Analytical Instrumentation Techniques of FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and EDX for Adsorption Methods of Ni2+ Ions onto Low Cost Adsorbent

The present study investigates the possible removal of Ni2+ ions from aqueous solution by using low-cost Hygrophila auriculata activated nano carbon (HA-ANC) as an adsorbent. The activated nano carbon had been prepared from Hygrophila auriculata stem waste as well; the raw material was carbonized with con. H2SO4 and activated by thermal action. Batch experiments were performed in order to calculate the percentage removal of Ni2+ ions for 90.737% at 60 oC. The properties of treated carbon and untreated carbon are compared using instrumental techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDX, which confirms Ni2+ ions adsorption onto HA-ANC. FT-IR showed that the surface of HA-ANC had more oxygen containing functional groups which enhanced the adsorption of Ni2+. XRD showed the nature of adsorbent, SEM images implies morphological deviance of before and after adsorption of Ni2+ onto HA-ANC and EDX showed that the C content of HA-ANC were higher than that of Ni2+/ HA-ANC.

Geochemical heterogeneity of polychronous relict zircons from restitogenic ultramafic rocks of the Shaman massif (Eastern Transbaikal region)

Research subject. The distribution patterns of rare earth elements (REE), as well as Y and Th, in the grains of polychromous zircons from the restitogenic ultramafic rocks of the Shaman massif (Eastern Transbaikalia). This massif is a steeply inclined protrusion that is part of the eastern branch of the Baikal-Muya ophiolite belt.Materials and methods. 31 zircon grains 100–150 μm in size were isolated from a composite sample of harzburgites and dunites with a total weight of 4 kg for their subsequent U-Pb isotope dating. These analyzes were performed by the LA-ICP-MS method by scanning along straight profiles on the plane of sections of representative zircon grains.Results. All zircon grains from the general collection are characterized by a rounded shape, a rough surface, microfracturing, a weak cathodoluminescent glow to a complete absence, and an irregular oscillatory zoning. In some grains, microinclusions of epigenetic minerals, such as quartz, mica, etc. were found. It was previously determined that, within the entire collection of zircon grains, the values of their age, as well as U and Th contents, vary across rather wide intervals (3049–502 Ma), the reasons for which are the subject of discussions. The LA-ICP-MS scanning over the profiles of representative zircon grains from the general collection showed that REE, Th, and Y are distributed highly unevenly, occasionally showing signs of zoning. It is assumed that the zircons found in the ultramafic rocks of this massif are a relict phase and appeared as a result of the transformation of very ancient (more than 3 billion years old) juvenile crystals of this mineral, which had been originally located in the upper mantle protolith.Conclusions. Transformations of juvenile zircons and their transformation into a relict phase occurred in the process of partial melting of the protolith, during which they underwent thermal action (annealing), chemical resorption, as well as disturbances in their U-Pb systems, which caused uneven “rejuvenation” of their isotopic age. It is also assumed that the revealed geochemical heterogeneity of relict zircons was mainly due to the later redistribution of trace elements with the simultaneous formation of microinclusions of epigenetic minerals in the process of infiltration along microcracks into ultramafic rocks, precipitated by acidic melts.

Defining patterns of heat transfer through the fire-protected fabric to wood

Under the thermal action on wood when applying a protective screen made from fire-retardant fabric, the process of temperature transfer is natural. It has been proven that depending on the thermal properties of the coating of fire-proof fabric, this could lead to varying degrees of heat transfer. Therefore, it becomes necessary to study the conditions for establishing low thermal conductivity and establishing a mechanism that inhibits heat transfer to wood. Given this, a mathematical model has been built of the process of heat transfer to wood when it is protected by a screen made of fire-proof fabric. According to the experimental data on determining the temperature on the non-heated surface of the fabric and the resulting dependences, the density of the heat flow transmitted to wood through fire-proof fabric was determined. Thus, with an increase in the temperature, the density of the heat flow to the surface of the wood through a protective screen made of fire-proof protected coating based on "Firewall-Attic" increases to a value above 16 kW/m2, which is not sufficient for ignition of wood. Instead, the density of the heat flow through the protective screen of fire-proof fabric protected by the "Firewall-Wood"-based coating did not exceed 14 kW/m2. This makes it possible to argue about the compliance of the detected mechanism of formation of heat-insulating properties in the protection of wood and the practical attractiveness of the proposed technological solutions. Thus, the peculiarities of inhibition of the process of heat transfer to wood through a protective screen made of fire-proof fabric under the action of a radiation panel imply the formation of a heat-insulating layer of coked cellular material when decomposing the coating. Thus, on the surface of the fire-proof fabric, a temperature above 280 °C was achieved and, on an untreated surface of the fabric, it did not exceed 220 °C, which is insufficient for the ignition of wood.

Microablative Fractional Radiofrequency as a Therapeutical Option for Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause: Perspectives

The genitourinary syndrome in menopause can occur at different stages of life, with different causes or triggering factors, such as prolonged use of antiestrogens, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and extensive vaginal surgeries, which can alter vascularization, hydration, collagen quality, and tissue elasticity. Despite hormonal therapy being considered the best evidenced treatment for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), there are limitations concerning the latter. Thus, alternative, complementary, or even substitutive treatments have emerged, such as energy use, promoting thermal tissue stimulation to improve tropism. Due to its practicality and feasibility, the micro ablative fractional radiofrequency (MAFRF) has gained space among these energies. It uses high-frequency electromagnetic waves and promotes thermal micro points in the superficial and deep dermis. The safety of these energies limits thermal action laterality and depth. Laterally, it is essential for an adequate regenerative effect without scarring marks or sequelae; the appropriate depth is important for stimulating the obligatory tissue repair response with the production and reorganization of collagen, elastic fibers, increased vascularization and hydration, and the consequent improvement in tropism. In gynecology, the MAFRF is used with therapeutic indication and functional improvement; it is applied to the entire length of the vaginal walls, the vulvar vestibule, urethral meatus, labia minora, clitoris prepuce, labia majora, perineum, and perianal region. The MAFRF has been proved to be an effective and safe treatment for GSM, with long-lasting effects, significantly reducing symptoms and improving vaginal tropism. This review aims to analyze the MAFRF as a non-hormonal therapeutic option for GSM.

Induction-thermal action effect on the surface area of titanium products

The changes in the surface area of titanium samples occurring during induction heat treatment (IHT) were studied. The dependence of the surface area of titanium samples on the exposure temperature was revealed. When a titanium sample was heated to a temperature of 1000 °C in the air at an exposure time of 60 s, there was a 45-fold area increase. The assessment of the porosity of the formed coating is carried out. The number of pores increased with increasing temperature from 374 to 1029 pieces. Accordingly, the average pore size decreased by 40%.

Investigation of the surface overhanging elements of parts manufactured by the SLM

The work considers the task of modelling the mode of thermal action on the system of solid material and one aluminium granule. To improve the properties of synthesized parts and decrease porosity of the surface overhanging elements optimal processing parameters were calculated. The paper shows the result of modeling and predict surface roughness and porosity with four parameters pair of scanning speed and laser power.

Analysis of the applicability of the one-dimensional model for calculating thermal and thermoelectric processes in anisotropic bismuth thermoelements

The results of the temperature and electric potential numerical simulation in the model of an anisotropic thermoelement under thermal action typical for the experimental conditions on shock tubes are presented. The influence of the thermal conductivity anisotropy on the temperature distribution and the generated thermoelectric power is analysed. The results of solving the inverse problem - determining the heat flux from the calculated thermoelectric power are presented. The errors in calculating the heat flux on the basis of the one-dimensional model have been determined.

INVESTIGATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF MICROWAVE RADIATION ON THE PROPERTIES OF GRANULAR HEAT INSULATION MATERIALS BASED ON LIQUID GLASS

The main methods of improving the performance of granular thermal insulationmaterials based on liquid glass are chemical methods of their modification, which are based onchanging their structure through the use of special ingredients. At the same time, there is a need to introduce often a large number of components and individual technological operations, which is notalways technological. One of the promising methods of changing the physical state of substancesunder the action of an electromagnetic field is non-thermal treatment of microwave radiation. Theadvantages of using microwave radiation in comparison with the generally accepted methods ofmodification of materials are the transformation of their structure without significant changes in thetechnological process and the need to use additional components. Due to volumetric heating and themechanism of non-thermal action of microwave radiation on processing objects the duration of theirheating considerably decreases. When microwave heating of a liquid glass composition part of theenergy of electromagnetic radiation is converted into heat, which contributes to the intense swellingof the material, and the other part is aimed at structural changes in the material, which improve itsproperties due to the non-thermal effect of microwave radiation. Studies show that the best set ofperformance properties have granular materials obtained under the action of microwave radiationat a power of 650 W, which corresponds to a temperature of 110-120 0C. The required duration ofsuch heat treatment is 6-7 minutes. The closest to them in terms of coefficient of swelling are materialsobtained by convective heating at a temperature of 200 0C for 1 hour, but their physical andmechanical properties are much lower. Thus, it can be noted that the use of microwave radiationallows to obtain granular thermal insulation materials with a better set of performance properties atlower energy costs for their production.

Cable effective length model error-based bridge performance warning method under thermal action

The cables of long-span cable-stayed bridges are subjected to substantial tension during long-term service and are more susceptible to corrosion and fatigue failure than concrete structures. Most existing structural health monitoring (SHM) systems do not have monitoring equipment to directly measure cable length, and long-term monitoring of the change in cables is less involved. The displacement response of a bridge is induced by the combination of dynamic effects (wind and highways) and quasi-static effects (temperature). In this paper, the dynamic responses were eliminated by averaging the displacement data for 10 min, and the relationship between temperature and displacement was studied. Based on the monitoring data, the distribution of the thermal field for the bridge was studied and the time variability of the tower displacement was investigated. The correlation was analyzed to study the relationship between the temperature and the tower displacements, the north tower–south tower distance and the tower–girder distances. A strong linear relationship between the temperature and quasi-static responses of the displacements was observed. The thermal expansion coefficient of the effective length of cables was proposed as a quantitative index for long-term cable monitoring. The error in the cable effective length is proposed as the warning index for performance warning research. The results show that the proposed performance warning method can monitor cables and perform warnings when the cable is damaged.