Head positioning control in a gravito-inertial field and in normal gravity

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-333
Author(s):  
Frédéric Sarès ◽  
Christophe Bourdin ◽  
Jean-Michel Prieur ◽  
Jean-Louis Vercher ◽  
Jean-Pierre Menu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inertial Force ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Positioning Control ◽  
Head Positioning ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Visual Frame ◽  
Vector Orientation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Within Subject Variability

The way in which the head is controlled in roll was investigated by dissociating the body axis and the gravito-inertial force orientation. Seated subjects (N = 8) were requested to align their head with their trunk, 30° to the left, 30° to the right or with the gravito-inertial vector, before, during (Per Rotation), after off-center rotation and on a tilted chair without rotation (Tilted). The gravito-inertial vector angle during rotation and the chair tilt angle were identical (17°). The subjects were either in total darkness or facing a visual frame that was fixed to the trunk. Both final error and within-subject variability of head positioning increased when the body axis and the gravito-inertial vector were dissociated (Per Rotation and Tilted). However, the behavior was different depending on whether the subjects were in the Tilted or Per Rotation conditions. The presentation of the visual frame reduced the within-subject variability and modified the perception of the gravito-inertial vector's orientation on the tilted chair. As head positioning with respect to the body and sensing of the gravito-inertial vector are modified when body axis and gravito-inertial vector orientation are dissociated, the observed decrease in performance while executing motor tasks in a gravito-inertial field may be at least in part attributed to the inaccurate sensing of head position.

scholarly journals Development of a new method for assessing otolith function in mice using three-dimensional binocular analysis of the otolith-ocular reflex

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Harada ◽  
Takao Imai ◽  
Yasumitsu Takimoto ◽  
Yumi Ohta ◽  
Takashi Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Translational Movement

AbstractIn the interaural direction, translational linear acceleration is loaded during lateral translational movement and gravitational acceleration is loaded during lateral tilting movement. These two types of acceleration induce eye movements via two kinds of otolith-ocular reflexes to compensate for movement and maintain clear vision: horizontal eye movement during translational movement, and torsional eye movement (torsion) during tilting movement. Although the two types of acceleration cannot be discriminated, the two otolith-ocular reflexes can distinguish them effectively. In the current study, we tested whether lateral-eyed mice exhibit both of these otolith-ocular reflexes. In addition, we propose a new index for assessing the otolith-ocular reflex in mice. During lateral translational movement, mice did not show appropriate horizontal eye movement, but exhibited unnecessary vertical torsion-like eye movement that compensated for the angle between the body axis and gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA; i.e., the sum of gravity and inertial force due to movement) by interpreting GIA as gravity. Using the new index (amplitude of vertical component of eye movement)/(angle between body axis and GIA), the mouse otolith-ocular reflex can be assessed without determining whether the otolith-ocular reflex is induced during translational movement or during tilting movement.

Trunk Position Influences Vestibular Responses of Fastigial Nucleus Neurons in the Alert Monkey

2004 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2090-2100 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Kleine ◽  
Y. Guan ◽  
E. Kipiani ◽  
L. Glonti ◽  
M. Hoshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Vestibular Stimulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fastigial Nucleus ◽  
Alert Monkey ◽  
Vestibular Information ◽  
Vector Orientation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Head Positions

Vestibulospinal reflexes play an important role for body stabilization during locomotion and for postural control. For an appropriate distribution of vestibular signals to spinal motoneurons, the orientation of the body relative to the head needs to be taken into account. For different trunk positions, identical vestibular stimuli must activate different sets of muscles to ensure body stabilization. Because the cerebellar vermis and the underlying fastigial nucleus (FN) might be involved in this task, vestibular neurons in the rostral FN of alert rhesus monkeys were recorded during sinusoidal vestibular stimulation (0.1–1.0 Hz) in the roll and pitch planes at different trunk-re-head positions (center and ±45°). From the sensitivity and phase values measured in these planes, the response properties in the intermediate planes and the stimulus orientation eliciting the optimal response [response vector orientation (RVO)] were calculated. In most neurons, the RVOs rotated systematically with respect to the head, when trunk-re-head position was altered, so that they tended to maintain their orientation with respect to the trunk. Sensitivity and phase at the RVO were not affected. This pattern was the same for neurons in the right and left FN and independent of stimulus frequency. The average sensitivity of this partially compensatory RVO shift in response to trunk-re-head displacements, evaluated by linear regression analyses, was 0.59°/° ( n = 73 neurons). These data show that FN neurons may encode vestibular information in a coordinate system that is closer to a trunk-centered than to a head-centered reference frame. They indicate an important role of this nucleus in motor programs related to posture and gait control.

scholarly journals The “right” side of sleeping: laterality in resting behaviour of Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caterina Spiezio ◽  
Camillo Sandri ◽  
Flavien Joubert ◽  
Marie-May Muzungaile ◽  
Selby Remy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
The Body ◽  
Brain Lateralization ◽  
Righting Response ◽  
Resting Behaviour ◽  
Head Positioning ◽  
Human Care ◽  
The Right ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractAlthough some studies investigated lateralization in reptiles, little research has been done on chelonians, focusing only on few behaviours such as righting response and escape preference. The aim of this study was to investigate lateralization in Aldabra giant tortoises (Aldabrachelys gigantea), focusing on asymmetrical positioning of the limbs and the head during resting behaviour, called sleep-like behaviour, involving both wild tortoises and individuals under human care. Subjects of the study were 67 adult Aldabra tortoises (54 free ranging on Curieuse, 13 under human care in Mahè Botanical Garden). For each tortoise observed during sleep-like behaviour, we recorded the position of the head (on the left, on the right or in line with the body midline) and we collected which forelimb and hindlimb were kept forward. Moreover, the number of subjects in which limbs were in a symmetrical position during the sleep-like behaviour was recorded. Based on our results, the number of tortoises with asymmetrical position of head and limb was higher (head: 63%; forelimbs: 88%; hindlimbs: 70%) than the number of tortoises with symmetrical position of the head and the limb. Regarding the head, throughout the subjects found with the asymmetrical position of the head during sleep-like behaviour, tortoises positioning the head on the right (42%) were more than those sleeping with the head on the left (21%). We found a relationship between the position of the forelimbs and hindlimbs during sleep-like behaviour. We reported no differences between Mahè (under human care) and Curieuse (wild) tortoises. Findings of this preliminary study underlined traces of group-level lateralization in head positioning during the sleep-like behaviour, possibly due to a left-eye/right-hemisphere involvement in anti-predatory responses and threatening stimuli as reported in reptiles and other vertebrates. This study aims at adding data on brain lateralization, often linked to lateralized behaviours, in reptiles, especially in chelonians.

scholarly journals Neuroanatomical correlates of the perception of body axis orientation during body tilt: a voxel-based morphometry study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keisuke Tani ◽  
Satoshi Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
The Right

AbstractAccurate perception of the orientations of the body axis and gravity is essential for actions. The ability to perceive these orientations during head and body tilt varies across individuals, and its underlying neural basis is unknown. To address this, we investigated the association between inter-individual differences in local gray matter (GM) volume and inter-individual differences in the ability to estimate the directions of body longitudinal axis or gravity during whole-body tilt using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis in 50 healthy adults (20–46 years, 25 men and 25 women). Although no anatomical regions were identified relating to performance requiring estimates of gravitational direction, we found a significant correlation between the GM volume in the right middle occipital gyrus and the ability to estimate the body axis orientation. This finding provides the first evidence on neuroanatomical substrates of the perception of body axis orientation during body tilt.

scholarly journals Mice misunderstand tilt during translational motion: evolution of the otolith- ocular reflex and a new index for assessing the otolith-ocular reflex in mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shotaro Harada ◽  
Takao Imai ◽  
Yasumitsu Takimoto ◽  
Yumi Ohta ◽  
Takashi Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Vertical Component ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Axis ◽  
Gravitational Acceleration ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Translational Movement

Abstract In the interaural direction, translational linear acceleration is loaded during lateral translational movement and gravitational acceleration is loaded during lateral tilting movement. These two types of acceleration induce eye movements via two kinds of otolith-ocular reflexes to compensate for movement and maintain clear vision: horizontal eye movement during translational movement, and ocular counter roll during tilting movement. Although the two types of acceleration cannot be discriminated, the two otolith-ocular reflexes can distinguish them effectively. In the current study, we tested whether lateral-eyed mice exhibit both of these otolith-ocular reflexes. In addition, we propose a new index for assessing the otolith-ocular reflex in mice. During lateral translational movement, mice did not show appropriate horizontal eye movement, but exhibited unnecessary vertical ocular counter roll-like eye movement that compensated for the angle between the body axis and gravito-inertial acceleration (GIA; i.e., the sum of gravity and inertial force due to movement) by misunderstanding GIA as gravity. Using the new index (amplitude of vertical component of eye movement) / (angle between body axis and GIA), the mouse otolith-ocular reflex can be assessed without determining whether the otolith-ocular reflex is induced during translational movement or during tilting movement.

Within-Subject Variability in Ingratiation as a Function of Self-Esteem and Time

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Katharina Schmitte ◽  
Bert Schreurs ◽  
Mien Segers ◽  
I. M. “Jim” Jawahar
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Random Coefficient ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Authority Figure ◽  
Subject Variability ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Within Subject Variability

Abstract. Adopting a within-person perspective, we theorize why ingratiation use directed toward an authority figure increases over time and for whom. We posit that as the appraisal event draws closer, the salience of achieving good evaluations increases, leading to an increasing use of ingratiation. We further propose that the increase will be stronger for individuals with low relative to high self-esteem. Participants were 349 students enrolled in a small-group, tutor-led management course. Data were collected in three bi-weekly waves and analyzed using random coefficient modeling. Results show that ingratiation use increased as time to the evaluation decreased, and low self-esteem students ingratiated more as time progressed. We conclude that ingratiation use varies as a function of contextual and inter-individual differences.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

ANALISIS YURIDIS NORMATIF PUTUSAN PERKARA MAHKAMAH AGUNG KONSTITUSI RI No. 004/PUU-II/2004

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Doni Budiono
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Supreme Courts ◽  
Military Justice ◽  
State Administration ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Rules ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tax Court

The  authority  of justice in Indonesia  is executed by  the Supreme Courts and  the  justice  boards/body under the Supreme Courts, including  the general  justice, religious affairs justice, military justice,  state administration  justice,  and  the Constitution Court. According to  certainty in  the Act of  Tax Court, Article1, clause  (5),  tax  dispute   refers to the legal dispute arising in the  taxation  affairs between the  tax payer or the  body  responsible for the  tax with   the government   executives  ( Directorate General of Tax) as the consequence of   the issue of  the decree for the  appeal  to the Tax  Court in accordance with the  tax Act, including the  charge  against the  execution of collection   in accordance with the  Act of Tax Collection by force. The  formation of Tax Court is  designed by  the Executives, in this case, the  Department of Finance, specifically  the Directorate   General  of Tax  which has the right to issue  law  more technical about  tax accord to Article 14,  letter A,  President Decree  no. 44  year 1974,  concerning the  basic  organization of the Department.  Based on  it,  it  is clear that  in addition to execute the government  rules and policy,  this body  has to execute judicial   rules and policy. This is against the  principles of  Judicative  Power/Authority in Indonesia,  which   clearly states that this body  should be under the Supreme Court.   Therefore. It is suggested that   the Act  No UU no.14 Year 2012 concerning  Tax Court   be revised  in accordance with the system of  Power Division  of Justice  as  stated in 45 Constitutions.

Ayurveda dietary guidelines during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481
Author(s):  
Ishwari Gaikwad ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Regimen ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same.  Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha  (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases.

Immunity boosting diet during Covid 19

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 832-838
Author(s):  
Roshna Sukheoji Bhutada ◽  
Renu Rathi ◽  
Devyani Dasar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Food Studies ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Green Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Custard Apple ◽  
The Right ◽  
Daily Physical Activities ◽  
Physiological Reactions

WHO declared Covid 19 /SARS -COV-2 as a global pandemic.Till date, there is no medicine for COVID-19. If the Infection arises in the body then the defence mechanism activated against infection. A recent study suggests that temporarily augmenting the body's immune system in the early stages of COVID-19 can help patient to avoid severe symptoms as it is rightly said prevention is better than cure. Ayurveda approaches to develop physiological reactions to facilitate immunity. Planning of diet is most important to boost immunity.As per many researches to provide supplementary food which contains Zinc, Vitamin C,Vitamin D and immunity boosting foodsuch as citrus natural products, custard apple, apple, papaya is among the Fruits. Vegetables include broccoli, onion, garlic and green leafy vegetables. Nuts, ginger, turmeric, pepper, egg yolk, shellfish, mushroom. The need of the hour is a quick boost to immune system to keep it fit, fighting. One should get the right amount of nutrients from the diet, supplementation regimen to boost immune system.In this review, there are few common supplements and super food studies have been included. It might be a torch bearer as sample menu and their alternatives are given for a normal adult. Needy may change contemplated according to age, sex, body mass index and daily physical activities.

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