scholarly journals The effect of ammonium polyphosphate:melamine:pentaerythritol ratio on the efficiency of fire protection of reactive coatings

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-68
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Steel Construction ◽  
Additive Increase ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Intumescent System

In order to optimize the formulation of fire protective coatings for metal constructions, the effect of the ratio of main components in an intumescent system "ammonium polyphosphate–melamine–pentaerythritol" on the thermal destruction of the coating under conditions of fire (200–8000C) has been investigated. Thermal transformations of coatings were studied both by thermogravimetry with stepwise determination of the expansion coefficient by temperature variation and by IR spectroscopy. It was established for the first time that the ratio of ammonium polyphosphate, melamine and pentaerythritol as well as their content in the intumescent system is a factor determining the limit of the fire resistance of steel constructions, which a fire protective coating can ensure. Intumescent coatings with an ammonium polyphosphate:melamine:pentaerythritol ratio of 2:1:1 were shown to be more effective ones to provide the fire resistance of a steel construction during 30 minutes (R30). In turn, the use of the above ratio of 3.5:1:1.5 can provide the limit of the fire resistance of steel construction during 60 minutes (R60). The mixture of melamine and dicyandiamide in the intumescent system causes a synergistic effect, which leads to a non-additive increase in the fire protective efficiency of the coating. The results of this study have been confirmed by full-scale fire tests; they may be used to develop effective means of fire protection of steel constructions.

Intumescent Type Fire Retardant Epoxy Coating

2020 ◽  
Vol 992 ◽  
pp. 605-609
Author(s):  
L. Pestereva ◽  
N. Shakirov ◽  
Оlga G. Shakirova
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Coating ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Metal Structures ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties

This article discusses one of the methods of fire protection, namely, the coating of metal structures with fire retardant paints. Intumescent coatings are currently the most widely used. Fire retardant coatings based on epoxy paints have high performance characteristics and are promising. As the foaming component, the system of ammonium polyphosphate - pentaerythritol - melamine (in a ratio of 2: 1: 1) was selected. The fire retardant properties of the developed material were investigated. Coatings on the base of the developed fire retardant paint allow us to increase own level of fire resistance of metal constructions up to three (90 minutes).

scholarly journals ПОРІВНЯННЯ АМІНІВ ЯК ГАЗОУТВОРЮВАЧІВ ВОГНЕЗАХИСНИХ КОМПОЗИЦІЙ ІНТУМЕСЦЕНТНОГО ТИПУ

2022 ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
LIUBOV VAKHITOVA ◽  
KONSTANTIN KALAFAT ◽  
NADIYA TARAN ◽  
VOLODYMYR BESSARABOV
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Protection Efficiency ◽  
Blowing Agents ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Intumescent Coatings ◽  
Intumescent System ◽  
Residue Mass

Purpose. Study of influence of blowing agents amines structure on the construction processes of thermal insulating char layer of intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine and fire protection efficiency of this system at high temperatures. Methodology. A fire retardant mixture of ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine was chosen as a model intumescent system. Dispersion of vinyl acetate copolymer with vinyl ether of versatic acid was used as a polymeric component. A step-by-step study of the characteristics of the char layer of the intumescent composition was applied in the study, consisting in the analysis of the characteristics of the char formed after keeping the intumescent composition samples at a certain temperature between 100 and 800 °C, char residue mass (m, %), structure and density of the formed char layer. The method of infrared spectroscopy was used for identification of products of thermolysis of intumescent systems. Determination of fire protection efficiency of intumescent coatings was carried out in a mini-oven under standard fire conditions. Findings. The influence of the structure of amines blowing agents on the formation of char layer of intumescent system ammonium polyphosphate/pentaerythritol/amine was studied. Physico-chemical parameters of char layer formed during high temperature swelling of intumescent system components with varying amine: urea, melamine, dicyandiamide, guanidine, thiocarbamide, formylthiosemicarbazide, thiosemicarbazide, phenylethylcarbamide have been determined. In the temperature range 200–400 oC for systems with linear amines (urea, thiocarbamide, thiosemicarbazide), there is a rapid formation of insulating layer with intense outgassing (high intumescent coefficients K) and the same rapid its destruction with significant losses of char residue mass (Δm). The presence of melamine, dicyandiamide and guanidine in intumescent system provides constancy of intumescent coefficient at minimal mass loss. Chemical transformations of intumescent systems were studied by the method of infrared spectroscopy when the investigated amines were varied. It was found that linear diamines do not form stable spatially branched phosphamide compounds with phosphates as the basis of a thermostable heat-insulating frame. At the same time in IR spectra of char residue systems with melamine, dicyandiamide and guanidine the absorption bands of P-N-C bonds (1070–1050 cm-1) and P-N (980–950 cm-1) up to 600–700 oC are observed. Fire tests proved that melamine, dicyandiamide and guanidine are blowing agents providing maximum protection of metal against fire and can be used for composition of fire retardants for steel constructions.Originality. It has been proved that amines in intumescent polyphosphate system perform at least two functions: blowing agents by means of thermal destruction to incombustible gases and nucleophilic compound that takes part in char layer formation by aminolysis of electrophilic substrates.Practical value. The optimum amine blowing agents for developing formulations of intumescent coatings with enhanced flame retardant properties have been established.

scholarly journals RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF PROTECTING COATING ON THE FIRE RESISTANCE OF ALUMINUM ALLOY STRUCTURES

Fire Safety ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
S. Y. Vovk ◽  
N. O. Ferents ◽  
D. V. Kharyshyn
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Protective Coating ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Component Composition ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Transfer Process

Polyfunctional protective coatings based on filled polysiloxane compositions are technological and can be used to increase the fire resistance of metal structural materials due to high thermomechanical properties, which are determined by stable structural and phase composition. The influence of protective coatings on the basis of polysiloxane-filled oxide components on fire resistance of aluminum alloys is investigated in the work. The choice of the initial compositions for fire protection coatings was carried out with the aim of obtaining of expanded heat-insulating heatresistant layer on the surface of an aluminum alloy at temperatures of 473 K and higher. The methods of physico-chemical analysis have established that when heated more than 473 K as a result of thermo oxidative degradation of polysiloxane with the release of gaseous products, there is an expanding coating with the formation of a fire-proof porous heat-insulating layer on the surface of an aluminum alloy. The coefficient of expanding the coating is within the range of 9.8 ... 12.4. The reliability of the use of physicochemical criteria when choosing the component composition of the coating and the effectiveness of the fire protection function is estimated from the results of the test on the aluminum alloy AMG6 and on the model of its thermal conductivity. 20 Пожежна безпека, №34, 2019 A model of thermal conductivity of a protective coating is proposed, which consists of a layer that limits heat transfer through a two-layer wall. When exposed to the aluminum plate of the heat flow, it is heated to the depth of the coating, which leads to its expanding and the formation of a thermal barrier. The dynamics of temperature distribution during a fire on the protective coating of an aluminum alloy is predicted by simulating the heat transfer process in a homogeneous solid by a mathematical model. The theoretical and practical researches have established the dependence of the parameter of heating the protected aluminum alloy to the critical temperature, depending on the thickness of the coating. The presence on the surface of a protected alloy coating, based on the filled polysiloxane, changes the process of heat transfer to its surface, which increases the fire resistance of the structure by 3 ...4 times.

scholarly journals Case Study on Fire Resistance of Sandwiches for Means of Transport

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Pavel Koštial ◽  
Zora Koštialová Jančíková ◽  
Robert Frischer
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Hybrid Vehicles ◽  
Safety Requirements ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aluminum Honeycomb ◽  
Heat Loads

These days there are undeniably unique materials that, however, must also meet demanding safety requirements. In the case of vehicles, these are undoubtedly excellent fire protection characteristics. The aim of the work is to experimentally verify the proposed material compositions for long-term heat loads and the effect of thickness, the number of laminating layers (prepregs) as well as structures with different types of cores (primarily honeycomb made of Nomex paper type T722 of different densities, aluminum honeycomb and PET foam) and composite coating based on a glass-reinforced phenolic matrix. The selected materials are suitable candidates for intelligent sandwich structures, usable especially for interior cladding applications in the industry for the production of means of public transport (e.g., train units, trams, buses, hybrid vehicles).

scholarly journals Evaluation on the Bond Capacity of the Fire-Protected FRP Bonded to Concrete Under High Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soo-yeon Seo ◽  
Jong-wook Lim ◽  
Su-hyun Jeong
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Critical Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variation ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Board Type ◽  
The Face

AbstractTo figure out the change in the reinforcing effect of FRP system used for the retrofit of RC beam when it is exposed to high temperature, it is required to evaluate not only the behavior of the entire beam, but also the bond performance at anchorage zone through a bond test according to the increase of external temperature. Moreover, the study to find various fire-protection methods is necessary to prevent the epoxy from reaching the critical temperature during an exposure to high temperature. In this manner, the fire-resistance performances of externally bonded (EB) FRP and near-surface-mounted (NSM) FRP to concrete block were evaluated by high-temperature exposure tests after performing a fire-protection on the surface in this paper. Board-type insulation with mortar was considered for the fire-protection of FRP system. After the fire-protection of the FRPs bonded to concrete blocks, an increasing exposure temperature was applied to the specimens with keeping a constant shear bond stress between concrete and the FRP. Based on the result, the temperature when the bond strength of the FRP disappears was evaluated. In addition, a finite element analysis was performed to find a proper method for predicting the temperature variation of the epoxy which is fire-protected with board-type insulation during the increase of external temperature. As a result of the test, despite the same fire-protection, NSM specimens were able to resist 1.54–2.08 times higher temperature than EB specimens. In the design of fire-protection of FRP system with the board-type insulation, it is necessary to consider the transfer from sides as well as the face with FRP. If there is no insulation of FP boards on the sides, the epoxy easily reaches its critical temperature by the heat penetrated to the sides, and increasing the thickness of the FP board alone for the face with FRP does not increase the fire-resistance capacity. As a result of the FE analysis, the temperature variation at epoxy can be predicted using the analytical approach with the proper thermal properties of FP mortar and board.

scholarly journals Possibilities of modern software complexes in simulation fire protection of constructions structures with Sofistik

2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 03026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Gravit ◽  
Vladimir Lyulikov ◽  
Alina Fatkullina
Keyword(s):  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Temperature Regimes

The review of modern software systems that allow producing modeling and calculation of fire resistance of building structures, as well as simulating fire protection, is given. Particular attention is paid to the software Sofistik, which allows you to synchronize with Autodesk Revit and calculate the fire protection of building structures for various temperature regimes.

scholarly journals Determination of the time of ignition of plant raw under the high temperature of the radiation panel

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Lomaha ◽  
O. Yu. Tsapko ◽  
Yu. V. Tsapko ◽  
O. P. Bondarenko
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Thermal Action ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Operational Parameters

Reducing the fire prevention of timber is not only an economic task, but also has a social and environmental focus. From economic, technological and environmental perspective, an important problem in ensuring the viability and safe operation of construction sites is the development of fire-retardant coatings for wooden structures. The construction is increasingly looking for new highly effective means of fire protection of wood and wood products which should not only ensure the standardized fire resistance of wood, but also to maintain its operational parameters to solve environmental safety and durability. Studies of the effect of the radiation panel on the ignition of the wood sample have set the parameters of the flame ignition, which makes it possible to influence this process. It is proved that they consist in the formation of a layer of organic material on the surface, which provides heating to a critical temperature, when the intensive decomposition of the material begins with the release of the required amount of combustible gases and their ignition. This makes it possible to determine the effect of fire protection and the properties of protective compositions on the process of slowing down the rate of burning of wood. Experimental studies have confirmed that the untreated sample of wood, under the thermal action of the radiation panel has taken up, the flames spread over the entire surface, which led to its combustion. The application of a fire retardant varnish under the influence of temperature leads to a layer of foam coke and inhibition of heat transfer of high-temperature flame to the material and its ignition. Thanks to this, it became possible to determine the conditions for changing the parameters of combustion and braking during fire protection of wood, by forming a barrier for thermal conductivity. Thus, there is reason to argue for the possibility of directional control of the processes of fire protection of wood by the use of fireproof coatings that can form a protective layer on the surface of the material, which slows down the rate of burning of wood.

Design and Properties of Fire-Proof Coating for Tunnels

2007 ◽  
Vol 336-338 ◽  
pp. 1753-1755
Author(s):  
Ya Dong Yao ◽  
Guang Fu Yin ◽  
Xiao Wei Cheng ◽  
Xiang Li Gou
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Strength ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Water Resistance ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
High Alumina ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Alumina Cement ◽  
High Alumina Cement

Silicate fireproof coatings for tunnels (FCT) have many eminent properties. But low adhesion strength and poor water/fire-resistance of this kind of materials largely limit its applications. Here we reported a new kind of FCT based on high alumina cement as principle adhesive, redispersible powder as assisting adhesive, ammonium polyphosphate as fire-retardant material, vermiculite as adiabatic padding, and magnesium hydroxide as assisting reagents. The influence of various experimental conditions on fire resistance, adhesion strength and water resistance were carefully studied. Results showed that dispersible emulsoid powder was a key component affecting adhesion strength and water resistance of FCT, whereas fire-retardant material posed significant effects on the fire resistance.

Experimental assessment of the influence of radiant heat transfer on the transition of a crown fire to settlements

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-26
Author(s):  
Николай Петрович Копылов ◽  
Елена Юрьевна Сушкина ◽  
Александр Евгеньевич Кузнецов ◽  
Виктория Ивановна Новикова
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flow ◽  
Forest Fire ◽  
Fire Resistance ◽  
Fire Protection ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Radiant Heat Transfer ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Fire Front ◽  
The Impact

Проведены экспериментальные исследования влияния лучистого теплообмена на переход верхового лесного пожара на постройки IV и V степеней огнестойкости. Лесной верховой пожар моделировался горением штабеля древесины с интенсивностью тепловыделения, близкой к интенсивности при реальных пожарах. Получена зависимость изменения плотности теплового потока от расстояния до кромки горения. Экспериментально определены температура воздуха с подветренной стороны пожара и плотность выпадения искр в зависимости от расстояния. Проверена эффективность защиты растворами ретардантов деревянных строений от возгорания при лучистом теплообмене между факелом пламени пожара и объектом защиты. Crown fires are the main threat of the combustion transfer from the forest to objects located in it. Fire services dealing with forest fires face the problem how to protect these objects from forest fires. It is proposed to treat the object with retardant solutions before a forest fire approaches. To assess the effectiveness of such tactics for fire protection of objects when exposed to a heat flow from the combustion front there were carried out experiments on large-scale crown fire models. A crown fire is simulated with a pile of wood with a heat release rate of ≈ 13 MW m. The wind is generated by fans, its speed is close to the speed at which a forest fire occurs. Measurements of the heat flux density, medium temperature, and the density of sparks falling downwind of the fire front at different distances and heights were carried out. Calculations were carried out to assess the impact of heat flow on buildings of IV-V degrees of fire resistance. The results obtained are compared with experimental data and they are in good agreement. There have been determined the distances from the fire front at which the fire protection with retardant solutions is effective for structures of IV-V fire resistance degrees at radiant heat exchange.

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