scholarly journals Adelard of Bath

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (139) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Aisha Alowais ◽  
Mesut Idriz
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
European Renaissance

In the 12th century, a large number of European scholars have travelled to the East in order to learn and ultimately bring back with them new scientific knowledge. Translators played the major role. Among those translators is Adelard of Bath whom this study aims to investigate his original works along with the works he translated from Arabic into Latin. The study will follow his travels from his hometown of Bath to France where he studied, and finally to the East where he learned from the Arabs. It will also briefly highlight the situation of education during the so-called Dark Ages in Europe. Moreover, Adelard’s original works before and after travelling are examined in order to see to what extent Adelard was influenced by the Arabs. Adelard’s translated books into English are used as primary resources for this research, in addition to other secondary references. As a result of conducting this research, it can be seen that the thought of Arabs have prevailed in Adelard’s works as he stressed the importance of the methodology followed by them. Adelard has contributed to forming a cusp between the Islamic Civilization and the European Renaissance; and hence further studies need to be carried out about Adelard as well as his endeavors with East.

scholarly journals Arab and Muslim contributions to Medicine and Research – A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-345
Author(s):  
Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaiser Rabee ◽  
Mohd Zulkifle
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Mobile Clinics ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The accomplishments in the development of knowledge by medieval Arab civilization have been termed by some scholars as mere translation and preservation of Greek knowledge. It is alleged that the original works of Arab were only the preservations and duplications. They had no curiosity for learning and thus their insights, intuitions and cognition were immature. And it is assumed that investigations and inquiries are the achievement of recent periods. This study intends to investigate the knowledge expansion in the perspective of research in field of medicine by the Arabs. There are many renowned scholars who had made such irresponsible comments regarding Arabian diligence. For instance E.G. Brown comments “its long recognized importance, lies not in its originality, but in the fact that in the long interval which separated the decay of Greek learning from the Renaissance, it represented the most faithful tradition of ancient wisdom, and during the dark ages was the principal source from which Europe derived such philosophical and scientific ideas as it possessed”. Thus such paradigm statement was largely propagated by the scholars who had limited access to the Arabic literature. In contrast the fact is that initial Arabian contribution in the knowledge was the golden period of Arabs. The investigation based upon the reliable classical and historical literature revealed that the Arabs emphasized on research and rational thinking as their important tools of growth and development in medicine as could be observed in Al-Razi statement “any physician who is dependent only on his experimentation and neglect literary knowledge and hypothesis then he may be a failure”. Hence, an attempt is made to explore and highlight the Arab endeavors in original medical innovations which made them the sole source of many learning scholars. They had excelled in many innovations like bed side clinics, differential diagnosis between small pox and measles, concepts of mobile clinics, pharmacy, emergency facilities, midwifery, separate pediatrics facilities and advancement in the fields of psychiatry, cardiology, ophthalmology etcBangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(3) 2017 p.339-345

scholarly journals HIV and AIDS knowledge of Pharmacy students at the University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus)/Tshwane University of Technology before and after a teaching intervention

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Selente Bezuidenhout ◽  
Richard Summers
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Study Groups ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Teaching Intervention ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Aids Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Gains ◽  
Hiv Aids

Healthcare workers need to be qualified to deal with the specific requirements of the HIV/AIDS syndrome, which demands technical and scientific knowledge and understanding of the disease. Adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS is an important means to reduce stress and could result in better care and improve information to the general public. Because of the community service nature of pharmacies, pharmacists are in the front line when it comes to treating minor illnesses, as patients will often approach a pharmacist with a health query before they see a medical practitioner. Hence, pharmacists have opportunities to recognise potential opportunistic infections or other HIV-associated complications and to refer patients for evaluation and management.The objective of this study was to assess the level of scientific knowledge of HIV/AIDS of undergraduate pharmacy students before and after a teaching intervention aimed to improve students’ scientific knowledge of the subject. A controlled study was carried out by administering pre- and post-intervention questionnaires to control and study groups. The study group was taken from the various BPharm student groups during 2004 and 2005. Although each group acted as its own control, an additional control group of first year dentistry students was included in 2005. The mean HIV/AIDS knowledge scores and the knowledge gains of the control and study groups were compared before and after the intervention. The knowledge gains from the interventions were statistically significant. The increases indicate the positive effect of the teaching intervention. The teaching intervention can therefore be recommended to be part of the undergraduate BPharm curriculum.

scholarly journals Welfare assessment of calf rearing management practices in family-based dairy units in rural areas of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Islam ◽  
S. A. Shanta ◽  
R. A. Lima ◽  
M. Milon ◽  
K. Rudra
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Vaccination Schedule ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Traditional Practices ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Poor Welfare ◽  
Calf Rearing

Background: Dairy calves are the future stock of the dairy farms. It is important to describe weaknesses in rearing calves not only to improve their welfare, but also to detect areas where current scientific knowledge is poorly integrated into practice. The aim of the present study was to gather information on calf rearing management practices followed by dairy owners, which are related to welfare. Methods: A survey of calf rearing practices was conducted using a farmer questionnaire to collect data. The survey included 140 family-based small dairy units in seven upazilas of Mymensingh district, Bangladesh. The frequency and percentage of the response were described. Results: We observed that all respondents attended their animals during calving and 82.14% respondents allowed cow to clean the calves immediately after calving. Only 13.57% farmers cleaned the mouth and nose of calf after birth. More than 85.0% owners cleaned and trimmed hooves of the calf after birth. More than 90%% respondents did not cut the naval cord of calf and apply antiseptic. More than half of the owners (54.28%) fed colostrum to calves when the animals were able to stand on their feet and only 37.14% of them fed colostrum within one hour of birth. About 44.28% respondents allowed ad lib quantity of colostrum to calf. It was found that 73.57% of the owners allowed suckling of calf until 3 to 6 month of age. Most of the owners (55.0%) allowed the calves to suckle all the quarter of udder before and after milking. None practiced castration and dehorning for male calves. Majority (97.14%) of farmers did not perform deworming and vaccination schedule of calves. Conclusion: This study identified a number of rearing practices that represent a poor welfare for calf, which may prone towards diseases and hampering the productivity. Therefore, in addition to the traditional practices, scientific knowledge for this aspect is also important to get superior animals for future.

scholarly journals CIVILIZATION RELATIONSHIP OF ISLAM, WEST AND EUROPE: Potential Civilization Dialogue "Peace Communication Model"

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2S4) ◽  
pp. 800-805
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
World Peace ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
European Renaissance ◽  
British Colonies

If Western civilization is synonymous with the United States of America (USA), the Islamic civilization necessarily identical to the Prophet Muhammad who began a succession of civilization by building the Nabawi Mosque in Medina 1439 years ago. In 13 American-British colonies, Anthony Benezet in 1775, founded the Human Rights’ organization (HAM) to abolish slavery. Thomas Jefferson stated in the Declaration of Independence of 1776, that " human rights are inherent in all mankind". In year 622, Prophet Muhammad formulate 47 articles written in the Charter/ Constitution of Medina and became a phenomenal product of Islamic civilization. This document establishes a number of rights and obligations which contain the noble values of human rights, justice, equality, mutual respect between faiths, and so on. Thus making the society of Medina into a community unity (Ummah). Both Islamic and Western civilizations have similar foundation, the same noble values and spirit, that is "Peace". Nevertheless, the idealized peace has not taken place until now. The golden ages of Islam began with the rise of Muslim scholars with discoveries of scientific foundations,resulted from the transformation and integration between the Qur'anic verses and human intelligence. The United States has intensively embarked on the values of capitalism and its imperialism since the industrial revolution in Europe. While the era of European Renaissance is closely related to the contributions of Islamic scientists with a variety of basic scientific discoveries that led to the modernization of science and technology of the world today. These condition should make it possible for every Muslim, Western, and European civilization entity to work together and synergize for world peace and better life. This article uses the approach of equality in civilization, historical beckground and communication, to captureany possible potential cooperation and synergy between the differences and equations of world civilization. The purpose of this article is to propose a "peaceful communication model" for the betterment and peace of a better world civilization

scholarly journals Psychiatric services in Egypt – an update

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramy Daoud ◽  
Sherif Atallah ◽  
Nasser Loza
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Services ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
12Th Century

For over a thousand years, the Hippocratic system of medicine prevailed in Europe. It went into oblivion during the Dark Ages, when there was a reversion to the demoniacal theories of mental illness. Hippocrates’ works survived, however, in the library at Alexandria, where they were translated into Arabic. These and other classical works were retranslated into Latin and Greek from the 12th century on, ushering in the Renaissance.

scholarly journals Maimonides’ Metaphysics and Cosmology in “The Guide for Perplexed” and in “The Epistle to the Sages of Marseille”

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-46
Author(s):  
Gennady Petrovich Andreev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Mathematical Proof ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Ontological Sense ◽  
The Universe

Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon (Maimonides) in the Second part of his main philosophical treatise The Guide for Perplexed analyzes geocentric cosmology which was for his epoch as paradigm. Also there he considers peripatetic ideas on Pre-eternity of the Universe and concept of multitude of worlds. He challenges and queries Post-Ptolemaic concept of epicycles what is so indistinctive for 12th century. Also two Medieval Jewish mysterious doctrines named Ma’ase Bereshit (Action of Creation) and Ma’ase Merqava (Action of Charriot) are analyzed by him in light of popular for Jewish High Middle Age interpretation as Physics and Metaphysics respectively. Mystical Talmudic teaching on Kise ha-Kavod (the Throne of [Divine] Glory) is interpreted as Peripatetic view on superlunary world. In The Epistle to the Sages of Marseille Maimonides sets some criteria up for rational faith and regards fundamental arguments against astrology by dividing pre-scientific cosmology and superstitions. He considers concept of rea’ya brura (pure viewing or clear proof) in epistemological and ontological sense. To rabbi Moshe logic of mathematical proof (and Pre-Scientific Knowledge at all) and sensual perception have got more weight than Biblical prophets literary words.

1. The enduring idea and changing ideal of the university

2017 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
David Palfreyman ◽  
Paul Temple
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Professional Life ◽  
Universities And Colleges ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Medieval Universities ◽  
The University

The model for the modern university and college began its long evolution c.1,000 years ago in medieval Western Europe. The ‘12th-century renaissance’ saw the emergence of universities and colleges at Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge drawing on earlier Hellenistic learning, sustained by ‘the Golden Age of Islam’ and added to during ‘the Dark Ages’ of Western Europe. ‘The enduring idea and changing ideal of the university’ explains how medieval universities were, essentially, businesses delivering concrete skills and competencies through education to fee-paying students. Distinctly utilitarian and vocational, they opened a door to professional life for their students. Now we talk of them crucially contributing to the ‘knowledge society’.

HOWARD R. TURNER, Science in Medieval Islam: An Illustrated Introduction (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997). Pp. 262.

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-538
Author(s):  
G. A. Russell
Keyword(s):  
Original Material ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
University Of Texas ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Time Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Transitional Phase ◽  
Comprehensive History ◽  
Interim Period

Scholars have been reluctant to undertake a comprehensive history of science in Islamic civilization when a great deal of original material still lies unedited, unpublished, unexplored, or partially investigated in spite of prolific research. Even extensive collaborative attempts at a synthesis (see the Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3 vols. [1996]) reflect the level of research to date in specific areas rather than present a definitive survey within a cultural perspective. One therefore admires the courage of Howard Turner, who is not a historian of Arabic science, in taking on this ambitious publication, which extends beyond the limits suggested by its title. In fact, Medieval could be omitted from his title, as it does justice neither to the content of his book nor to the historical reality. The term refers, as we know, to some interim period of shifting chronological boundaries between the so-called Dark Ages and the Renaissance in European civilization. The comparable time period in Islamic civilization, however, encompasses the rise, a series of peaks, and the seeds of decline in the sciences. It is not a transitional phase between “dark ages” (the J―ahiliyya) and a “rebirth.” The content of Turner's book is best conveyed simply as “An Illustrated Introduction to Science in Islam or in Islamic Civilization.”

Introduction to Special Focus

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski ◽  
Mesut Idriz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Special Edition ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
First Time

AbstractDuring the 20th century, there have been numerous scholarly attempts in studying, analyzing and even to some extent, criticizing the issues pertaining to the contacts, impacts and relations between the Muslim world and the West. However, when dealing with these issues, the geography should not be limited to the Muslim world and the West, Europe in particular, but it should cover both Europe and Asia taken together where the earliest civilizations took place and by the 7th century, Islamic civilization flourished in the center of domain civilizations. With a wider and more positive look, the four articles by the academicians, (namely Danial M. Yosuf, Ali Çaksu, Anke Iman Bouzenita and Mesut Idriz), selected to be featured in this edition will contribute not only to this field of study but also avoid or remove the barriers and concentrate on the bridges between the Islamic world and the Eurasia. All the articles are original works and published for the first time in this volume The focus of this special edition is on the paradoxes between the Islamic and Eurasian worlds.

scholarly journals LION FIGURES AND ICONOGRAPHY ON THE DOOR KNOCKERS OF HOCA AHMED YESEVI TOMB

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (85) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Important Place ◽  
Door Opening ◽  
Human Love ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Symbolic Meanings ◽  
To Come ◽  
The City

By blending old Turkish beliefs with Islam, Hodja Ahmet Yesevi ensured the formation of an understanding of Sufism based on Turkish wisdom, love of Allah, tolerance and human love. The first Turkish mystic, Hoca Ahmet Yesevi, was buried in the city of Yesi after his death, and his small tomb, which was built in the 12th century, was rebuilt at the request of Emir Timur with the understanding of a kulliye including Yesevi's tomb. It is known that its structure was an important place of visit in almost every period. In addition to the life and works of Hodja Ahmet Yesevi, this visit, which embraces his tomb, which is the heart of Turkestan Geography, has attracted the attention of scientists, and the Mausoleum of Hoca Ahmed Yesevi was also examined in terms of its architecture and decorations, and it was evaluated in terms of the place and importance of this building in Turkish Art. At this point, the element that draws our attention is the lion figures on the bronze knockers of the wooden door opening to the Room with Copper Cauldron in Hoca Ahmed Yesevi Complex. On both wings of the door, the “şemse”shaped door handles decorated with rumi spiral branches and palmettes with openwork technique are attached to the floor with a lion head figure. There are more small lion heads on both sides of these lion figures, clinging to the şemse. Considering that the tomb of Hodja Ahmed Yesevi is located and that they belong to this complex where the memory of the saint was lived and where he was kept alive, it should be thought that the lion figures here were not used for decoration purposes only, or that the lion figures were not only for protection from evil and enemies. In the article, the use of lion figures in Turkish art before and after the adoption of Islam and their symbolic meanings is emphasized and the lion figures on the door knockers are evaluated in the light of the legends about him, especially in the wisdom of Hodja Ahmed Yesevi and it is tried to come to a conclusion. Despite the inability of such a bond materially, the descendants of Hodja Ahmed Yesevi to Hz. Ali's attachment to Hz. Ali is seen as the "Lion of Huda", and the three numbers that the Turks include in Islamic Sufism and Sufism are primarily Allah, Hz. Muhammad and the Hz. Ali, and the fact that these three lion figures are on the door make these lion figures away from being an ordinary decoration element. Keywords: Ahmed Yesevi, tomb, lion figure, iconography, door knockers

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