha) at the beginning of the restoration of spring vegetation and in a stage of the fl ag leaf and chemical protection of plants using fungicide – Colossal, emulsion concentrate (1.0 l/ha). Thus, on average during the years of research, the grain yield in this variant was 4.96 t/ha, the number of productive stems – 411 pieces/m2, the number of grains in the ear – 27.6 pieces, the mass of 1000 grains – 51.5g. When using the chemical method of protection to control dark brown spotting (Drechslera sorociniana Subram) of winter wheat, the rate of development of the disease ranged 2.0–3.1 %, and the eff ectiveness ranged 83.1 – 89.4 %. Key words: fertilizers, biologicals, fungicide, yield, foliar feeding, plant protection.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document