scholarly journals Management of economical and structural changes of business in energy-intensive industrial sectors: Using the example of the petrochemical industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-72
Author(s):  
Ilshat Khairullin ◽  
Alina Khasanova ◽  
Guzel Khaziakhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Petrochemical Industry ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Investment Activity ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
High Level

The petrochemical industry is one of the main branches of Russian industry development. The average growth rate of the petrochemical industry in 2016-2018 was higher than in the manufacturing sector-about 5%; in 2019, it was 2.7%. The growth of production due to the high level of demand for the products of petrochemical enterprises determines the same characteristic of their investment activity. The desire of Russian petrochemical companies to develop the production of high-value products, economic analysis of production, structural analysis of production, availability of raw materials, assessment of energy intensity and competitiveness of existing technologies is extremely important. In this regard, the article is devoted to the management of structural changes in the business in the petrochemical industry. Recently, an analysis of average electricity consumption by petrochemical enterprises in Russia and abroad shows that enterprises lag far behind, although foreign enterprises produce slightly more than Russian enterprises in terms of production volumes. The main reason for the desire of enterprises to restructure are, of course, unsatisfactory values of financial indicators, there is also a shortage of working capital, large amounts of accounts payable, operating costs. In the process of enterprise restructuring, it is increasingly planned to create gas and petrochemical conglomerates-clusters that form the basis for the development of production; the production chain will be implemented from the production of hydrocarbons to the production of consumer goods.

scholarly journals Can Sectoral Re-allocation Explain the Jobless Growth? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (4II) ◽  
pp. 705-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azad Haider
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Foreign Technology ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Jobless Growth

The present paper discuss the nature of structural changes in employment to understand jobless growth in Pakistan for the period spanning over 1967-2008. In our work (elsewhere)1 analysing Pakistan at sectoral level to find underlying factors generating jobless growth, we found that Jobless growth in manufacturing sector was anticipated. Industrial sector has a significant importance in any economy across the glob. Recent changes in the use of capital—based foreign technology has resulted in substitution of labour with non-labour inputs such as capital. Employment shifts between industrial sectors are often witnessed as indicators of Structural change in an economy. In this paper we are more interested in the nature of structural change that took place in Pakistan economy over 1967-2008. We set to analyse four commonly used measures of sectoral reallocation proposed by Lilien (1982), Groshen and Potter (2003), Rissman (1997), and Aaronson, Rissman and Sullivan (2004). Findings of our work are suggesting that the economy of Pakistan underwent structural change during periods of recession and recovery. However, it does appear that structural changes were more pronounced at the time of 1969 recession than that of 1991 recession. A plausible explanation for this result might be significant shifts in employment from agriculture towards services sectors. We conclude, based on the evidence from our study, that sectoral reallocation is one of the major causes of jobless growth in Pakistan.

scholarly journals Decomposition of industry structural shifts and reconstruction research based on share analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 02012
Author(s):  
Yulia Vertakova ◽  
Maria Klevtsova ◽  
Anna Rushkova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Innovation Model ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Structural Shifts

The current stage of economic development is characterized by the need to adjust the structural proportions of the development of individual industries. Particular attention should be paid to priority sectors, in particular, industries in the manufacturing sector, the ones changing the development trajectory from the raw material concept to the innovation model. The research also highlighted high-income and low-income activities, as well as the industry differentiation in terms of the level of concentration and labour resources, the dynamics of changes in structural proportions was investigated. The goal of the article is to decompose structural changes in sectors of the economy in certain regions of the Russian Federation by elements of employment, output and residual component. On the basis of a modified structural share analysis, decomposition of the structural elements of economic development was carried out on the basis of an analysis of structural proportions. As a result, the authors determined the relationship between economic growth and structural shifts for individual components. Approbation of the research conducted on the example of the regions of the Russian Federation. The calculation of shifts in the industry due to changes in the share of employment by type of activity and due to changes in the structure of output has been carried out. A mapping of changes in the structural proportions of the regional economy was also carried out, and changes in the structural proportions in individual sectors of the industrial and non-industrial sectors were analyzed on the basis of selected components.

External Control and Regional Development: The Case of Scotland

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Firn
Keyword(s):  
Regional Development ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
External Control ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Control

The purpose of the paper is to examine some recent evidence on the degree and type of external ownership and control that exists in the manufacturing sector of the Scottish economy. Definitions of external control are discussed, and its incidence in Scotland is shown to vary widely between industrial sectors; between different sizes of manufacturing enterprise; between different types of enterprise organisation; and between the different subregions of Scotland. The theoretical and policy implications of the Scottish situation, where nearly 60 per cent of the ownership and control of manufacturing employment lies in other regions of the United Kingdom and overseas, are discussed, and areas for future research outlined. It is argued that this factor is one of vital importance for the understanding of the processes and constraints of regional economic development, and that its neglect has contributed to much of the dissatisfaction expressed about the achievements of postwar British regional development-policy. The paper concludes that the development of a high level of control is not in the long-term economic interests of Scotland.

scholarly journals Consumption of Electricity and Industrial Growth in the Case of Ghana

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Abokyi ◽  
Paul Appiah-Konadu ◽  
Isaiah Sikayena ◽  
Eric F. Oteng-Abayie
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Correction Term ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Causative Relationship ◽  
Widespread Belief ◽  
Growth Hypothesis

We examine the causative relationship amongst electricity consumption and industrial growth in Ghana for the period of 1971 to 2014. The results of the ARDL bounds test showed that long-run relationship exists among the variables. The error correction term was also significant and negatively signed providing further evidence of long-run relationship. Contrary to the widespread belief that electricity consumption spurs productivity, the study reveals that electricity consumption has a negative impact on manufacturing sector output in Ghana. This occurrence could be explained by the fact that whiles the average growth in electricity consumption in Ghana is positive, the share of industrial sector’s electricity consumption continues to decline on the average. The Toda-Yamamoto test shows a unidirectional causality running from electricity consumption to industrial growth in Ghana, supporting the growth hypothesis in the extant literature.

THE IMPACT OF UKRAINE'S EXCISE DUTY POLICY ON THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESSES OF THE TOBACCO MARKET

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10) ◽  
pp. 19-33
Author(s):  
Nadiia NOVYTSKA ◽  
◽  
Inna KHLIEBNIKOVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Excise Duty ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Transformation Processes

The market of tobacco products in Ukraine is one of the most dynamic and competitive. It develops under the influence of certain factors that cause structural changes, therefore, the aim of the article is to conduct a comprehensive analysis of transformation processes in the market of tobacco and their alternatives in Ukraine and identify the factors that cause them. The high level of tax burden and the proliferation of alternative products with a potentially lower risk to human health, including heating tobacco products and e-cigarettes, are key factors in the market’s transformation process. Their presence leads to an increase in illicit turnover of tobacco products, which accounts for 6.37% of the market, and the gradual replacement of cigarettes with alternative products, which account for 12.95%. The presence on the market of products that are not taxed or taxed at lower rates is one of the reasons for the reduction of excise duty revenues. According to the results of 2019, the planned indicators of revenues were not met by 23.5%. Other reasons for non-fulfillment of excise duty revenues include: declining dynamics of the tobacco products market; reduction in the number of smokers; reorientation of «cheap whites» cigarette flows from Ukraine to neighboring countries; tax avoidance. Prospects for further research are identified, namely the need to develop measures for state regulation and optimization of excise duty taxation of tobacco products and their alternatives, taking into account the risks to public health and increasing demand of illegal products.

Folding-Controlled Assembly of Ortho-Phenylene-Based Macrocycles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viraj kirinda ◽  
Scott Hartley
Keyword(s):  
Self Assembly ◽  
Structural Control ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Condensation Product ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Emergent Behavior ◽  
Order Structure ◽  
High Level ◽  
Alkoxy Groups ◽  
Energy Surfaces

The self-assembly of foldamers into macrocycles is a simple approach to non-biological higher-order structure. Previous work on the co-assembly of ortho-phenylene foldamers with rod-shaped linkers has shown that folding and self-assembly affect each other; that is, the combination leads to new emergent behavior, such as access to otherwise unfavorable folding states. To this point this relationship has been passive. Here, we demonstrate control of self-assembly by manipulating the foldamers’ conformational energy surfaces. A series of o-phenylene decamers and octamers have been assembled into macrocycles using imine condensation. Product distributions were analyzed by gel-permeation chromatography and molecular geometries extracted from a combination of NMR spectroscopy and computational chemistry. The assembly of o-phenylene decamers functionalized with alkoxy groups or hydrogens gives both [2+2] and [3+3] macrocycles. The mixture results from a subtle balance of entropic and enthalpic effects in these systems: the smaller [2+2] macrocycles are entropically favored but require the oligomer to misfold, whereas a perfectly folded decamer fits well within the larger [3+3] macrocycle that is entropically disfavored. Changing the substituents to fluoro groups, however, shifts assembly quantitatively to the [3+3] macrocycle products, even though the structural changes are well-removed from the functional groups directly participating in bond formation. The electron-withdrawing groups favor folding in these systems by strengthening arene–arene stacking interactions, increasing the enthalpic penalty to misfolding. The architectural changes are substantial even though the chemical perturbation is small: analogous o-phenylene octamers do not fit within macrocycles when perfectly folded, and quantitatively misfold to give small macrocycles regardless of substitution. Taken together, these results represent both a high level of structural control in structurally complex foldamer systems and the demonstration of large-amplitude structural changes as a consequence of a small structural effects.

Ergebnisse und Trends der forstlichen Betriebsabrechnung im Kanton Aargau von 1991 bis 2002 | Results and trends of the forest accounts in the canton of Argovia 1991-2002

2003 ◽  
Vol 154 (7) ◽  
pp. 254-257
Author(s):  
Ernst Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Forest Owners ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Forest Enterprises ◽  
Catastrophic Damage

In recent years public forest owners in the canton of Argovia have carried out considerable structural changes. The positive consequences to the accounts arising from these changes can be confirmed and documented using a number of various measurements from the forest accounts. Until 1999 the results of structural changes compensated for the decrease in wood revenues, even managing in some cases to move from loss to profit. The falls in profit following the catastrophic damage caused by the hurricane Lothar in December 1999 also meant falling accounts. Even in internationally comparable enterprise structures, the survival of forest enterprises is not assured at these low levels. Against a background of, above all, falling subventions without corresponding compensation, further structural changes are unavoidable. Such changes, however, can only lead to success if value is added along the entire production chain and the branch of forest and wood management is able to compete internationally.

Ukraine’s foreign trade in meat and meat products: trends and geographical aspects

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Olena Lyakhovska
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
World Market ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Meat Industry ◽  
Geographical Structure

Current trends in meat and meat products exports are considered. The dynamics and structural changes in meat exports by types and degree of processing (beef and veal, pork, poultry, finished meat products) are analyzed. The paper proves that in recent years, only meat and edible poultry by-products have taken a competitive position in the world market. Accordingly, the dynamics of exports of this type of meat is positive, and the share of these products in the structure of exported meat is the largest (86.09%). Possible threats to the growth of import dependence on certain types of meat products, in particular, chilled and frozen beef and veal, pork, are indicated. The rating of the largest countries-importers of meat and meat products (by types) from Ukraine is built, their share in the structure of meat exports is determined. Changes in the geographical structure of exports have been studied, which indicate a low level of diversification of the geography of exports of certain types of meat (pork, beef). At the same time, a positive development of the geographical structure of poultry meat exports (exported to more than 100 countries) was revealed. Problems of the export potential development in the meat industry of Ukraine are revealed. In particular, the problems of livestock development (outdated technologies and production techniques that reduce the efficiency and productivity; inefficiency of the organization of purchase and processing of meat, which leads to reduced breeding in small businesses and households; inefficiency of state incentives, etc.) and industrial meat production (lack of raw materials, obsolescence of fixed assets and production technologies, poorly developed logistics, etc.). The solution of these problems requires: a systematic approach, which will encourage the cooperation of agricultural and industrial production, cooperation with importers of meat products and protection of domestic producers in the domestic and international markets, creating a favorable investment and information environment that will promote the meat industry development.

Australia—The Hidden Jewel

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh K. Joshi ◽  
J.R. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dutch Disease

The twenty-first century is being touted as the Asian century. With its stable economy, good governance, education system, and above all the abundant natural resources, will Australia to take its place in the global economy by becoming more entrepreneurial and accelerating its rate of growth, or will it get infected with the so-called Dutch disease? It has been successful in managing trade ties with fast-developing economies like China and India as well as developed countries like the United States. It has participated in the growth of China by providing iron ore and coal. Because it is a low-risk country, it has enabled inflow of large foreign capital investments. A lot will depend on its capability and willingness to invest the capital available in entrepreneurial ventures, its ability to capture the full value chain of natural resources, and to export the finished products instead of raw materials, while building a robust manufacturing sector.

scholarly journals Alkali-Hydrothermal Treatment of K-Rich Igneous Rocks for Their Direct Use as Potassic Fertilizers

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Aaron Mbissik ◽  
Abdellatif Elghali ◽  
Muhammad Ouabid ◽  
Otmane Raji ◽  
Jean-Louis Bodinier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrothermal Treatment ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Igneous Rocks ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Naoh Solution

Due to the increasing demand for conventional sources of potassium (K) and their inaccessibility by African countries, K-rich igneous rocks are increasingly studied as potential alternative sources. In this study, six potassic igneous rocks (syenites and trachytes) from the Tamazeght, Jbel Boho, Ait Saoun, and El Glo’a regions (Morocco) were sampled and characterized. Then they were hydrothermally treated to enhance their K release for potential use as potassic fertilizers. The raw materials are mainly formed by microcline (up to 74%), orthoclase (20–68%), albite (36–57%), biotite-muscovite (15–23%), and titanite, calcite, hematite, and apatite as accessory minerals. These samples were crushed and milled to reach a particle size <150 µm and mixed with 4 N NaOH solution in an autoclave. The liquid/solid (L/S) ratio was about 44 mL/50 g. The powders were allowed to react with the solution at 170 °C for 7 h. For all tests, NaOH reacted completely with the powders and no liquid was observed after the treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (IRTF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS) were carried out on treated samples to characterize the mineralogical and structural changes due to the alkali-hydrothermal treatment. Indeed, the treated samples revealed the presence of sodic neoformed phases such as thermonatrite, sodalite, analcime, and cancrinite. The treated material was leached for a week using deionized water and the elements released were measured using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The hydrothermal process showed a strong effect on structure breakdown as well as on the release of K and other nutrients such as P, Fe, Si, Mg, and Ca. Therefore, the alkali-hydrothermal treatment allowed the release of 50.5 wt% K. Moreover, the release of Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si were significantly increased. Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si release within raw materials was about (0.5–3.6), (3.5–31.4), (0.01–0.4), (0.01–0.3), (20–55), and (4.6–8) mg/kg, respectively, whereas treated samples showed a higher release of these elements. Quantitatively, Mg, Ca, Fe, P, K, and Si releases were about (10–11.8), (60–70), (7–20), (1.2–15), (218–1278), and (1119–2759) mg/kg, respectively. Consequently, the treated igneous rocks (syenite and trachyte) could be directly used as potassic fertilizers that would also be a source of other nutrients.

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