scholarly journals The enduring relevance of philosophy in the education system. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-170
Author(s):  
Volodymyr Ratnikov
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Synthetic Activity ◽  
It Integration ◽  
History Of ◽  
System Part ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Positive Traits ◽  
Philosophical Questions

The subject of this article are philosophical questions that arise in the process of philosophical reflection on some modern trends in education. At a number of points, these issues intersect with the problems of philosophy of education as a relatively independent philosophical discipline. The article analyzes the actualization of philosophy in modern higher and secondary education. The general reasons for this actualization are revealed (insufficient accuracy in dealing with philosophical concepts; low level of philosophical and methodological culture; the general cultural mission of philosophy is not yet properly understood), as well as some reasons related specifically to higher and secondary education. In both cases, this relevance is considered both by modern science and by reflection on it. Integration projects in education exacerbate the relevance in updating the modern system of secondary and higher education in Ukraine. First of all, it concerns the desire for a harmonious combination of knowledge and competence, the real integration of theoretical and practical components of learning. These positive traits become a serious factor that stimulates the cognitive activity of students and their motivation for research. In the united and contradictory process of knowledge development, integration is accompanied by differentiation, just as analytical activity in general is supplemented by synthetic in a single process of analytical-synthetic activity. At the same time, the underestimation of the analytical side of activity and excessive emphasis on its synthetic, integrative side is not a methodologically justified position, including because it is known from the history of scientific knowledge that a new object in the initial stages of its knowledge, first of all, try somehow dissect, analyze its parts, and only then make a complete picture of it, explain it and understand.

Naturalism and Kantianism

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123
Author(s):  
Valentin A. Bazhanov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Research ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
External Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

An article by T. Rockmore, published in the journal “Epistemology and Philosophy of Science” in 2009 (Vol. XXII. No. 4, pp. 14‒29), claim that naturalism is by its nature an example of anti-Kantianism, for it treats philosophy as a continuation science and recognizes science as a legitimate source of knowledge, does not allow a priori, relies on an a posteriori approach, empiricism in the pre-Kantian sense, and insists on the possibility of revising the knowledge acquired. This article has a goal to show that T. Rockmore point of view should be revised due to the progress of modern cognitive research and, first of all, neuroscience, in which all the features of the naturalistic approach are implemented and in which the “Kantian program” of brain research is developed. In the context of this program, the existence on the ontological level (i.e., in the brain) of certain neural structures that make it possible and play a crucial role in the cognitive activity of a person is recognized. Those concepts that Kant treated as components of cognitive activity in modern neuroscience acquired ontological status in the form of the activity of certain neural structures, which turn out to be prerequisites and components of this activity. We claim that in the context of the Kantian research program in neuroscience, the metaphor “Kantian brain” naturally entered the vocabulary of neuroscientists, and certain specific operations and functions of the brain began to be associated with individual elements of Kant's ideas. It is in this context attempts are made to comprehend the mechanisms of the brain in the “stimulus – activity” mode, when an external effect leads to the excitation of certain neural structures. The brain is capable to anticipate the long-term results of certain actions of the subject. In the case of foresight, the brain generates “internal” models and uses for their correction external data that constantly provided from reality across the subject. At the same time, some kind of self-correcting mechanisms implements, which from a formal point of view described by the Bayes theorem, using a priori evaluations of upcoming events and changes in these evaluations as result of experience. Thus, naturalism and Kantianism understood in the context of the progress of modern science, despite T. Rockmore idea, are completely compatible.

Introduction to Philosophy

1905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Светлана Платонова ◽  
Svetlana Platonova
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Matter Theory ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
History Of ◽  
Philosophy Of Knowledge ◽  
Philosophical Questions

The tutorial discusses the main parts of philosophy: theory of being and matter, theory of conscious and the unconscious, philosophy of knowledge, the problem of person and his being in the world, the nature and dynamics of society, global problems. The author presents philosophical questions, based on the history of philosophy and modern science. The essence of society is analyzed in accordance with the modern social-philosophical theories. The book combines the actual tutorial, issues, topics abstracts, bibliography to each chapter, philosophical dictionary. The book is recommended for students of higher educational institutions, as well as all interested readers.

Tycho Brahe and the Separation of Astronomy from Astrology: The Making of a New Scientific Discourse

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gábor Almási
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Scientific Development ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
History Of Astronomy ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Observational Astronomy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tycho Brahe ◽  
Philosophical Questions

ArgumentThe subject of the paper is the shift from an astrology-oriented astronomy towards an allegedly more objective, mathematically grounded approach to astronomy. This shift is illustrated through a close reading of Tycho Brahe's scientific development and the contemporaneous changes in his communicational strategies. Basing the argument on a substantial array of original sources it is claimed that the Danish astronomer developed a new astronomical discourse in pursuit of credibility, giving priority to observational astronomy and natural philosophical questions. The abandonment of astrology in public discourse is primarily explained by Tycho's social position and greater sensibility to controversial issues. Tycho's example suggests that the changes in rhetorical strategies regarding astrology (which happened earlier than changes in astrological belief) should be given more recognition in the history of astronomy.

scholarly journals PEDAGOGICAL CLASSES AS SOCIO-CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC PHENOMENON IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

2020 ◽  
pp. 235-240
Author(s):  
Олег Геннадиевич Якимов
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Secondary School ◽  
Professional Training ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Educational Practice ◽  
Economic Phenomenon ◽  
Modern System ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Oriented System

В статье рассматривается проблема функционирования педагогических классов в современной образовательной практике сквозь призму перспективы и исторической ретроспективы, т. е. в контексте истории развития педагогического образования в России. Цель исследования - научное обоснование педагогических классов как социокультурного и социально-экономического феноменов на основе рассмотрения их в историческом аспекте. Для реализации данной цели автором проводится анализ истории российской практики создания педагогических классов как прообраза современной системы предпрофессиональной подготовки педагогических кадров в системе среднего образования, выявляются социокультурные доминанты и социально-экономические предпосылки организации педагогических классов. Определены этапы становления системы педагогических классов в России. Дана сущностная характеристика педагогических классов, обозначены целевые ориентиры их создания и функционирования в системе профильного обучения в общеобразовательной школе, критериальные особенности, что позволяет рассматривать их как социокультурный и социально-экономический феномен. The article examines the problem of functioning of pedagogical classes in modern educational practice through in historical perspective in the context of the history of the development of pedagogical education in Russia. The author aims to scientifically justify pedagogical classes as socio-cultural and socio-economic phenomena in historical perspective. To achieve this goal, the author analyzes the history of the Russian practice of creating pedagogical classes, as a prototype of the modern system of pre-professional training of teachers in secondary education; reveals the socio-cultural dominants and socio-economic prerequisites of the organization of pedagogical classes; identifies the stages of formation of the system of pedagogical classes in Russia; provides the essential characteristics of the pedagogical classes, the targets of their creation and functioning in the subject-oriented system in the secondary school, which allows to consider them as socio-cultural and socio-economic phenomenon.

And yet, we were modern. The paradoxes of Iberian science after the Grand Narratives

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pimentel ◽  
José Pardo-Tomás
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Transition To Democracy ◽  
Grand Narrative ◽  
Spanish Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Franco Dictatorship

In this article, we try to explain the origin of a disagreement; the sort that often arises when the subject is the history of early modern Spanish science. In the decades between 1970 and 1990, while some historians were trying to include Spain in the grand narrative of the rise of modern science, the very historical category of the Scientific Revolution was beginning to be dismantled. It could be said that Spaniards were boarding the flagship of modern science right before it sank. To understand this décalage it would be helpful to recall the role of the history of science during the years after the Franco dictatorship and Spain’s transition to democracy. It was a discipline useful for putting behind us the Black Legend and Spanish exceptionalism.

scholarly journals History of Work with the Staff of Secondary Schools in Uzbekistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1609-1611
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Secondary Education ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
General Education ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

the importance of secondary education has been becoming more crucial than ever. Developing countries always pay great deals of attention to this in order to strengthen the quality form the very beginning of the early ages of nation. This article explains the issues of supplying general education schools in Uzbekistan's southern provinces during the years of independence, lack of teachers on the subject, problems of improving pedagogical cadres and ways to overcome them.

The Copley Medal: The establishment of a reward system in the Royal Society, 1731-1839

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-76 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Reward System ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
European Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Considerable Period

The Copley Medal represents one of the oldest surviving honorary reward systems not only in the Royal Society but also in European science. After the first few years of its award it came increasingly to represent the recognition by the Society of the highest scientific distinction. Its history is, therefore, closely associated with the development of modern science, particularly in Britain. It is surprising that no one has attempted a history of the Copley Medal. Historians of the Royal Society deal with the subject only summarily, or sometimes there is an incidental mention of the medal in connection with a particular recipient. It seems, therefore, that it would be a worthwhile task to look at the foundation of the award and its subsequent history over a considerable period, and we have chosen to examine a time span of approximately a century. This study covers the period from the establishment of Sir Godfrey Copley’s legacy to the late 1830s, by which time various reform movements within the Society had begun to take effect. In fact the period chosen for review corresponds to the award of precisely 100 medals. Our research shows that, after a rather uncertain start over the first 25 years, the Copley Medal thereafter became established as a major award. In the early 19th century the Medal gained ever wider publicity by its award to several distinguished foreign scientists, so that by the end of our period it had become recognized as a real mark of international distinction.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CHINESE EMPEROR KANGXI AND THE DZUNGAR KHAN GALDAN DURING THE DZUNGAR-CHINESE WAR OF 1690-1697

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 650-655
Author(s):  
O.N. Boldyreva ◽  
Wang Xia
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Xvii Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Chinese Author ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

The study of the history of the Dzungar khanate is of particular interest to world and national Orientalism. Problems of formation, activity and decline of this state in the XVII-XVIII centuries were studied at different times by Orientalists from Russia, China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan and other countries. And now the history of the Dzungar khanate is an important aspect of Oriental studies, especially in studies on the history of Central Asia. The relevance of the article is due to the extreme interest in Oriental studies in modern science, namely in Central Asia. For centuries, the Kalmyk khanate had relations with China, Dzungaria, Kazakh zhuzes. The khanate established friendly relations with some states, and with others, despite the zeal to find a mutually beneficial solution, contact could not be established. Almost all of this was influenced not by the Kalmyk khanate itself, but by the relations of other states together, for example, China and Dzungaria. The subject of study in this article is the Dzungar-Chinese relations at the end of the XVII century. These relations are described in the book of the Chinese author of Mongolian origin Altan-Ochir “A brief history of Oirat-Mongols”. The authors of the article tried to reconstruct the picture of the events of that time with the help of translation and make short conclusions.

scholarly journals “GESTALT CULTUROLOGY”: CONCEPTUALIZATION, DISCIPLINARY STATUS AND HISTORY OF RESEARCH

2020 ◽  
pp. 92-107
Author(s):  
Ivan V. Leonov ◽  
◽  
Vaida L. Solovеva ◽  
David Hallbeck ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Subject Field ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Basic Parameters ◽  
The Subject ◽  
National Images ◽  
Different Cultures

The article is devoted to the delineation of the subject framework and conceptualization of ge-stalt culturology as an independent scientific direction, that can unite many spheres of knowledge, including theories that have no clearly expressed disciplinary status, or are characterized as “distinc-tive” and “original”. The basis of this direction are proceedings of O. Spengler, oriented to the organic approach of Goethe, in which the problem of peculiarities of perception and uniqueness of representa-tions of reality within separate cultures is put as core. Developing this problem, Spengler carried out a detailed and thorough analysis of gestalts of the world of various “cultural organisms”, devoting the greatest part of the “The decline of the West”. Also considered as fundamental the work of H. von Ehrenfels, which became a kind of foundation for the formation of gestalt psychology. Special attention is paid to the works of G.D. Gachev, who worked in Spengler’s tradition and created a series of books devoted to the disclosure of the specifics of the “national images of the world”. The basic parameters of the invariant of the world images, allowing to compare gestalts, born in the space of different cultures, are designated. The text raises the question of interrelations between psychology and culturology in the field of Gestalt-researchers. The specificity of their subject frameworks and intersec-tion points, making cooperation of these sciences in the study area prospective, are shown. Attention is paid to the sphere of exploration of “multilayered” artifacts, material structures and “semantic aura” of which reflect signs of influence of many periods of history. These complex monuments appear as a kind of historical and cultural gestalts that require special methods of study, conservation practices, restoration and exhibiting. The works of T. Kuhn in the field of philosophy of science, the essential aspects of which are based on the understanding of paradigms as a kind of gestalts, in a special way “refractive” reality for the scientific community, are touched upon. The text considers several author’s concepts and basic scientific spheres, intersecting with the subject field of gestalt culturology, among which is distinguished the theory of sociocultural dynamics of P.A. Sorokin, engaged in the analysis of mental structures of different types of culture; cultural-historical psychology, including a whole range of researchers in this field; cultural-intellectual history; cognitive culturology, etc. Attention is paid to the prospects for the development of gestalt culturology in modern science. The text outlines the prob-lem of an adequate translation into Russian of the scientific term “gestalt”, what makes, in fact, all attempts to monosyllabic translation of this term insufficient.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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