scholarly journals Hubungan Faktor Risiko Dental Ergonomi dengan Keluhan Subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada Dental Assistant

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Dhidit Kresno Waskito ◽  
Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽  
Aryani Widayati ◽  
Siti Sulastri

One of the hazards in dentistry is dental ergonomic. A working problem that can be caused by ergonomic hazards is Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The dental assistant is one of the jobs that have a risk for the occurrence of abnormalities in the musculoskeletal system. Based on the preliminary study on dental assistants that work in Pontianak City showed that 85% of people had musculoskeletal complaints on the legs, 71,4% had complaints on the calf, and 57,1% had complaints on the shoulder and upper back. The aim of this research is to find out the correlation between risk factors of dental ergonomics and subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) on dental assistants. The type of this research was a quantitative study with an analytical observational approach using a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in Pontianak City in August 2021. The population of this research is 48 respondents and the samples were chosen using the total sampling technique. The instrument that used in this research were collected from the risk factors of dental ergonomics and Nordic Body Map (NMB) questionnaires which were later analyzed using Kendall's tau-b test. The result of this research is risk factors of dental ergonomics in the low category is 54,20%. The subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the low category is 68,80%. Based on Kendall's tau-b test showed that P. Value is 0,601 > 0,05 it means that there is no correlation between risk factors of dental ergonomics and subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The conclusion of this research is there is no correlation between risk factors of dental ergonomics and subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) on dental assistants. For further research is expected to examine other risk factors that can cause subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Salah satu unsur bahaya dalam dunia kedokteran gigi adalah dental ergonomi. Masalah kerja yang dapat ditimbulkan akibat bahaya ergonomi adalah Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Pekerjaan dental assistant merupakan salah satu pekerjaan yang memiliki risiko untuk terjadinya keluhan pada sistem musculoskeletal. Hasil studi pendahuluan pada dental assistant yang bekerja di wilayah Kota Pontianak menunjukkan bahwa 85% responden mengalami keluhan musculoskeletal pada bagian kaki, 71,4% pada bagian betis, dan 57,1% pada bagian bahu dan punggung atas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor risiko dental ergonomi dengan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada dental assistant. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian  kuantitatif dengan pendekatan observasional analitik menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Pontianak pada bulan Agustus 2021. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 48 responden dan pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner faktor risiko dental ergonomi dan kuesioner Nordic Body Map (NBM). Analisis data menggunakan uji Kendall’s Tau-B. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah faktor risiko dental ergonomi berada pada kategori rendah (54,20%). Keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) berada pada kategori rendah (68,80%). Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai P. Value sebesar 0,601 > 0,05 sehingga tidak terdapat hubungan antara faktor risiko dental ergonomi dengan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara faktor risiko dental ergonomi dengan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada dental assistant. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat mengkaji faktor-faktor risiko lain yang dapat menyebabkan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).  

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Dhidit Kresno Waskito ◽  
Sutrisno Sutrisno ◽  
Aryani Widayati ◽  
Siti Sulastri

One of the hazards in dentistry is dental ergonomic. A working problem that can be caused by ergonomic hazards is Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The dental assistant is one of the jobs that have a risk for the occurrence of abnormalities in the musculoskeletal system. Based on the preliminary study on dental assistants that work in Pontianak City showed that 85% of people had musculoskeletal complaints on the legs, 71,4% had complaints on the calf, and 57,1% had complaints on the shoulder and upper back. The aim of this research is to find out the correlation between risk factors of dental ergonomics and subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) on dental assistants. The type of this research was a quantitative study with an analytical observational approach using a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in Pontianak City in August 2021. The population of this research is 48 respondents and the samples were chosen using the total sampling technique. The instrument that used in this research were collected from the risk factors of dental ergonomics and Nordic Body Map (NMB) questionnaires which were later analyzed using Kendall's tau-b test. The result of this research is risk factors of dental ergonomics in the low category is 54,20%. The subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the low category is 68,80%. Based on Kendall's tau-b test showed that P. Value is 0,601 > 0,05 it means that there is no correlation between risk factors of dental ergonomics and subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). The conclusion of this research is there is no correlation between risk factors of dental ergonomics and subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) on dental assistants. For further research is expected to examine other risk factors that can cause subjective complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Salah satu unsur bahaya dalam dunia kedokteran gigi adalah dental ergonomi. Masalah kerja yang dapat ditimbulkan akibat bahaya ergonomi adalah Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Pekerjaan dental assistant merupakan salah satu pekerjaan yang memiliki risiko untuk terjadinya keluhan pada sistem musculoskeletal. Hasil studi pendahuluan pada dental assistant yang bekerja di wilayah Kota Pontianak menunjukkan bahwa 85% responden mengalami keluhan musculoskeletal pada bagian kaki, 71,4% pada bagian betis, dan 57,1% pada bagian bahu dan punggung atas. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor risiko dental ergonomi dengan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada dental assistant. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian  kuantitatif dengan pendekatan observasional analitik menggunakan rancangan cross-sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kota Pontianak pada bulan Agustus 2021. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 48 responden dan pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik total sampling. Instrumen dalam penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner faktor risiko dental ergonomi dan kuesioner Nordic Body Map (NBM). Analisis data menggunakan uji Kendall’s Tau-B. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah faktor risiko dental ergonomi berada pada kategori rendah (54,20%). Keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) berada pada kategori rendah (68,80%). Hasil analisis data menunjukkan nilai P. Value sebesar 0,601 > 0,05 sehingga tidak terdapat hubungan antara faktor risiko dental ergonomi dengan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs). Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara faktor risiko dental ergonomi dengan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) pada dental assistant. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan dapat mengkaji faktor-faktor risiko lain yang dapat menyebabkan keluhan subjektif Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs).  


2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Dian Nur Adkhana Sari ◽  
Nurul Hanafi

Latar belakang: ASI merupakan sumber kehidupan bagi sang bayi pada periode extro-gestate atau pasca kelahiran. ASI eksklusif adalah pemberian air susu ibu untuk bayi di usia 0-6 bulan. Indonesia memiliki cakupan ASI ekslusif sebanyak 41,5% dan Yogyakarta memiliki presentase sebesar 71,6%. Kota Yogyakarta adalah cakupan ASI eksklusif terendah di D.I. Yogyakarta. Salah satu faktor keberhasilan pemberian ASI eksklusif adalah breastfeeding self efficacy dan motivasi. Breastfeeding self efficacy dan motivasi dapat terjadi pada ibu hamil trimester 3. Ketika Breastfeeding self efficacy dan motivasi tidak baik pada ibu hamil trimester 3 maka akan beresiko ibu tidak akan memberikan ASI eksklusif. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui hubungan antara breastfeeding self efficacy dengan motivasi dalam pemberian ASI eksklusif ibu trimester 3 di Puskesmas Umbulharjo I Kota Yogyakarta. Metode: Rancangan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif korelasi dengan cross sectional. Responden dalam penelitian sebanyak 58 responden dengan teknik accidental sampling. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner dengan analisis data Kendall’s Tau. Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signfikan antara breastfeeding self efficacy dengan motivasi dalam pemberian ASI eksklusif ibu trimester 3 di Puskesmas Umbulharjo I kota Yogyakarta, dengan nilai koefisien korelasi Kendall,s Tau 0,439 dan p value sebesar 0,001 (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Semakin baik breasfeeding self efficacy ibu hamil trimester 3 maka akan semakin baik pula motivasi dalam pemberian ASI eksklusif ibu hamil trimester 3 dan begitu juga sebaliknya.


2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Veyna Reysa Talumewo

Abstract: Stress is the physical and psychological disorders caused by the changes and demands of life which influenced either by environmental and individual performance within that environment. Excess of stress can affect the health and learning ability of students. Stress in medical students is a phenomenon encountered throughout the world. This study aims to confirm the effect of stress on learning durability of students of class 2013 Sam Ratulangi University Faculty of Medicine. Methods: This research is an observational analytic using a cross-sectional study method and samples of 100 students. Result: Result found as many as 48,4% students who experience stress. Existing data is tested using Kendall's Tau correlation test, p-value is 0.136, indicating that the result of this study shows no effect of stress on durability of learning in1st semester students of class 2013 Sam Ratulangi University Faculty of Medicine. Key Words: Stress, learning durability.    Abstrak: Stres adalah gangguan pada fisik dan psikis yang disebabkan oleh perubahan dan tuntutan kehidupan, yang dipengaruhi baik oleh lingkungan maupun penampilan individu didalam lingkungan tersebut. Stres yang berlebihan ini dapat mempengaruhi kesehatan dan kemampuan belajar dari mahasiswa. Stres pada mahasiswa kedokteran merupakan fenomena yang ditemui di seluruh dunia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh antara stres terhadap daya tahan belajar mahasiswa angkatan 2013 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan observasional analitik dengan menggunakan metode cross sectional study dan sampel berjumlah 100 mahasiswa. Hasil: Didapati, sebanyak 48,4%  mahasiswa yang mengalami stres Data yang ada diuji menggunakan uji korelasi Kendall’s Tau, nilai p yang didapatkan adalah 0,136,  menunjukkan bahwa hasil penelitian ini tidak mempunyai pengaruh antara stres dengan daya tahan belajar pada mahasiswa semester 1 angkatan 2013 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Kata Kunci: Stres, daya tahan belajar.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Wiworo Haryani ◽  
Rachma Indahsari ◽  
Sutrisno Sutrisno

Background: Missing or lost teeth after tooth extraction may lead to tooth decay and infection. Many cases of tooth loss will not be followed with prosthodontics or rehabilitative treatments. Patients might be aware of partial denture, however no concern to replace the missing teeth.Aims: This study was to determine the relationship between the levels of knowledge and interest in using the partial dentures.Methods: This study was an observational analytic survey with cross sectional design, conducted in October - November 2017. The work involved 60 patients who had pulled teeth at Kanina Dental Clinic, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, who had been selected using purposive sampling technique. Levels of knowledge and interest among the participants were assessed by a set of questionnaire. The data obtained was then analysed using Kendall's Tau test.Results: From the study, we found that 35 respondents had good knowledge and high interest to use partial dentures (58.3%), while the other 22 patients (40%) had been noted with less knowledge and poor maintenance. From Kendall's Tau test, we found a significant relationship between the patient's knowledge and partial removal denture maintenance of p value = 0.003. This study also highlights the role of patients’ peer to their decision to use the removable partial dentures.Conclusion: Respondents may consider loosing teeth affected to their physical aesthetics, masticatory system, and speaking comfort. Data shows the higher knowledge to the benefits of partial dentures the higher their interest in using removable partial dentures after tooth extraction. 


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Junita Marpaung ◽  
Sri Wulandari ◽  
Jati Untari

Latar Belakang: Kehamilan pertama bagi seorang ibu merupakan salah satu periode krisis. Sebagai calon ibu yang pertama kali hamil biasanya memiliki rasa kekhawatiran yang berlebih sehubungan dengan semakin dekatnya proses kelahiran. Pengetahuan ibu yang kurang tentang proses persalinan menjadi salah satu penyebab kecemasan sehingga, pengetahuan ibu penting untuk dikaji dalam mempersiapkan diri menghadapi persalinan.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan pengetahuan primigravida tentang proses persalinan dengan tingkat kecemasan dalam menghadapi persalinan di Puskesmas Kalasan.Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif analitik dengan study cross sectional mengunakan alat ukur kuesioner. Populasinya adalah ibu hamil primigravida di Puskesmas Kalasan. Responden yang digunakan sebanyak 54 orang dengan teknik Accidental Sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji korelasi Kendall’s Tau.Hasil: Sebagian besar pengetahuan responden adalah baik sejumlah 38 orang (70.4%). Sebagian besar tingkat kecemasan responden adalah normal sejumlah 43 orang (79.6%). Hasil uji Kendall’s Tau diperoleh nilai p value (0.000) < α (0.05) artinya ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan tingkat kecemasan dengan keeratan hubungan adalah kuat nilai CC (0.691).Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan pengetahuan primigravida tentang proses persalinan dengan tingkat kecemasan dalam menghadapi persalinan di Pusekemas Kalasan dengan keeratan hubungan kuat.  


2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Aan Devianto ◽  
Abdul Majid ◽  
Siitni Siitni

Background: Diabetes mellitus in Bantul occupies the second position after hypertension with 10.32% prevalence among non-contagious diseases. Social support is important for diabetes mellitus patients because it influences their behavior towards reaching the desirable health status. The data obtained from 30 patients show that 15 patients received social support because no family members were there to accompany them, 5 patients suffered an emotional distress because they were anxious about their disease, and 10 patients did not have either social support problems or emotional distress. Objectives: To determine the correlation between social support and emotional distress on diabetes mellitus patients at Panembahan Senopati Hospital Bantul. Research Method: This is a correlational non experimental research which uses a cross-sectional design. The sample collection used a purposive sampling technique. The analyses technique using Kendall’s tau Results: The descriptive analysis shows that 3 respondents received low social support (10.7%), 15 respondents received medium social support (53.6%), and 10 respondents received high social support (35.7%), 8 respondents experienced low emotional distress (28.6%), and 20 respondents experienced medium emotional distress (71.4%). Conclusion: The results of Kendall’s tau correlation coefficient test show that there is a significant correlation between social support and emotional distress on diabetes mellitus patients with a p value = 0.000 and a correlation coefficient = 0.788.


2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wajeeha Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Salman Bashir ◽  
Sarah Ehsan ◽  
Muhammad Atif Qureshi

Objective: To determine the association of Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and Exposure to Ergonomic risk factors among handicraft workers. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in a 12 weeks’ duration i.e. from November 2018 till January 2019. Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire was used to determine the frequency of upper limb musculoskeletal disorders. Postural analysis was done using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). Data was collected from 100 Handicraft workers and the type of work included Art work (n=18), Ada Work (n=7), botanical arrangement (n=11), Textile, fashion designing and stitching (n=38), Fine arts (n=20), embroidery and knitting (n=6). Results: The frequency distribution of Rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) score for exposure to risk factors showed that 47 participants were at a high risk and required implementation of change. Most of the participants (n=35) reported pain in neck and shoulder (n=29). The chi square test for association between pain in upper extremity and exposure to risk factors showed that only wrist pain had statistically significant association with overall RULA score (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: The study concluded that neck and shoulder are more frequently affected among handicraft workers. The frequency of workers who were at high ergonomic risk and required implementation of change in working conditions was high. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.749 How to cite this:Mahmood W, Bashir MS, Ehsan S, Qureshi MA. Upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to Ergonomic risk factors among handicraft workers. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(2):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.2.749 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


2021 ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Wiwin Hindriyawati ◽  
Widy Nurwiandani

Kontrasepsi hormonal merupakan kontrasepsi yang diminati masyarakat. Kontrasepsi hormonal progestin terdiri dari KB suntik 3 bulan dan implant, kontrasepsi hormonal jenis kombinasi berisi estrogen dan progestin terdiri dari KB suntik 1 bulan. Persepsi masyarakat menganggap kontrasepsi hormonal dapat membuat seseorang mengalami gangguan kesuburan.  Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan pasca pemakaian kontrasepsi hormonal dengan kesuburan pada ibu hamil. Metode penelitian menggunakan deskriptif correlation dengan pendekatan retrospektif dengan rancangan cross sectional. Uji statistik bivariat menggunakan kendall’s tau. Populasi ibu hamil yang pernah menggunakan kontrasepsi hormonal di Desa Guwosari pada bulan November 2019-Januari 2020. Sampel penelitian 64 responden diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan bermakna pasca pemakaian kontrasepsi hormonal dengan kesuburan pada ibu hamil (perolehan menstruasi p-value 0,003; perolehan kehamilan p-value 0,011). Kesimpulan penelitian terdapat hubungan bermakna pasca pemakaian kontrasepsi hormonal dengan kesuburan pada ibu hamil. People tend to use hormonal contraceptives. Progestin hormonal contraceptives consist of 3-month injectable contraceptives and implants, combined hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin consisting of 1-month injections. People have perception considers hormonal contraception that can make a woman experience fertility problem. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between post-hormonal contraceptive use and fertility in pregnant women. The research method was using descriptive correlation with a retrospective approach with a cross sectional design. Bivariate statistical test was using Kendall's tau. The population were pregnant women who have used hormonal contraception in Guwosari Village in November 2019-January 2020. The research sample of 64 respondents were taken using a purposive sampling technique. The result showed that there was a significant relationship after using hormonal contraception with fertility in pregnant women (menstrual gain p-value 0.003; pregnancy gain p-value 0.011). The conclusion of the study was there is a significant relationship after the use of hormonal contraception with fertility in pregnant women.


Author(s):  
Reffi Jordania Pebrina ◽  
Margaretha Kusmiyanti ◽  
Fulgensius Surianto

Abstrak Kanker serviks merupakan peringkat enam penyebab utama kematian wanita dan peringkat dua kematian pada wanita berusia 15-44 tahun. Di Asia deteksi dini penyakit kanker serviks dilakukan melalui pemeriksaan Inspeksi Visual Asam Asetat (IVA). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemeriksaan inspeksi visual asam asetat (IVA) di Puskesmas Cibinong Tahun 2019. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan desain cross-sectional pada 44 responden pasien KIA di Puskesmas Cibinong. Pengumpulan data di lakukan pada bulan April 2019 dengan menggunakan kuesioner dengan variabel umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengetahuan, dukungan keluarga dan dukungan petugas kesehatan yang telah di uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square dan kendall’s tau b. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa umur (p-value 0,008) dan dukungan petugas kesehatan (p-value 0,015) berhubungan bermakna dengan pemeriksaan IVA dan faktor yang tidak berhubungan dengan pemeriksaan IVA ialah pendidikan, pekerjaan, pengetahuan dan dukungan keluarga. Hal tersebut menunjukkan perlunya peningkatan program promosi kesehatan, sosialisasi dan konseling kepada para ibu yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas Cibinong. Kata kunci: wanita, kanker serviks, Inspeksi Visual Asam Asetat (IVA) Abstract Cases of cervical cancer, as ranked 6th leading cause of female death and rank 2nd death in women aged 15-44 years. In Asia cervical cancer early screening or detection programs is through Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA). The study aims to analyze factors related to the examination of Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid (VIA) in Cibinong Health Center’s in 2019. This is a cross-sectional study with a sample of 44 respondents patient KIA in Cibinong Health Center’s. Data collection was taken through filling a set of questionnaires in April 2019 which have been tested for validity and reliability. Analysis performed by chi-square and Kendall’s tau b. The analysis shows age (p-value 0,008) and health practitioner’s support (p-value 0,015) are significantly related to examination of VIA and factor is not related to examination of VIA is education, job, knowledge and family support. It evidence to improve health promotion programs socialization and counseling for mothers who visit the Cibinong Health Center. Keywords: women, cervical cancer, Visual Inspection Acetic Acid (VIA)


2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Eka Suryaningtyas ◽  
Ide Rocky

Latar belakang: Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) is a set of behaviors practiced on the basis of awareness and can help itself in the field of health and realize public health. The purpose of this research is to know, identify and analyze Relation Education Level With Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) in the Boys English Camp area of Al-Qodiri Boarding School in Jember. Metode: This research design using Corelative design, approach Cross Sectional. In this study is done only once. By observing the education level and measurement of Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS). The respondents are all residents of English Camp area of Al-Qodiri Boarding School in Jember as much as 61 Santri. With Total Sampling. The study was conducted on April 07, in the Boys English Camp area of Al-Qodiri Boarding School in Jember Hasil: Based on the result of the research, most of education level is SMA equal to 35 students (57,4%) and most of Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) as much as 49 santri (80,3%). After analyzing the data using Kendall's Tau, the result of p value: 0.000 <0.05 concluded H1 accepted, it means there is Relation of Education Level With Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS) ) in the Boys English Camp area of Al-Qodiri Boarding School in Jember Kesimpulan: Based on the results of research, the higher the education level of santri, so better its Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS).


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