scholarly journals Arab and Muslim contributions to Medicine and Research – A Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-345
Author(s):  
Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Khaiser Rabee ◽  
Mohd Zulkifle
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Mobile Clinics ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The accomplishments in the development of knowledge by medieval Arab civilization have been termed by some scholars as mere translation and preservation of Greek knowledge. It is alleged that the original works of Arab were only the preservations and duplications. They had no curiosity for learning and thus their insights, intuitions and cognition were immature. And it is assumed that investigations and inquiries are the achievement of recent periods. This study intends to investigate the knowledge expansion in the perspective of research in field of medicine by the Arabs. There are many renowned scholars who had made such irresponsible comments regarding Arabian diligence. For instance E.G. Brown comments “its long recognized importance, lies not in its originality, but in the fact that in the long interval which separated the decay of Greek learning from the Renaissance, it represented the most faithful tradition of ancient wisdom, and during the dark ages was the principal source from which Europe derived such philosophical and scientific ideas as it possessed”. Thus such paradigm statement was largely propagated by the scholars who had limited access to the Arabic literature. In contrast the fact is that initial Arabian contribution in the knowledge was the golden period of Arabs. The investigation based upon the reliable classical and historical literature revealed that the Arabs emphasized on research and rational thinking as their important tools of growth and development in medicine as could be observed in Al-Razi statement “any physician who is dependent only on his experimentation and neglect literary knowledge and hypothesis then he may be a failure”. Hence, an attempt is made to explore and highlight the Arab endeavors in original medical innovations which made them the sole source of many learning scholars. They had excelled in many innovations like bed side clinics, differential diagnosis between small pox and measles, concepts of mobile clinics, pharmacy, emergency facilities, midwifery, separate pediatrics facilities and advancement in the fields of psychiatry, cardiology, ophthalmology etcBangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.16(3) 2017 p.339-345

Resources of IlmulAmraz during early Abbasid caliph (7th-9th C.E) up to the work of Al-Razi

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Khan Nazia Zubair ◽  
Shaikh Saleem Ahmad ◽  
Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Zulkifle ◽  
Shahnawaz
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Unani Medicine ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Literary Research ◽  
Input Processing ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Disease Concepts ◽  
Practical Experiences ◽  
The Impact

Aim and Objective:The literature of Ilmul Amraz occupies a pedestal position in Unani medicine.The literature, however, is scattered among many manuscripts and requires being collected and compiled for better understanding and comprehension of disease concepts of Unani medicine. The material has been collected from the original resourcesof early Abbasid caliph (from7th-9thC.E) till the period of Al-Razi and briefly introduced in this article. Material and Methodology: The proposed literary research is conducted through ‘input-processing-output’ approach. The literature has been collected from different classical texts, reference books and various digitalized mode. Conclusion: The present review article underlines the contributions of Arab physicians, their original works, innovations, and practical experiences. The impact of theoretical contribution of Al Razi manifests in ancient Greco-Roman theory of diseases. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.20(2) 2021 p.228-233

The Unprinted Indigenous Arabic Literature of Northern Nigeria

1943 ◽  
Vol 75 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. J. Whitting
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Fourth Century ◽  
Original Compositions ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Northern Nigeria ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Literary Education ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Classical Arabic

It is uncertain when Islam began to penetrate the “western Sudan”: for a review of the evidence, reference may be made to the earlier chapters of Bovill's Caravans of the old Sahara. That the age-old north to south and west to east trade routes (carrying outwards gold and slaves, inwards cloth and manufactured articles, internally dates and salt as the main articles of commerce), provided the vehicle can be in little doubt, as also that, by the fourth century a.h. if not earlier, appreciable Moslem influence had begun to work in the area shown on modern maps as northern Nigeria. In this area Arabic is not a tongue spoken, save in dialect by the numerically insignificant tribe of Shuwas in the northeast. But with the spread and pre-eminence at first cultural and later political of Islam, written “classical” Arabic, which provided the only means of a literary education became the medium of diplomacy, commerce, and correspondence. This position it maintained until a few years ago, suggesting a parallel to the use of Latin in medieval Western Europe. Yet, so far as is known, although original works were produced farther north in the Sahara proper, until the “reforming” Fulani jihad at the end of the eighteenth century a.d. (active operations began 21.2.1804), few original compositions in Arabic emerged. The stimulus of this jihad appears, among other results, to have evoked the nucleus of an original indigenous Arabic literature, none of which has been printed or translated, save a few historical documents.

scholarly journals Adelard of Bath

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (139) ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Aisha Alowais ◽  
Mesut Idriz
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Dark Ages ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
European Renaissance

In the 12th century, a large number of European scholars have travelled to the East in order to learn and ultimately bring back with them new scientific knowledge. Translators played the major role. Among those translators is Adelard of Bath whom this study aims to investigate his original works along with the works he translated from Arabic into Latin. The study will follow his travels from his hometown of Bath to France where he studied, and finally to the East where he learned from the Arabs. It will also briefly highlight the situation of education during the so-called Dark Ages in Europe. Moreover, Adelard’s original works before and after travelling are examined in order to see to what extent Adelard was influenced by the Arabs. Adelard’s translated books into English are used as primary resources for this research, in addition to other secondary references. As a result of conducting this research, it can be seen that the thought of Arabs have prevailed in Adelard’s works as he stressed the importance of the methodology followed by them. Adelard has contributed to forming a cusp between the Islamic Civilization and the European Renaissance; and hence further studies need to be carried out about Adelard as well as his endeavors with East.

scholarly journals Explanation and elucidation of cancer in reference to Greco-Arabic literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-189
Author(s):  
Wasim Ahmad ◽  
Mohd Zulkifle ◽  
Hamiduddin ◽  
Sadaf Afreen ◽  
Obaidur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
Bowel Cleansing ◽  
Muslim Scholars

Muslim scholars made tremendous contribution in various fields of science and their benefaction of work exhibits in all branches of medicine. Cancer is discussed by then Muslim scholars like Ibn Sina, Razi , Ismail Jurjani ,Hunain b. Ishaque, Rabban Tabri, Ahmad b. Mohammad Tabri, , Ibn ul Quff, Ibn Zuhr etc. In their descriptions cancer means Sartan (crab) as it reflects the true character of disease, since it sticks to the part stubbornly like a Sartan. Galen states that Sartan is the result of an excess of black bile. It may be due to an excessive hotness and dryness of liver by which consumed foods transform into irritant morbid matter. Concurrently, the spleen becomes weak and is unable to absorb the Sawda (black bile). Muslim scholars classified and distinguished clearly among the varieties of cancer in relation to specific organs such as eye, stomach, bladder, penis, uterus, mouth, and nerve tumours. The need of the hour is to evaluate and analyse the disease along with its pathophysiology, predisposing factors, differential diagnosis, and varieties of therapeutic paradigms that include nutrition, drugs, Ishal (bowel cleansing), Tanqia (evacuation of morbid matter from the body), surgical and non surgical interventions i.e. leaching , Amal kai (cauterization). Since the cancer is spreading at an incredible rate in both developed and developing countries but no way of relief is ensured yet in any system of medicine. Greco-Arabic literature has rich potential to intervene in palliative way in such dreadful disease. Likewise, Ray born Razi asserted that when cancer is at the beginning, it can be kept stationary and can be prevented from ulceration. This systematic review highlights relevant Greco-Arabic literature on cancer. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.184-189

scholarly journals Lessons not learned in Antibiotic Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Klepikov I
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Lung Damage ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
Practical Medicine ◽  
Acute Pneumonia ◽  
Specific Care ◽  
Scientific Ideas

The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic has put practical medicine in critical conditions, exposing the long-overdue problem of the lack of specific care for patients with acute pneumonia (AP). It is possible to foresee in advance that the mention of such concepts as a viral pandemic and AP in one bundle will be perceived by many readers as incorrect and contrary to modern scientific ideas in the section of lung diseases. However, the paradox and one of the main reasons for this situation is precisely the distortion of scientific concepts of AP, which differ from well-known facts and do not take into account the fundamental materials of medical science. As a result, today practical medicine in patients with viral lung damage does not have effective means of providing assistance, being limited to symptomatic medications and auxiliary resuscitation methods.

scholarly journals About the influence of thyroidectomy on the growth and development of the bone and nervous system in young animals

2020 ◽  
Vol VI (3) ◽  
pp. 72-131
Author(s):  
A. F. Akopenko
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Thyroid Glands ◽  
The Way

The multifaceted and dark question of the function of the thyroid gland is extremely important, since it is associated with very many serious issues from various areas of medical science. By the way, in the last time, the question of trophic influences of the thyroid glands is increasingly emerging, the question of whether the proper nutrition and development of tissues can depend on the function of the gland. It would be extremely interesting and important to solve this question, since in the direct connection with him there is the question of the immediate ethology of cretinism. Many observations (Virchow, Kocher, Bruns, Grundier, etc.) confirm the existence of a relationship between the action of the gland and the correct nutrition and development of tissues, therefore it would be important to establish this relationship not by an observational, but by a purely experimental way: that is, to put the animal in observed by observers conditions (loss of function of the gland) and see if we get the described phenomena (trophic disorders). With this goal in the course of 1896, in the laboratory of the highly respected Professor V.M. Bekhterev, I undertook a number of experiments aimed at finding out the influence of the function of the thyroid gland on the development of growing animal tissues of the body, mainly bone and nervous, as the most interested in the manifestations of cretinism.

scholarly journals Community-based Management of Micronutrient deficiency in Malnourished Children in Ghana

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-387
Author(s):  
O Ayokunle ◽  
OA Odusoga
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiency ◽  
Severe Malnutrition ◽  
Significant Morbidity ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between undernutrition and ill health is complex. It is complicated by growth retardation, impaired mental development, and significant morbidity from malaria, diarrhoeal diseases, pneumonia etc. and mortality. Several micronutrients are required for adequate growth and development especially in young children. They also account for three of the four most important forms of malnutrition worldwide. This review attempts to evaluate the community-based management of malnutrition in developing countries while comparing it to the in-patient management of malnourished children. Parameters evaluated include cost, coverage, choice, nosocomial infection acquisition and effect on productivity. The community-based management of severe malnutrition has many benefits that should be harnessed by healthcare givers so as to reduce the burden of malnutrition in low resource settings.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v13i4.20552Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.13(4) 2014 p.383-387

scholarly journals No news without new scientific ideas

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton J. M. Loonen
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Designed Experiments ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Scientific Ideas ◽  
The Brain

In this editorial, it is strongly advocated that a change of policy is warranted in order to prevent neuroscience from becoming a waste of time and money in the 21st century. Repeating the same trick in different patient populations and perusing the scientific literature seems to currently be the backbone of medical science. However, this approach does not provide knowledge on how the brain works or how specific dysfunctions result in specific diseases. Therefore, earlier findings should, first, be combined to develop new theories on the mechanics of the mind, and, second, these new ideas should be tested in well-designed experiments.

scholarly journals Critical analysis of ayurvedokta vyadhikshamatva concept w.s.r. to modern immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhash Waghe ◽  
Sanjay P. Deshmukh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Science ◽  
Code Of Conduct ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Pox ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
Lifestyle Related Diseases ◽  
Allergic Disorders ◽  
Epidemic Diseases

The far most objective of Ayurveda is to prevent the disease. For prevention of diseases, Ayurveda had advocated the adherence to concepts like dina charya (Daily code of conduct), ritu charya (seasonal code of conduct), sadvritta (noble code of conduct) , Na vega dharan (non suppression of natural urges) etc. Whereas these measures are useful in preventing the lifestyle related diseases but for preventing the Aupsargik rogas (communicable diseases), Janapada dhwansa rogas (epidemic diseases), Krumij Roga (Infectious diseases), Asatmyaj roga (allergic disorders), the concept of Vyadhikshamtva (Immunity) is propagated by the Ayurvedic science. But this important concept is not properly explored in Ayurvedic science after independence and remained neglected for long time only to come in limelight and in syllabus after the awareness and propagation of immunization schedule by government of India. The present study aims to re-explore the Ayurvedokta concept of Vyadhikshmatva critically with reference to concept of immunity described in modern medical science. Vyadhiksmatva in Ayurveda is defined as the biological defensive power of the body to fight against the ongoing afflicted diseases (vyadhibala virodhitwam) and to prevent the future development of disease (vyadhi utpad pratibandhakatwam). [C.Su. 28/7]. In modern science, immunity is defined as the ability of the body to recognize the harmful antigen and eliminate it through body defense system and by forming specific antibodies against the antigens. Practice of immunization was known to Indians from long times and they were using it with regard to small pox infection as stated by acharya Gananath Sen. It was also known to ancient Circassians (border area of Russia). Later in the year 1796, the Englishman Edward Jenner further researched on it and made it popular. The result of the present study shows that the Ayurvedokta concept of Vyadhikshamatva is nothing but the immunity concept mentioned in modern science. Review of literature showed that the concept of Vyadhikshamtva is very well described in Ayurveda almost as on modern line. In both sciences, the concept of immunity and hypersensitivity is described together.

History of the American Pediatric Society 1887-1965

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
JOSEPH STOKES
Keyword(s):  
American Medical Association ◽  
Medical Association ◽  
American Medical ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Pediatric Medicine ◽  
Pediatric Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
William Osler

There would appear to be few more difficult assignments in historical review than that of covering the multitude of items in the field of medical science—and what was mostly not science—with which the American Pediatric Society was concerned during its growth and development. When one remembers that, at the time of its birth in 1888, such procreators as its first president, Abraham Jacobi (who also became President of the American Medical Association), William Osler, Job Lewis Smith, Luther Emmett Holt, William Pepper, Victor C. Vaughan, and Henry Dwight Chapin were just beginning to accept the revolution of Louis Pasteur and Lister, one can well imagine the authors' problem of unfolding, in adequate sequence, the rapidly developing panorama of pediatric medicine.

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