scholarly journals The Effectiveness Test of Betel Leaf Ethanol Extract Cream (Piper Betle Linn) Toward Propionibacterium acnes Bacterial Growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-17
Author(s):  
Resva Meinisasti ◽  
Zamharira Muslim ◽  
Krisyanella ◽  
Raden Sunita
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Active Substance ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Acne Treatment

Background: One of skin diseases that is frequently taking attention among teenagers and young adults is acne or in medical term called acne vulgaris. Acne treatment can be treated by repairing follicular abnormalities, decreasing sebum production, decreasing the number of Propionibacterium acnes colonies and reducing inflammation of the skin. The bacterial population of Propionibacterium acnes can be reduced by giving an antibacterial substance such as erythromycin, clindamycin and benzoyl peroxide. In the treatment of acne we can get antibacterial originating from nature, one of which can be obtained in the secondary metabolism of plants. The extracts and essential oils of betel leaf contain antibacterial and antifungal activities. The effectiveness of the use of betel leaf ethanol extract (Piper betle Linn) in acne treatment can be improved by creating formulations in form of cream preparations. Formulations in cream preparations will affect the amount and speed of active substances that can be absorbed. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract cream of betel leaf (piper betle linn) cream in formulas with what percentage of active substance has the most-inhibitory effect on the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Methods:The study used experimental research. Propionibacterium acnes samples were diluted in 0.9% physiological NaCl sterile and embedded in Nutrient Agar (NA) media. The media was inserted into an incubator at 37 ° C for 24 hours. The test of antibacterial activity used the disk diffusion method. The antibacterial activity test results were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Product Services Solution (SPSS 17) program with a confidence level of 95% (α = 0.05). Results: The three creams containing betel leaf ethanol extracts at percentages of 5%, 10% and 15% for each had inhibitory zones: 9.8 mm, 15.85 mm, 17.35 mm. Conclusion: Cream that contains 15% active substance has the strongest inhibition.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activities Test of Combination of Ethanolic Extract of Betel Leaves (Piper betle L.) and Basil Leaves (Ocimum basilicum L.) Against Staphylococcus aureus

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Junie Suriawati ◽  
Patimah Patimah ◽  
Siti Rahayu Rachmawati
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Betel Leaf

Betel leaf extract and basil leaf extract contain phenol compounds, safonin, flavonoids, tannins, and essential oils that act as antibacterials. Skin is very susceptible to infection or other skin diseases one of which is caused by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research needs to be done to test the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of green betel leaf, basil leaf and combination of both extracts to S. aureus. The process of extraction of betel leaf and basil leaves was done with 96% ethanol solvent using maceration method. The combinations used in the sample solution were the concentration of ethanol extract of green betel leaf (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, 75%) and basil leaf extract (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60 %, 75%). Furthermore, the antibacterial activity was tested for S. aureus with well diffusion method. The data obtained were tested statistically using Anova and Duncan's advanced test. The result of statistical analysis showed difference of drag zone (p <0,05) between various concentration of ethanol extract of green betel leaf, basil leaf and combination of both extracts to S. aureus. The smallest resin zone of ethanol extract of  betel leaf and ethanol extract of basil leaves is at 0% concentration (S0 and K0) and highest at 75% concentration (S5 and K5). While the smallest zone of inhibition for the combination of ethanol extract of betel leaf and ethanol extract of basil leaves at concentration S0K0, S0K1 and S0K2 is 0 mm and highest at S5K5 concentration is 31,3 mm. The higher concentration of betel leaf extract, basil leaf extract and the combination of the two extracts, the inhibition of diameter zone will be better. It can be concluded that the combination of  betel leaf extract and basil leaf extract has the ability to inhibit the growth of S. aureus better than single extract.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL BUNGA KECOMBRANG (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M.Sm.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acnes

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Yulistia Budianti Soemarie ◽  
Anita Apriliana ◽  
Achmad Kadri Ansyori ◽  
Pipih Purnawati
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Activity Test ◽  
Medium Activity ◽  
Etlingera Elatior

Acne is one of the skin diseases that disturbs the appearance especially of teenagers. Some types of bacteria that cause acne is Propionibacterium acnes. An alternative natural ingredient that can be used to treat acne is kecombrang flowers (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.). The purpose of this study was to determine whether the kecombrang ethanol extract has antibacterial activity against the bacteria that caused acne, and to know the effective concentration of the ethanol extract of the kecombrang flower on the bacteria that caused the acne. The research conducted was experimental research. The stages of the study began from the determination of the sample, the manufacture of simplicia powder, extraction of kecombrang flowers using the maceration method, phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. The concentrations of extract used in the testing of antibacterial activity were 20%, 40%, 60% and 80%. The results showed that the ethanol extract of the kecombrang flower contained secondary metabolites in the form of flavonoids and saponins. The results of the testing of the antibacterial activity showed that the ethanol extract of the kecombrang flowers had a medium activity at a concentration of 80% against the Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with a inhibition zone of 7,67 mm. Keywords:       Kecombrang flowers (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M.Sm.), Antibacterial activity test, Propionibacterium acnes

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sirih Hijau (Piper betle L.) dan Madu terhadap Bakteri Propionibacterium acnes

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 16-21
Author(s):  
Lucia Bilasonya Sakramentia ◽  
Nurul ◽  
Fajar
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Flavonoid Glycoside ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
High Sugar Content

Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and honey have been scientifically known to have antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity of green betel leaf is caused by the presence of compounds, such as tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. While honey is due to the high sugar content, the acidity and compounds from the flavonoid, glycoside, and hydrogen peroxide groups. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the combination of these extracts against Propionibacterium acnes. Antibacterial activity was tested using the well technique agar diffusion method with green betel leaf extract concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% ​​and combined each concentration with 100% of honey. The results obtained by the extract antibacterial activity at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5%, each combined with 100% of honey respectively at 11,81 mm; 14,45 mm; 15,48 mm; 16,77 mm; and 14,68 mm against Propionibacterium acnes. The results of this study indicate the combination of green betel leaf extract with a concentration of 10% and 100% honey produces the most effective inhibition zone.

scholarly journals ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TEA, BREADFRUIT, AND PIPER BETLE LEAVES EXTRACTS AGAINST Propionibacterium acnes AND ITS APPLICATION AS ANTI-ACNE MASK

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Angie Lucita ◽  
Tensiska Tensiska
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Bioactive Components ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Extract Concentration

Tea, breadfruit, and piper betle leaves contain bioactive components that have a function as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of leaf extract that has the highest inhibition power against Proponibacterium acnes and determine the concentration of the selected extract for mask applications that have good physical characteristics and acceptable to panelists. Extraction of tea, breadfruit, and piper betel leaves were carried out with 96% ethanol solvent using maceration method for 24 hours and concentrated with a rotary evaporator. Thick extracts contribute to antibacterial activity by disk diffusion method and total phenolic content. The selected extract was formulated into a clay mask with concentration of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%. The result showed that breadfruit leaf extract had the highest inhibition power against Propionibacterium acnes which was 10.844 ± 0.327 mm (strong inhibition category) so that extract can be applied to clay mask. Breadfruit leaf extract concentration of 1.5% was the chosen formulation because it meets the standards, approved by the panelists and the most effective antibacterial for acne problems.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK DAN FRAKSI BIJI PARE (Momordica charantia L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acnes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Author(s):  
Feresta Riferty
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Momordica Charantia ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction

ABSTRACTBitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) seeds is known to have efficacy in treating skin diseases, one of which is acne. This study aimed to determine the potency of antibacterial activity, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and equality with comparator. The extraction process was carried out by maceration method using ethanol 96%, then fractionation was performed by using liquid-liquid extraction. The antibacterial activity of extract and fractions of bitter gourd seed against Propionibacterium acnes were done by agar diffusion method. The results showed that the extract and other fractions of bitter gourd seeds gave antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The extract and three fractions of bitter gourd seeds inhibited the growth of Propionibacterium acnes at concentrations of 40%, 50% and 60%. The value of MIC of the extract was 30% with an 8,9 mm inhibit zone. At concentration of 40%, the fraction of ethyl acetate of bitter gourd seeds gave the highest activity in inhibiting Propionibacterium acnes compared to extract and other fractions. When it is compared with clindamycin as comparison, 1 mg of bitter gourd seed extract is equivalent to 0,80 μg clindamycin.  Keywords: Bitter gourd seed, Momordica charantia L., Antibacterial, Propionibacterium acnesABSTRAK Biji pare (Momordica charantia L.) diketahui memiliki khasiat dalam mengobati penyakit kulit, salah satunya jerawat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan potensi aktivitas antibakteri, konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) dan kesetaraan dengan pembanding. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%, dilanjutkan dengan fraksinasi menggunakan ekstraksi cair-cair. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak dan fraksi biji pare terhadap Propionibacterium acnes dilakukan dengan metode difusi agar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak dan fraksi biji pare memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Ekstrak dan ketiga fraksi biji pare menghambat pertumbuhan Propionibacterium acnes pada konsentrasi 40%, 50% dan 60%. Nilai KHM dari ekstrak diperoleh 30% dengan zona hambat 8,9 mm. Pada konsentrasi 40%, fraksi etil asetat biji pare memberikan aktivitas paling tinggi dalam menghambat Propionibacterium acnes dibandingkan ekstrak serta fraksi lainnya. Dibandingkan dengan klindamisin, 1mg ekstrak biji pare setara dengan 0,80 µg klindamisin. Kata Kunci: Biji pare, Momordica charantia L., antibakteri, Propionibacterium acnes

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) Against Some Food Borne Pathogens

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Mahfuzul Hoque ◽  
Shemona Rattila ◽  
M Asaduzzaman Shishir ◽  
M L Bari ◽  
Y Inatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Moderate Temperature ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Neutral Ph ◽  
And Staphylococcus Aureus

The ethanol extract of Betel leaf (Piper betle L.), an indigenous climber plant of Bangladesh was screened for its antibacterial activity against some foodborne pathogens viz. Vibrio cholerae ATCC 6395, E. coli ATCC 25922,  E. coli O157:H7 NCTC 12049, Shigella dysenteriae-1 MJ-84 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Experimental  findings revealed that the ethanol extract of betel leaves potentially inhibit the growth of these foodborne  pathogens. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was ranged from 0.625% (w/v) to 0.75% (w/v). The  ethanol extract of betel leaf showed the highest MIC values for E. coli ATCC 25922 (0.625 mm), Vibrio cholera ATCC 6395 (0.625 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (0.625 mm). It was revealed that the antibacterial  activity was highest at around neutral pH and at moderate temperature. The highest temperature (100°C)  and the pH (10.0) treated ethanol extract showed a little less activity than the maximum activity at moderate  temperature and at neutral pH, suggesting that the ethanol extract of the betel leaf was to some extent high  temperature and high pH tolerant. The ethanol extract of betel leaf might have a potential application as  natural food preservative to improve the microbiological safety of the foods. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v28i2.11817 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 28, Number 2, December 2011, pp 58-63

scholarly journals Isolasi, Identifikasi Senyawa Alkaloid Dan Uji Efektivitas Penghambatan Dari Ekstrak Daun Sirih (Piper betle L.) Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolyn L. Kapondo ◽  
. Fatimawali ◽  
Meilani Jayanti
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Optical Density ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Density Values

Abstract: Betel leaf (Piper betle L) contains alkaloid compounds and has antibacterial and antiseptic functions. The purpose of this research was to isolated alkaloid compounds also to tested the effectiveness of inhibition of the betel leaf extract against the Staphylococcus epidermidis bacterial growth. Simplicia betel leaf was extracted used 96% of ethanol solvent. Antibacterial activity tested of betel leaf extract with a concentration variation of 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% using the liquid dilution method. The results of identification of alkaloid isolates used UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method can be known alkaloid compounds contained in betel leaves include alkaloids with indole base framework that was absorption at 262 nm and 274 nm wavelengths. The results of the effectiveness of betel leaf on Bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis used the liquid dilution method showed that betel leaf extract with Optical density values at concentrations of 25%, 20%, 15% and 10% before and after incubation decreased respectively by -0.347, -0.304, -0.192 and -0.104, while at a concentration of 5% there was increase in Optical density values of 0.162. From the results of the research, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of betel leaf contains an alkaloid with an indole base framework and was inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with a MIC at a concentration of 10%.Keywords: betel leaf, Staphylococcus epidermidis, alkaloid compound, liquid dilution.  Abstrak: Daun Sirih (Piper betle L) mengandung senyawa alkaloid dan memiliki fungsi sebagai antibakteri dan antiseptik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi senyawa alkaloid dan menguji efektivitas penghambatan dari ekstrak daun sirih hijau terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis. Simplisia daun sirih hijau diekstraksi dengan menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun sirih dengan variasi konsentrasi 25%, 20%, 15%, 10% dan 5% menggunakan metode dilusi cair. Hasil identifikasi terhadap isolat alkaloid menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis dapat diketahui senyawa alkaloid yang terkandung dalam daun sirih termasuk alkaloid dengan kerangka dasar Indol yang mempunyai serapan pada panjang gelombang 262 nm dan 274 nm. Hasil uji efektivitas daun sirih terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dengan metode dilusi cair menunjukan bahwa ekstrak daun sirih dengan nilai densitas optik pada konsentrasi 25%, 20%, 15% dan 10% sebelum dan sesudah inkubasi mengalami penurunan berturut-turut sebesar -0.347, -0.304, -0.192 dan -0.104, sedangkan pada konsentrasi 5% mengalami kenaikan nilai densitas optik sebesar 0.162. Dari hasil penelitian yang diperoleh, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun sirih mengandung alkaloid dengan kerangka dasar indol dan memiliki aktivitas penghambatan terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis dengan KHM pada konsentrasi 10%.Kata Kunci: daun sirih, Staphylococcus epidermidis, senyawa alkaloid, dilusi cair.

scholarly journals PERBANDINGAN UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BENGKUANG (PACHYRIZUS AROSUS) DAN DAUN SIRIH HIJAU (PIPER BETLE L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-68
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Ehrich Lister
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Adolescents And Young Adults ◽  
Piper Betle ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Betel Leaf ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria

Propionibacterium acnes is a gram-positive bacteria and consists of the Propionibacteriaceae family. Propionibacterium acnes is a bacteria that causes acne or acne vulgaris, a disease that is quite disturbing and gets the attention that occurs in adolescents and young adults. This research aimed to compare and determine the effectiveness of the extract of yam (Pachyrizus arosus) and green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) in inhibiting the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria. The research variables were concentrations of yam extract (Pachyrizus arosus) 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) 1,5%, 3%, 5%, 7,5%. The results showed that there was an inhibiting zone against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes bacteria.

scholarly journals ACTIVITY ETHANOL EXTRACT, ETHYLE ACETATE FRACTION, N-HEXAN FRACTION OF SOFO-SOFO LEAVES (Acmella cf) Against Propionibacterium acnes AND Staphylococcus epidermidis AS ANTIBACTERIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
Eva Diansari Marbun ◽  
Alfi Sapitri ◽  
Vivi Asfianti
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Soluble Extract ◽  
Propionibacterium Acne ◽  
Extract Content

Sofo-sofo leaves are traditional medicinal plants that have been known by the Nias people to cure fever, coughs, diarrhea and antimicrobial infections on the skin surface. The  purpose  of  this  study  was  to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction and ethylacetate fraction Sofo-sofo leaf (Acmella cf) against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Simplicia powder was characterized and phytochemical screening was performed. Furthermore, it was isolated using 96% ethanol solvent and fractionated with  n-hexane and ethylacetate to obtain extracts. Then test the antibacterial activity of each extract against Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using a diffusion method disc paper. The research results obtained water content 5.66%, water soluble extract content 27.33%, ethanol soluble extract content 13.61%, total ash  content 14.39%, and  acid insoluble ash content 6.25%. The highest antibacterial activity was given by ethylacetate extract at a concentration of 2% (23.4 ± 0.2) compared to ethanol extract with a concentration of 2% (21.06 ± 0.85) and 2% concentrated n-hexane extract (19.36 ± 0.16) against the Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 2% (23.24 ± 0.23), ethanol extract with a concentration of 2% (16.36 ± 1.76) and n-hexane extract at a concentration of 2% (15.36 ± 0 , 11) against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The  antibacterial activity results were analyzed by the one way ANOVA test method. Based on these results it can be concluded that there are differences between treatment groups, which is indicated by a significant value <0.05.

scholarly journals One-Pot, Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Gold Nanostars and Evaluation of Their Antibacterial Effects against Propionibacterium acnes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Phat Trong Huynh ◽  
Giang Dang Nguyen ◽  
Khanh Thi Le Tran ◽  
Thu Minh Ho ◽  
Bich Thi Duong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Propionibacterium Acnes ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Nanoparticle Synthesis ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
One Pot ◽  
Gold Nanostars ◽  
Seed Mediated

Anisotropic gold nanoparticles, especially gold nanostars, are used in many fields of biomedical applications such as sensing, targeted drug delivery, and diagnostic and photothermal therapy. In this study, we introduced a novel application of gold nanostars as an antimicrobial agent. While spherical gold nanoparticles have an inappreciable effect, gold nanostars exhibit significant antibacterial activity. Besides, the seed-mediated method, a conventional technique for preparing gold nanostars, is rather complex and toxic to human and environment due to unsafe synthesized materials such as surfactants and reducers. In recent years, green chemistry for nanoparticle synthesis is attractive because of its advantages. Instead of the seed-mediated procedure, we present a facile and green procedure to synthesize gold nanostars using ascorbic acid as a reductant and chitosan as a directing-growth agent. The influences of reacting parameters were evaluated to determine the optimal conditions. Star-shaped gold nanoparticles were successfully synthesized with average size tunning from 137.0 ± 20.7   nm to 281.9 ± 25.8   nm of the core and 14.0 ± 4.4   nm to 54.2 ± 11.9   nm of branches. Antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes of gold nanostars was also investigated. Propionibacterium acnes is one of the main reasons causing acne vulgaris. The antibacterial test was evaluated by the plate count and well diffusion method. The results showed a significant effect that gold nanostars could be the prospective agent for replacing antibiotics in acne treatment.

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