Ergebnisse und Trends der forstlichen Betriebsabrechnung im Kanton Aargau von 1991 bis 2002 | Results and trends of the forest accounts in the canton of Argovia 1991-2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
Ernst Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Forest Enterprises ◽  
Catastrophic Damage

In recent years public forest owners in the canton of Argovia have carried out considerable structural changes. The positive consequences to the accounts arising from these changes can be confirmed and documented using a number of various measurements from the forest accounts. Until 1999 the results of structural changes compensated for the decrease in wood revenues, even managing in some cases to move from loss to profit. The falls in profit following the catastrophic damage caused by the hurricane Lothar in December 1999 also meant falling accounts. Even in internationally comparable enterprise structures, the survival of forest enterprises is not assured at these low levels. Against a background of, above all, falling subventions without corresponding compensation, further structural changes are unavoidable. Such changes, however, can only lead to success if value is added along the entire production chain and the branch of forest and wood management is able to compete internationally.

Hyperpermeability and ATP depletion induced by chronic hypoxia or glycolytic inhibition in Caco-2BBe monolayers

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (6) ◽  
pp. G1010-G1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Unno ◽  
M. J. Menconi ◽  
A. L. Salzman ◽  
M. Smith ◽  
S. Hagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Barrier Function ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Atp Depletion ◽  
Disulfonic Acid ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Atp Content ◽  
Endothelial Monolayers ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Permeable Supports

Previous studies have documented that the barrier function of epithelial or endothelial monolayers is deranged when cellular ATP levels are rapidly decreased to very low levels by inhibitors of mitochondrial and glycolytic function. We hypothesized that lesser degrees of ATP depletion also might affect epithelial permeability, particularly if the perturbation were sustained for a prolonged interval. Using Caco-2BBe cells grown on permeable supports mounted in bicameral chambers, we assessed permeability by measuring the apical-to-basolateral clearance (flux divided by apical compartment concentration) of fluorescein disulfonic acid. ATP was depleted by incubating cells in glucose-free (Glu-) medium containing 10 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) for 12, 24, or 48 h or under an anoxic atmosphere for 24, 48, or 72 h. Although both models of energy depletion were characterized by significant derangements in barrier function, metabolic inhibition with 2-DOG/ Glu- resulted in greater increases in permeability and more profound decrements in cellular ATP content. Morphological studies using electron and confocal fluorescence microscopy showed structural changes in individual cells and derangements in the normal distribution of perijunctional actin after monolayers were incubated with 2-DOG/Glu- but not after incubation under an anoxic atmosphere. Addition of 10 mM lactic acid (final pH 6.7) provided significant protection against both hyperpermeability and ATP depletion induced by 2-DOG/Glu-. We conclude that moderate degrees of ATP depletion are sufficient to increase the permeability of Caco-2BBe monolayers and that lactic acidosis helps to preserve ATP content, barrier function, and morphological integrity in hypoxic intestinal epithelial cells.

Vermarktung von Schutzleistungen des Waldes – das Beispiel des Kantons Bern | Marketing of protection services – the example of Canton Berne

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (9) ◽  
pp. 379-383
Author(s):  
Roger Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Public Funding ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Forest Owner ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
The Public ◽  
Forest Enterprises ◽  
Protection Forests ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Financial Contributions

In Switzerland, payments to forest owners and enterprises compensating the costs of forestry measures for protecting houses and infrastructure from natural hazards – and thus providing benefits to the public – are now better than for other non-wood products and services. With the new system of Redistribution of Income and Responsibilities between the Confederation and the cantons (NFA), not only the financial contributions and the procedures between Confederation and cantons have been adapted. In Canton Berne, the entity responsible for the safety of the object to be protected (“Safety Agency”) is now included in the decision making process and the financing. Where housing is concerned, the communal authorities usually act as Safety Agency, where infrastructure is concerned the owner or operating authority. The Forestry Service of Canton Berne defines the procedures, advises the forest owners and Safety Agency, and provides public funding when the requirements are met. Forest owners and Safety Agency agree on the services to be provided and the remaining funding. The financial contributions of Confederation, cantons and Safety Agency do not compensate the forest owner for the protective effect of his forest, but for the actual dispositive and operative services provided. These need to be furnished in an efficient and transparent way. Forest enterprises must also be able to make profits with the management of protection forests. Covering costs alone is not a sufficient incentive to ensure that the necessary measures are carried out in the long term.

Die Forstbetriebe im Kanton Aargau; von traditionellen Besitzstrukturen und dynamischen Forstbetrieben | Forest enterprises in the canton of Argovia:traditional owner structures and dynamic forest management

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 249-253
Author(s):  
Robert Häfner
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
Publicly Owned ◽  
Forest Enterprises

Approximately 250 publicly owned forest districts in the canton of Argovia manage 80 per cent of the total forest of the canton divided between 91 forest enterprises. All excepting 8 of the latter have joined forces with one or more partners and independently regulated the size, form and legal structure of their co-operation. The small size of the owner structures in the canton of Argovia led to overlapping co-operation and mergers of enterprises very early on. Nevertheless, over the past ten years structural changes have accelerated; the number of enterprises with between 400 and 800 ha of forest and annual wood yields of between 4500 and 9000 m3 has more than doubled from 16 to 35 enterprises. In most cases cooperation is regulated by communal contracts but the socalled«interest alliances» (Zweckverbände) are possible as independent bodies under existing law. Using two examples we also present and discuss entrepreneurial, private sector solutions.

scholarly journals Post-communism structural changes of the Romanian forestry sector

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 18-21
Author(s):  
Ioan Vasile Abrudan
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Normal Activity ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Forest Ownership ◽  
Forestry Sector ◽  
The Government ◽  
Total Forest Area ◽  
Regional Forest

Forests cover 28 % of the land area of Romania and, they are important from the ecological, economic and social perspectives. Political initiatives to restore property to its pre-nationalization (1948) forest owners became a reality, after the fall of communism. Compared to the other former communist countries from Central and Eastern Europe, the forest restitution process in Romania took a longer time and has been legally implemented via three successive restitution laws in a period of 15 years: Law 18/1991, Law 1/2000 and Law 457/2005. By the successive implementation of these forest restitution laws, the total forest area restituted to the non-state forest owners reached 3.15 million ha at the beginning of 2017, representing about half of the total forest area in Romania. The institutional changes in the forestry sector have been politically influenced (both by the Government and European Union) and not always responsive to the sector needs, realities and evolution. Whilst during the communist period, all typical sectoral functions such as regulatory, supervisory, management and ownership were under the responsibility of the same entity – the Ministry of Forests, in early 1990 s the regulatory and supervisory functions of the state were separated from the management function as the National Forest Administration (NFA)-Romsilva was established as the management entity of state forests, mainly with a commercial mandate. The move of the Department of Forests (the public authority responsible for forests in Romania) under different ministries in the last three decades was accompanied by many changes of the subordinated units and disruptions in the normal activity of its staff. Regarding the forest control and supervisory functions at regional level, 7 regional Forest Inspectorates were established in 1999, their number being increased to 16 in 2001. After 2003 they have had a tumultuous evolution, with several changes of mission and subordination and in 2015, the Forest Inspectorates were transformed into Forest Guards. A significant institutional milestone in the post-communist development of the forestry sector in Romania was the establishment of the first "private" forest districts (administrative/management legal entities for non-state forests, similar to those of NFA-Romsilva) in 2002: their number reached 145 in 2017, managing more than 1.7 million ha of forests. The radical change in forest ownership continues to pose a high pressure on the restructuring of the forest institutions, administration and management structures. It is expected that the decentralisation and reduction of state role in forest administration and management will continue in the next decade.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of freshwater species under single and multigenerational exposure to seawater intrusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1764) ◽  
pp. 20180252 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Venâncio ◽  
B. B. Castro ◽  
R. Ribeiro ◽  
S. C. Antunes ◽  
N. Abrantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brachionus Plicatilis ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii ◽  
Freshwater Species ◽  
Trophic Relations ◽  
Freshwater Organisms ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

Salinization of coastal freshwater ecosystems is already occurring in some regions of the world. This phenomenon raises serious concerns on the protection of coastal freshwater ecosystems, since many of them support and shelter a large number of species and are considered hotspots of biodiversity. This work intended to assess the adverse effects that salinization, caused by the intrusion of seawater (SW), may pose to freshwater organisms. In this study, three specific goals were addressed: (i) to assess if sodium chloride (NaCl) may be used as a surrogate of natural SW at early-stages of risk assessment; (ii) to identify the most sensitive freshwater species to salinity NaCl; and (iii) to determine if increased tolerance to salinity may be acquired after multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinization (induced with NaCl). A total of 12 standard monospecific bioassays were carried out by exposing organisms from different taxonomic groups (Cyanobacteria: one species, Tracheophyta: two species, Rotifera: one species, Arthropoda: two species and Mollusca: one species) to a series of concentrations of NaCl (ranging from 0.95 to 22.8 mS cm –1 ) or dilutions of SW (ranging from 1.70 to 52.3 mS cm −1 ). In general, NaCl exerted similar or higher toxicity than SW, both at lethal and sublethal levels, suggesting that it may be proposed as a protective surrogate of SW for first tiers of salinization risk assessment. Among all tested species, the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii , the daphnid Daphnia longispina and the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis were the most sensitive taxa to salinization (EC 50 ≤ 4.38 mS cm −1 ). Given their position at the basis of the food web, it is suggested that small increments of salinity may be enough to induce structural changes in freshwater communities or induce changes in trophic relations. No clear evidences of increased tolerance after multigenerational exposure to low levels of salinity were found. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Salt in freshwaters: causes, ecological consequences and future prospects’.

scholarly journals Rhamnolipid-Induced Removal of Lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Effect on Cell Surface Properties and Interaction with Hydrophobic Substrates

2000 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 3262-3268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ragheb A. Al-Tahhan ◽  
Todd R. Sandrin ◽  
Adria A. Bodour ◽  
Raina M. Maier
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Cell Surface Hydrophobicity ◽  
Bacterial Cells ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Rhamnolipid Biosurfactant

ABSTRACT Little is known about the interaction of biosurfactants with bacterial cells. Recent work in the area of biodegradation suggests that there are two mechanisms by which biosurfactants enhance the biodegradation of slightly soluble organic compounds. First, biosurfactants can solubilize hydrophobic compounds within micelle structures, effectively increasing the apparent aqueous solubility of the organic compound and its availability for uptake by a cell. Second, biosurfactants can cause the cell surface to become more hydrophobic, thereby increasing the association of the cell with the slightly soluble substrate. Since the second mechanism requires very low levels of added biosurfactant, it is the more intriguing of the two mechanisms from the perspective of enhancing the biodegradation process. This is because, in practical terms, addition of low levels of biosurfactants will be more cost-effective for bioremediation. To successfully optimize the use of biosurfactants in the bioremediation process, their effect on cell surfaces must be understood. We report here that rhamnolipid biosurfactant causes the cell surface ofPseudomonas spp. to become hydrophobic through release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study, two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were grown on glucose and hexadecane to investigate the chemical and structural changes that occur in the presence of a rhamnolipid biosurfactant. Results showed that rhamnolipids caused an overall loss in cellular fatty acid content. Loss of fatty acids was due to release of LPS from the outer membrane, as demonstrated by 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonic acid and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and further confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. The amount of LPS loss was found to be dependent on rhamnolipid concentration, but significant loss occurred even at concentrations less than the critical micelle concentration. We conclude that rhamnolipid-induced LPS release is the probable mechanism of enhanced cell surface hydrophobicity.

scholarly journals Conservation perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in Europe: A systematic review

AMBIO ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malin Tiebel ◽  
Andreas Mölder ◽  
Tobias Plieninger
Keyword(s):  
Nature Conservation ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Private Forest ◽  
Private Forest Owners ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Private Forests

AbstractPrivate forest owners are the main forest ownership group within Europe, and important conservation values have been found on their land. Yet, small plot sizes, societal heterogeneity, and structural changes impede developing and implementing effective conservation programs in private forests. We present a systematic literature review focusing on small-scale private forest owners and their perspectives on nature conservation by synthesizing research approaches, social-ecological drivers, and policy recommendations. Conservation perspectives were positively related to female gender, higher levels of education, formalized forest management, an active relation to the forest, and ecological values of the property. In contrast, high age, rural orientation, economic forest management factors, large parcel size, and economic and sentimental property values negatively influenced conservation perspectives. Applying a natural resource conflict management framework, we synthesized recommendations covering three dimensions: substance, procedure, relationship. Considering perspectives of small-scale private forest owners in current forestry decision-making has great potential to strengthen sustainable forest management that integrates nature conservation and resource use.

scholarly journals Current challenges for regional development: threats to economic security

2017 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Alla Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Business Enterprise ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Priority Areas

The article deals with current challenges for regional development and their impact as causes of threats to economic security. Economic security is seen as a complex multilevel system, the formation of which occurs at various levels of economy’s hierarchy: the state level, an economic sector, an industry (economic activity), a region, a business enterprise, a city, a town, a village, a local territorial community, a person. It is determined that a region’s internal and external environment is the key factor of its economic security. The assessment, which was carried out, enables to establish the following characteristics: structural imbalances, a gap between regional investing priorities and determined priorities, a break in the production chain, an asymmetry in technological development of regional industries, expansion of foreign companies on the domestic market, incompatibility between the system of institutions and the aims of social and economic development of regions. The research paper describes the current challenges for regional development, such as deepening of regional differences in creating tensions in regional labour markets; intensification of migration processes; growing differences in the intensity of structural changes; reducing foreign investment; institutional and fiscal decentralization; growing problems in organizing and financing social services; deepening asymmetry in the development of cross-border infrastructure, which requires a system of protection against increasing threats to economic security. A range of methodological approaches to assessing the level of economic security is generalized. A set of quantitative and qualitative indicators is suggested for evaluating the results of security assurance activities at all levels of the hierarchy: a region, a territorial community, a business enterprise, a person. The priority areas of administrative activity designed to prevent threats to economic security are identified. Given the current challenges, these priority areas include: structural reform of the economy, an increasing backbone role of state-owned entrepreneurship, inter-regional and inter-municipal cooperation, modernization of social safety in terms of personal security, strengthening safety of entrepreneurship, reinforcement of security of local communities under conditions of political, administrative, financial, fiscal, economic and environmental decentralization. The main characteristics of each area are pointed out. Further research studies are to be undertaken to empirically examine the results of these measures and identify barriers for institutional assurance of economic security.

scholarly journals Management of economical and structural changes of business in energy-intensive industrial sectors: Using the example of the petrochemical industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Ilshat Khairullin ◽  
Alina Khasanova ◽  
Guzel Khaziakhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
High Level

The petrochemical industry is one of the main branches of Russian industry development. The average growth rate of the petrochemical industry in 2016-2018 was higher than in the manufacturing sector-about 5%; in 2019, it was 2.7%. The growth of production due to the high level of demand for the products of petrochemical enterprises determines the same characteristic of their investment activity. The desire of Russian petrochemical companies to develop the production of high-value products, economic analysis of production, structural analysis of production, availability of raw materials, assessment of energy intensity and competitiveness of existing technologies is extremely important. In this regard, the article is devoted to the management of structural changes in the business in the petrochemical industry. Recently, an analysis of average electricity consumption by petrochemical enterprises in Russia and abroad shows that enterprises lag far behind, although foreign enterprises produce slightly more than Russian enterprises in terms of production volumes. The main reason for the desire of enterprises to restructure are, of course, unsatisfactory values of financial indicators, there is also a shortage of working capital, large amounts of accounts payable, operating costs. In the process of enterprise restructuring, it is increasingly planned to create gas and petrochemical conglomerates-clusters that form the basis for the development of production; the production chain will be implemented from the production of hydrocarbons to the production of consumer goods.

scholarly journals Eine Vorwärtsstrategie für Buchenholz ist eine Vorwärtsstrategie für Waldeigentümer (Essay)

2019 ◽  
Vol 170 (4) ◽  
pp. 189-193
Author(s):  
Raphael Häner ◽  
Gabriella Ries ◽  
Stefan Vögtli ◽  
Philipp Schoch
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Waste Wood ◽  
Growing Stock ◽  
Wood Processing ◽  
Forest Ecosystem Services ◽  
Forest Enterprises ◽  
Heating Plant

A strategy for beech wood is a strategy for forest owners (essay) In the two cantons of Basel-Land and Basel-Stadt, there are about 8.2 million m3 of growing stock, of which 3.2 million m3 or 40% is beech. Due to general economic conditions, in recent decades forest owners have had increasing difficulty in adding value to their wood. To remedy this situation, they contributed to the construction of the Basel wood-fired heating plant, which has been producing heat and energy from about 100 000 loose cubic metres (lcm; 36 000 m3) of forest wood from the two Basel cantons and about 140 000 lcm forest wood and waste wood from the surrounding area every year since 2008. In 2012, they launched the project “Building with Beech”, which aims to replace concrete and steel in building construction with beech lumber. The plant in question – Fagus Suisse SA – became operational this year. As a result, the forest owners of the two Basel cantons are no longer only producers of wood in the rough, but also stakeholders in the wood processing industry. However, measures in the field of wood processing are not enough to bring forestry enterprises back to profitability. They need a strategy to give value to other forest ecosystem services. The association WaldBeiderBasel has developed a catalogue of services that highlights the possibilities in this area. The key to success for the forest enterprises lies in recognising their own strengths and particularities and in intelligent cooperation with the private sector. It is important that forest owners and forest enterprises adapt to the needs of society and that their forest management practices demonstrate the sustainable use of natural resources.

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