Information quantity of traffic signs in grassland highways based on visual load

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Xiaoju Li ◽  
Lei Han ◽  
Shoulin Zhu ◽  
Mingxing Gao
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Saccade Amplitude ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
Traffic Signs ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Saccade Duration

To determine the proper range of information quantity of traffic signs in the straight line sections of grassland highways, we have established virtual scenes of such sections of highways with varying levels of information quantity, and we have carried out an experiment on simulated driving. During the research, the method of principal component analysis (PCA) is adopted, and indicators related to eye movements are selected, which prove to be sensitive to the information quantity of traffic signs. Moreover, the pattern of variations is analyzed to examine how the information quantity of traffic signs may impose an impact on drivers’ visual load, and the experimental results are assessed and verified in a subjective manner. The research findings indicate that the information quantity of traffic signs could impose a significant impact on the fixation duration, saccade duration, saccade amplitude and fixation entropy of drivers. Within the proper range of information quantity (20–30 bits/km), drivers have shown stronger ability to acquire and process information with higher searching efficiency and optimal strategy of allocating attention, which will facilitate safe driving. The subjective assessment of drivers’ workload has also proven the validity of the research findings.

scholarly journals The Relation between Physiological Parameters and Colour Modifications in Text Background and Overlay during Reading in Children with and without Dyslexia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 539
Author(s):  
Tamara Jakovljević ◽  
Milica M. Janković ◽  
Andrej M. Savić ◽  
Ivan Soldatović ◽  
Gordana Čolić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Physiological Parameters ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
School Age ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
White Colour ◽  
Saccade Duration ◽  
40 Hz

Reading is one of the essential processes during the maturation of an individual. It is estimated that 5–10% of school-age children are affected by dyslexia, the reading disorder characterised by difficulties in the accuracy or fluency of word recognition. There are many studies which have reported that coloured overlays and background could improve the reading process, especially in children with reading disorders. As dyslexia has neurobiological origins, the aim of the present research was to understand the relationship between physiological parameters and colour modifications in the text and background during reading in children with and without dyslexia. We have measured differences in electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), electrodermal activities (EDA) and eye movements of the 36 school-age (from 8 to 12 years old) children (18 with dyslexia and 18 of control group) during the reading task in 13 combinations of background and overlay colours. Our findings showed that the dyslexic children have longer reading duration, fixation count, fixation duration average, fixation duration total, and longer saccade count, saccade duration total, and saccade duration average while reading on white and coloured background/overlay. It was found that the turquoise background, turquoise overlay, and yellow background colours are beneficial for dyslexic readers, as they achieved the shortest time duration of the reading tasks when these colours were used. Additionally, dyslexic children have higher values of beta (15–40 Hz) and the broadband EEG (0.5–40 Hz) power while reading in one particular colour (purple), as well as increasing theta range power while reading with the purple overlay. We have observed no significant differences between HRV parameters on white colour, except for single colours (purple, turquoise overlay, and yellow overlay) where the control group showed higher values for mean HR, while dyslexic children scored higher with mean RR. Regarding EDA measure, we found systematically lower values in children with dyslexia in comparison to the control group. Based on the present results, we can conclude that both pastel and intense background/overlays are beneficial for reading of both groups and all sensor modalities could be used to better understand the neurophysiological origins in dyslexic children.

scholarly journals Magnetron Sputtering Thin Films as Tool to Detect Triclosan in Infant Formula Powder: Electronic Tongue Approach

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 336
Author(s):  
Cátia Magro ◽  
Margarida Sardinha ◽  
Paulo A. Ribeiro ◽  
Maria Raposo ◽  
Susana Sério
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Electronic Tongue ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Triclosan (TCS) is being detected in breast milk and in infants of puerperal women. The harmful effects caused by this compound on living beings are now critical and thus it is pivotal find new tools to TCS monitoring. In the present study, an electronic tongue (e-tongue) device comprising an array of sputtered thin films based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and titanium dioxide was developed to identify TCS concentrations, from 10−15 to 10−5 M, in both water and milk-based solutions. Impedance spectroscopy was used for device signal transducing and data was analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA). The e-tongue revealed to be able to distinguish water from milk-based matrices through the two Principal Components (PC1 and PC2), which represented 67.3% of the total variance. The PC1 values of infant formula milk powder prepared with tap water (MT) or mineral water (MMW) follows a similar exponential decay curve when plotted with the logarithm of concentration. Therefore, considering the TCS concentration range between 1015 and 10−9 M, the PC1 values are fitted by a straight line and values of −1.9 ± 0.2 and of 7.6 × 10−16 M were calculated for the sensor sensitivity and sensor resolution, respectively. Additionally, a strong correlation (R = 0.96) between MT and MMW PC1 data was found. These results have shown that the proposed device corresponds to a promisor method for the detection of TCS in milk-based solutions.

scholarly journals ME-Work: Development and Validation of a Modular Meaning in Work Inventory

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Schnell ◽  
Carmen Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Meaning In Life ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Working Adults ◽  
Meaning In Work ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Survey Instruments ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Gender Specific

As research on meaning in work progresses, access to theoretically integrated, differentiated survey instruments becomes crucial. In response to this demand, the present article introduces ME-Work, a modular inventory to measure meaning in work. Derived from research findings on meaning in life, the ME-Work inventory offers three modules that can be used separately or jointly. Module 1 assesses four facets of meaning in work, i.e., coherence, significance, purpose and belonging; module 2 measures the subjective assessment of work as meaningful or meaningless, and module 3 records the extent to which work is perceived as a source of meaning. We report on the development of the instrument and the results of an exploratory factor analysis in a pilot study of 115 working adults. A further study with 278 working adults provided evidence for construct and incremental validity. Relationships with meaning in life, mental health, job satisfaction, socio-moral climate, burnout and work as meaning were investigated. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the factor structure. Gender-specific analyses of the four facets of meaning’s differential predictive power provided additional insights. Practical implications and further research needs are discussed.

Oculomotor Control in Amputee Soccer Players

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-55
Author(s):  
Wojciech Jedziniak ◽  
Piotr Lesiakowski ◽  
Teresa Zwierko
Keyword(s):  
Average Velocity ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Soccer Players ◽  
Oculomotor Control ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Search Tasks ◽  
Average Acceleration ◽  
Saccade Duration ◽  
Extensive Practice

The authors investigated the dynamics of saccadic parameters during a stationary oculomotor target task in amputee soccer players (n = 16), able-bodied soccer players (n = 16), and nonathletic control subjects (n = 16). Eye movements during the visual-search tasks were recorded binocularly using a mobile eye-tracking system, and the gaze parameters were analyzed (fixation duration, saccade duration, saccade amplitude, saccade average acceleration, saccade peak deceleration, saccade average velocity, and ocular mobility index). The average saccade acceleration in the amputee soccer players was significantly lower than in the able-bodied players (p = .021). Other saccade characteristics in disabled athletes were comparable to those of the able-bodied groups. Moreover, the able-bodied soccer players presented faster saccadic parameters than nonathletes in terms of saccade acceleration (p = .002), deceleration (p = .015), and velocity (p = .009). The modification of oculomotor functions may result from extensive practice and participation in ball games. The authors’ hypothesis that oculomotor functions in amputee soccer players may be impaired was not fully confirmed.

scholarly journals Influence of soundtrack on eye movements during video exploration

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Coutrot ◽  
Nathalie Guyader ◽  
Gelu Ionescu ◽  
Alice Caplier
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Saccade Amplitude ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Spatial Sound ◽  
Complex Scenes ◽  
The Impact

Models of visual attention rely on visual features such as orientation, intensity or motion to predict which regions of complex scenes attract the gaze of observers. So far, sound has never been considered as a possible feature that might influence eye movements. Here, we evaluate the impact of non-spatial sound on the eye movements of observers watching videos. We recorded eye movements of 40 participants watching assorted videos with and without their related soundtracks. We found that sound impacts on eye position, fixation duration and saccade amplitude. The effect of sound is not constant across time but becomes significant around one second after the beginning of video shots.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF EVALUATION OF THE INFORMATIVITY OF MEDICAL INDICATORS ON THE BASIS OF THE HYBRID APPROACH

2017 ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
Є.В. БОДЯНСЬКИЙ ◽  
І.Г. ПЕРОВА ◽  
Г.В. СТОЙКА
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Feature Selection ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Mining Area ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Optimal Combination ◽  
Information Quantity ◽  
New Approach

Feature Selection task is one of most complicated and actual in Data Mining area. Any approaches for it solving are based on non-mathematical and presentative hypothesis. New approach for evaluation of medical features information quantity, based on optimal combination of Feature Selection and Feature Extraction methods. This approach permits to produce optimal reduced number of features with linguistic interpreting of each ones. Hybrid system of Feature Selection/Extraction is proposed. This system is numerically simple, can produce Feature Selection/ Extraction with any number of features using standard method of principal component analysis and calculating distance between first principal component and all medical features.

scholarly journals Road Segmentation using Semantic Segmentation Networks for ADAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1740-1743
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Boundary Line ◽  
Segmentation Result ◽  
Safe Driving ◽  
The Road ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Road Segmentation

In this paper, we propose a method to automatically segment the road area from the input road images to support safe driving of autonomous vehicles. In the proposed method, the semantic segmentation network (SSN) is trained by using the deep learning method and the road area is segmented by utilizing the SSN. The SSN uses the weights initialized from the VGC-16 network to create the SegNet network. In order to fast the learning time and to obtain results, the class is simplified and learned so that it can be divided into two classes as the road area and the non-road area in the trained SegNet CNN network. In order to improve the accuracy of the road segmentation result, the boundary line of the road region with the straight-line component is detected through the Hough transform and the result is shown by dividing the accurate road region by combining with the segmentation result of the SSN. The proposed method can be applied to safe driving support by autonomously driving the autonomous vehicle by automatically classifying the road area during operation and applying it to the road area departure warning system

scholarly journals Coupling Between Horizontal and Vertical Components of Saccadic Eye Movements During Constant Amplitude and Direction Gaze Shifts in the Rhesus Monkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 3375-3393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward G. Freedman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Horizontal Meridian ◽  
Constant Amplitude ◽  
Saccade Amplitude ◽  
Gaze Shifts ◽  
Horizontal Saccade ◽  
Vertical Saccade ◽  
Saccade Duration

When the head is free to move, changes in the direction of the line of sight (gaze shifts) can be accomplished using coordinated movements of the eyes and head. During repeated gaze shifts between the same two targets, the amplitudes of the saccadic eye movements and movements of the head vary inversely as a function of the starting positions of the eyes in the orbits. In addition, as head-movement amplitudes and velocities increase, saccade velocities decline. Taken together these observations lead to a reversal in the expected correlation between saccade duration and amplitude: small-amplitude saccades associated with large head movements can have longer durations than larger-amplitude saccades associated with small head movements. The data in this report indicate that this reversal occurs during gaze shifts along the horizontal meridian and also when considering the horizontal component of oblique saccades made when the eyes begin deviated only along the horizontal meridian. Under these conditions, it is possible to determine whether the variability in the duration of the constant amplitude vertical component of oblique saccades is accounted for better by increases in horizontal saccade amplitude or increases in horizontal saccade duration. Results show that vertical saccade duration can be inversely related to horizontal saccade amplitude (or unrelated to it) but that horizontal saccade duration is an excellent predictor of vertical saccade duration. Modifications to existing hypotheses of gaze control are assessed based on these new observations and a mechanism is proposed that can account for these data.

Intellectual capital in action: evidence from Italian local governments

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Manes Rossi ◽  
Francesca Citro ◽  
Marco Bisogno
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
Structural Capital ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Research Stream

Purpose Intellectual capital (IC) is attracting increasing attention from scholars and practitioners in the private sector, while research in the public sector is still in its embryonic stage, especially in regards to local governments. The purpose of this paper is to fill this gap by channelling conceptual and empirical findings from the large body of IC literature. Design/methodology/approach The research investigates IC in action in the local government domain. A survey has been carried out involving both managers and politicians of all Italian local governments (ILGs) with more than 40,000 inhabitants. In order to define the constituents of each IC dimension perceived by ILGs, principal component analysis was used in investigating the results. Findings Results highlights how IC components are perceived in ILGs: human capital is a combination of aptitudes in pursuing target performances, sense of ownership and motivations; relational capital is a combination of values, relationships and acts; structural capital includes procedures and routines supporting the decision-making process, the ability of achieving objectives and handling changes. Research limitations/implications While the research findings are limited due to being based on a survey in a single country, they present opportunities for future research regarding further testing of how IC is perceived in LGs in different context. The conclusion could be beneficial also for standard setters, providing a path to support the IC disclosure by LGs. Originality/value The paper contributes to a narrow strand of research – IC in LGs – adding new knowledge in “IC in action” research stream.

Psychopathology, Authoritarian Attitudes, and Prejudice

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Schlachter ◽  
John Duckitt
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Negative Affectivity ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Authoritarian Personality ◽  
Dependent Personality ◽  
Multidimensional Measure ◽  
Psychological Theories ◽  
Research Findings

While psychological theories have long linked prejudice and psychopathology, research findings have been weak and inconsistent. Three possible reasons for this were remedied in this study: social desirability was controlled, the participants (N = 110; South African adults) had clinically diagnosable psychopathology, and a validated multidimensional measure of psychopathology, the MMCI-II, was used. Analyses of the Millon personality and symptom scales, and principal component factors derived from each set, with measures of authoritarian attitudes and anti-Black prejudice indicated two significant paths linking psychopathology and prejudice. First, a Compulsive-Dependent personality factor was significantly related to authoritarian attitudes, which mediated an indirect effect of this personality disorder on prejudice. Second, a Negative Affectivity symptom factor was directly associated with prejudice, and also mediated indirect effects of an Avoidant-Negativistic personality factor on prejudice. The findings are discussed in terms of authoritarian personality theory and theories linking symptoms of psychopathology and prejudice.

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