scholarly journals Investigation of the Effect of Slag Trap Design on Slag Delay Efficiency in the SolidWorks Flow Simulation Parametric Modeling Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 108-117
Author(s):  
Serhii Kononchuk ◽  
◽  
Oleksandr Skrypnyk ◽  
Volodymyr Sviatskyi ◽  
Viktor Pukalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Parametric Modeling ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Trap Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The most common technology for the manufacture of metal parts and work pieces is casting. High-tech branches of mechanical engineering require the production of high-quality castings of complex configuration from modern alloys with a given chemical composition and mechanical properties. The analysis of the causes of slag inclusions and ways to prevent them showed that in addition to technological means related to quality preparation of metal before pouring, a significant role is played by quiet continuous pouring of metal and properly designed foundry system, including slag trap. However, the use of the most common foundry systems (braking, throttle, with centrifugal slag traps, rain, siphon) to increase the efficiency of slag retention is associated with increased metal consumption, and as a consequence, leads to an increase in the cost of casting. Conducting experimental research by varying the design of the slag trap leads to an increase in the number of field experiments, given their complexity, limited by great difficulties. On the other hand, computer flow modeling allows to study the influence of slag trap design on the flow rate of the melt at the design stage and significantly reduce the cost of introduction of new castings. In order to reliably capture slag and reduce the speed of movement of the melt in the foundries, which provides a smooth filling of the form with an alloy, but without additional costs of metal, the original design of the ribbed slag catcher is proposed. The results of parametric modeling of the melt flow in the channel of the ribbed slag trap showed a decrease in the flow rate along the cross-sectional height of the slag trap compared to traditional by 0.028 m / s or 14.5%. This allowed to reduce the length of the slag trap to the first feeder. The expected metal savings are 0.26%. The form made using a 3D model of the slag trap showed satisfactory molding ability. But the obtained research results are of a recommendatory nature and require practical verification in the production environment. In addition, by varying parameters such as the height of the ribs, the distance between them, the angle of inclination, we can obtain similar results for different castings of different alloys. Given all this, there is a need for further study of the impact of the design of the slag trap on the efficiency of slag retention.

Accounting for Software Development Costs and Information Asymmetry

2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 1211-1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emad Mohd
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Bid Ask Spread ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Software Firms ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

I investigate the impact of implementing SFAS No. 86, which provides an exception to the GAAP requirement of the immediate expensing of research and development (R&D), on information asymmetry. Using bid-ask spread and share turnover as proxies for information asymmetry, I find that after the introduction of SFAS No. 86, information asymmetry decreases for software firms relative to that of other high-tech firms. Within the software industry, I find that information asymmetry is significantly lower for firms that capitalize (capitalizers) than for those who expense (expensers) software development costs. Thus, accounting for software development costs per SFAS No. 86 reduces information asymmetry and, consequently, the cost of capital. As well, investors' uncertainty about the future benefits of software development costs is reduced when firms capitalize these costs.

scholarly journals Impact of Sclerotinia Stem Rot on Yield of Canola

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. del Río ◽  
C. A. Bradley ◽  
R. A. Henson ◽  
G. J. Endres ◽  
B. K. Hanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Dakota ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Sclerotinia Stem Rot ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is the causal agent of Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) of canola (Brassica napus). In North Dakota, the leading canola producer in the United States, SSR is an endemic disease. In order to estimate the impact of this disease on canola yield, field experiments were conducted from 2000 to 2004 at several locations in North Dakota and Minnesota. Experimental plots were either inoculated with laboratory-produced ascospores or infected by naturally occurring inoculum in commercial fields. Applying fungicides at different concentrations and timings during the flowering period created epiphytotics of diverse intensities. Disease incidence was measured once prior to harvesting the crop on 50 to 100 plants per plot. Results of the study indicated that 0.5% of the potential yield (equivalent to 12.75 kg/ha) was lost for every unit percentage of SSR incidence (range of 0.18 to 0.96%). Considering the current cost of fungicide applications and the market value of this commodity, a 17% SSR incidence could cause losses similar to the cost of a fungicide application. Additional efforts are required to improve current levels of tolerance of canola plants to this pathogen.

Role of computers in the design of energy-responsive buildings

1989 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-61
Author(s):  
Radu Zmeureanu ◽  
Paul Fazio
Keyword(s):  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Interactive Software ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Hollow Core Slab ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Closer collaboration of the traditional disciplines of architecture, structural engineering, and mechanical engineering is required at the design stage to better deal with the complexity of modern buildings, and to maintain the cost of energy low while providing a suitable indoor environment during the life of the building.The availability of personal computers and the development of interactive software provide more opportunities for an integrated approach to building design. This approach is useful in determining the impact of one subsystem on the performance of another subsystem and on the overall performance of the building. An example of such an integrated approach is presented in this paper, which determines the impact of a structural system (hollow core slab) and its mass on the energy consumption of the building. Key words: building design, computers, energy.

A parametric modeling method for the pose-dependent dynamics of bi-rotary milling head

2016 ◽  
Vol 232 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Du ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Dun Lu ◽  
Huijie Zhang ◽  
Wanhua Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Equation ◽  
Joint Stiffness ◽  
Rigid Bodies ◽  
Parametric Modeling ◽  
Impact Testing ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Surface Machining ◽  
Rigid Body Dynamic ◽  
Five Axis ◽  
The Impact

Bi-rotary milling head is one of the core components of five-axis machining center, and its dynamic characteristics directly affect the machining stability and accuracy. During the sculptured surface machining, the bi-rotary milling head exhibits varying dynamics in various machining postures. To facilitate rapid evaluation of the dynamic behavior of the bi-rotary milling head within the whole workspace, this article presents a method for parametrically establishing dynamic equation at different postures. The rotating and swing shafts are treated as rigid bodies. The varying stiffness of the flexible joints (such as bearings and hirth coupling) affected by gravity and cutting force at different swing angles is analyzed and then a multi-rigid-body dynamic model of the bi-rotary milling head considering the pose-varying joint stiffness is established. The Lagrangian method is employed to deduce the parametric dynamic equation with posture parameters. The static stiffness, natural frequencies and frequency response functions at different postures are simulated using the parametric equation and verified by the impact testing experiments. The theoretical and experimental results show that the dynamics of the bi-rotary milling head vary with the machining postures, and the proposed method can be used for efficient and accurate evaluation of the pose-dependent dynamics at the design stage.

scholarly journals Optimization of the protection against railway vibrations on the example of railway control building in Biała Rawska

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (6) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Filip Pachla ◽  
Bartosz Radecki-Pawlik ◽  
Krzysztof Stypuła ◽  
Tadeusz Tatara
Keyword(s):  
Vibration Isolation ◽  
Calculation Model ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Work Time ◽  
Design Work ◽  
Railway Traffic ◽  
General Contractor ◽  
The People ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The work presents the design process of vibration isolation for a building subjected to the influence of railway vibrations. This process is illustrated on the example of the railway control building in Biała Rawska, realized within the framework of the investment whose the general contractor was PORR Poland Construction S.A. Measurements of railway vibrations at the site of the planned building were made. The building calculation model was performed and then the vibration isolation parameters of the building were calculated based on the simulation calculations of this model. The purpose of the described design work was to limit the impact of vibration on the people and the equipment in the computer server room located in this building. The original design of the rail track vibration insulation was replaced by the building vibration project. This allowed to optimize work time, reduced railway traffic interruptions and the cost of vibration isolation.

Compressibility of air effects on eddy accumulation flux measurements

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anas Emad ◽  
Lukas Siebicke
Keyword(s):  
Wind Velocity ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
System Configurations ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Compressibility Effects ◽  
Vertical Wind Velocity

<p>Eddy accumulation is a direct flux measurement technique for trace gas exchange between the land surface and the atmosphere. Eddy accumulation complements the now common eddy covariance method in its ability to measure even small fluxes accurately with slow response gas analyzers and being power efficient. However, the physically most direct way of eddy accumulation, also known as true eddy accumulation (TEA), requires the sampling of air at a rate proportional to the vertical wind velocity at a fast rate of typically 10 Hz or more. Lack of suitable methods for high-speed air sampling has been a primary limitation for the practical application of eddy accumulation in the past. The compressibility of air causes a variation of pressure inside the sampling system, which affects the ability to control the sample flow rate accurately, potentially compromising the derived flux measurements. It is therefore essential to quantify the effect of compressibility on fluxes and understand the parameters which allow for mitigating the effect at the design stage.<br>In this study, we present successful true eddy accumulation measurements over the old-growth forest at the Fluxnet site Hainich (DE-Hai) and quantify the compressibility effects on fluxes. Performing simulations on high-frequency data of CO<sub>2</sub> and vertical wind velocity for a range of system configurations, we are able to quantify the impact of compressibility on fluxes and explain why our measurements were successful. We find that different system configurations lead to flux changes over a representative range of 1 to 25 percent of the flux. Key controlling parameters are the size and arrangement of internal buffer volumes and the appropriate control of the inlet flow rate sampling device as a function of internal and external pressure states. This knowledge allows to mitigate compressibility effects and design accurate true eddy accumulation flux measurements for a range of atmospheric constituents.</p>

scholarly journals ARRAY RADIATION PATTERN RECOVERY UNDER RANDOM ERRORS USING CLUSTERED LINEAR ARRAY

2022 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-54
Author(s):  
Ahmed J. Abdulqader ◽  
◽  
Raad H. Thaher ◽  
Jafar R. Mohammed ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Linear Array ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Simulation Studies ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Random Weight ◽  
Array Aperture ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Entire Array

In practice, random errors in the excitations (amplitude and phase) of array elements cause undesired variations in the array patterns. In this paper, the clustered array elements with tapered amplitude excitations technique are introduced to reduce the impact of random weight errors and recover the desired patterns. The most beneficial feature of the suggested method is that it can be used in the design stage to count for any amplitude errors instantly. The cost function of the optimizer used is restricted to avoid any unwanted rises in sidelobe levels caused by unexpected perturbation errors. Furthermore, errors on element amplitude excitations are assumed to occur either randomly or sectionally (i.e., an error affecting only a subset of the array elements) through the entire array aperture. The validity of the proposed approach is entirely supported by simulation studies.

scholarly journals The Impact of Temporary Means of Access on Buildings Envelope’s Maintenance Costs

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 601
Author(s):  
Cláudia Ferreira ◽  
Ilídio S. Dias ◽  
Ana Silva ◽  
Jorge de Brito ◽  
Inês Flores-Colen
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Design Stage ◽  
Maintenance Costs ◽  
Alternative Means ◽  
Tiling Systems ◽  
Maintenance Work ◽  
Surrounding Space ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Accessibility to buildings’ envelope depends on efficient inspection and other maintenance actions of their components. When access to these components is not planned, special means of access are required to carry out the maintenance work. Means of access, besides having a fundamental role on the quality of maintenance works of building envelope components, also represents a considerable part of the maintenance costs. Thus, to optimize costs and resources in maintenance plans, assessment of the impact of the means of access on maintenance costs is crucial. For works in height, there are several alternative means of access. The choice of the most adequate solution is strongly linked to the characteristics (e.g., architecture, height) and constraints (e.g., users, surrounding space) of each building, the maintenance needs of the envelope, and the time and funds available for the intervention. Therefore, in this study, a sensitivity analysis to understand how the cost of means of access can influence the maintenance costs is carried out. Moreover, the optimisation of maintenance activities in façade claddings is also analysed. This study intends to assess whether it is advantageous to consider permanent means of access during the design phase or opt for temporary means of access. In a first stage, the impact of six temporary means of access (supported and suspended scaffolds; articulated booms; telescopic booms; scissor lifts; and rope access) on the maintenance plans developed for the six types of claddings (ceramic tiling systems—CTS, natural stone claddings—NSC, rendered façades—RF, painted surfaces—PS, external thermal insulation composite systems—ETICS, and architectural concrete façades—ACF) is examined. The impact is estimated through a stochastic maintenance model based on Petri nets. After that, a sensitivity analysis and a multi-criteria decision analysis are performed. Based on the results, general recommendations are presented concerning the maintenance strategies to adopt in the cladding solutions analysed. The results reveal that planning the means of access during the design stage can be economically beneficial for all buildings’ envelope components.

R&D SPILLOVER, FIRM SIZE AND IN-HOUSE R&D: PANEL DATA EVIDENCE FROM ELECTRONICS GOODS SECTOR IN INDIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-41
Author(s):  
RICHA SHUKLA
Keyword(s):  
Firm Size ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Empirical Finding ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Innovation Incentive ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of R&D spillover and firm size on the R&D intensity of electronic firms operating in India for the time period 2000–2015. The study finds that firms benefitting from R&D spillover in their line of business are spending more on in-house R&D, indicating complementarity between R&D spillover and R&D efforts. When we consider possible R&D spillover with firm size, the positive association between R&D spillover and in-house R&D activity holds after a certain threshold of firm size is reached. A probable implication for the moderating influence of firm size suggests that large-sized firms have financial resources and the capability to assimilate technological knowledge in their product designs and processes. An inverted-U relationship between firm size and R&D suggests that support and assistance with the cost of research and development can spur the innovation incentive of small- and medium-sized firms. The empirical finding indicates that fringe firms in the electronics sector aim at developing new technology. The import of intermediate inputs appears to be negatively associated with in-house R&D. This suggests substitutability between imported intermediaries and R&D activity. In the case of R&D reporting firms, the coefficient of embodied technology and capital intensity turns out to be positive and significant. As it remains, an increase in the import of capital goods promotes in-house R&D of electronic firms. At the same time undertaking R&D activity in a high-tech sector is capital intensive. Hence, firms require capital reserves to engage in innovative activities and remain competitive.

Demonstrating Nutrient Cost Gradients: A Brooklyn Case Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 244-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Karp ◽  
Gary Wong ◽  
Marguerite Orsi
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Food Selection ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Micronutrient Deficiencies ◽  
Caloric Density ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Introduction: Foods dense in micronutrients are generally more expensive than those with higher energy content. These cost-differentials may put low-income families at risk of diminished micronutrient intake. Objectives: We sought to determine differences in the cost for iron, folate, and choline in foods available for purchase in a low-income community when assessed for energy content and serving size. Methods: Sixty-nine foods listed in the menu plans provided by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for low-income families were considered, in 10 domains. The cost and micronutrient content for-energy and per-serving of these foods were determined for the three micronutrients. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for comparisons of energy costs; Spearman rho tests for comparisons of micronutrient content. Ninety families were interviewed in a pediatric clinic to assess the impact of food cost on food selection. Results: Significant differences between domains were shown for energy density with both cost-for-energy (p < 0.001) and cost-per-serving (p < 0.05) comparisons. All three micronutrient contents were significantly correlated with cost-for-energy (p < 0.01). Both iron and choline contents were significantly correlated with cost-per-serving (p < 0.05). Of the 90 families, 38 (42 %) worried about food costs; 40 (44 %) had chosen foods of high caloric density in response to that fear, and 29 of 40 families experiencing both worry and making such food selection. Conclusion: Adjustments to USDA meal plans using cost-for-energy analysis showed differentials for both energy and micronutrients. These differentials were reduced using cost-per-serving analysis, but were not eliminated. A substantial proportion of low-income families are vulnerable to micronutrient deficiencies.

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