Potensi Kulit Jeruk Bali (Citrus Maxima Merr) Sebagai Antibakteri Propionibacterium acne Penyebab Jerawat

Pendahuluan: Jerawat atau sering disebut juga acne vulgaris merupakan peradangan lapisan polisebaseus disertai penyumbatan bahan keratin akibat bakteri Propionibacterium acnes (P.acne). Prevalensi jerawat di Indonesia sebesar 80%-85% pada remaja. Kemunculan jerawat seringkali menimbulkan rasa minder akan penampilan kita. Obat jerawat yang ada dapat menimbulkan efek samping iritasi dan sudah mulai mengalami resistensi sehingga diperlukan alternatif obat lainnya. Produksi Jeruk Bali (Citrus maxima merr) di Indonesia mencapai 511 kg setiap tahunnya dengan berat kulit Jeruk Bali sejumlah 208 kg. Sebesar 50% kulit Jeruk Bali dibuang tanpa diolah kembali padahal memiliki banyak kandungan antioksidan dan antibakteri. Tujuan: mengetahui potensi kulit Jeruk Bali sebagai alternatif antibakteri P.acne penyebab jerawat. Metode: Studi literatur menggunakan artikel penelitian maupun artikel tinjauan pustaka dari jurnal internasional dan nasional dalam 10 tahun terakhir. Diakses dari Pubmed, Garuda, NCBI, dan Google Scholar dengan mengetikan kata kunci. Digunakan 30 artikel terkait dalam penulisan article review ini. Hasil: Antioksidan kulit Jeruk Bali mengganggu metabolisme bakteri dengan menghambat kinerja enzim reverse transkriptase RNA, topoisomerase DNA, transport aktif bakteri, mengganggu regulasi PH, mendenaturasi protein bakteri, merusak membran sel sehingga menghambat replikasi dan menimbulkan kematian bakteri P.acne. Kesimpulan: Kulit Jeruk Bali berpotensi sebagai antibakteri P.acne penyebab jerawat. Perlu penelitian lebih lanjut terutama dalam konsentrasi ekstrak dan efek samping yang ditimbulkan.

Pengembangan Sediaan Gel Antijerawat Kombinasi Ekstrak Herba Meniran (Phylanthus niruri L) dan Ekstrak Daun Sirsak (Annoni muricata L)

Jerawat (Acne vulgaris) merupakan penyakit inflamasi kronik yang terjadi pada unit pilosebaseus. Infeksi dapat disebabkan oleh Propionibacterium acne dan Staphylococcus aureus. Daun sirsak dan Herba meniran diketahui dapat menghambat pertumbuhan jerawat dan mampu membunuh bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas sediaan gel kombinasi kedua ekstrak dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab jerawat (Propionibacterium acne dan Staphylococcus aureus), melakukan analisa parameter fisik, kimia dan stabilitas sediaan pada suhu dan waktu penyimpanan, serta uji iritasi akut dermal terhadap kelinci. Masing-masing ekstrak dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri uji dengan metode difusi cakram dengan konsentrasi 50%; 25%; 12,5%; 6,25%; 3,0%; 1,5%; 0,75%, kontrol positif (klindamisin) dan kontrol negatif (DMSO). Selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran zona hambat dan penetapan konsentrasi zona hambat minimum dari kedua ekstrak. Kombinasi ekstrak diformulasi dalam sediaan gel dengan eksipien Na-CMC, Gliserin, Propilenglikol, Phenoxyetanol, dan Aquadest. Uji aktivitas antibakteri sediaan gel menggunakan metode cakram dengan kontrol positif gel mediklin. Evaluasi sediaan gel meliputi parameter fisik, kimia dan mikrobiologi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sediaan gel kombinasi herba meniran dan daun sirsak memiliki aktivitas terhadap bakteri P. acne dan S. aureus pada konsentrasi 4,5% dan 3,0% termasuk kategori kuat. Formula gel dapat memenuhi parameter fisik dan kimia serta stabil terhadap suhu 4oC, 27oC, 40oC dan waktu penyimpanan selama 12 minggu. Hasil indeks iritasi primer diperoleh sebesar 0,40 (kategori respon sangat ringan).

UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK GEL LIDAH BUAYA (Aloe vera) TERHADAP BAKTERI Propionibacterium acnes

Jerawat adalah suatu keadaan dimana pori-pori kulit tersumbat sehingga timbul bintik merah dan abses yang meradang pada kulit. Pengobatan jerawat dapat dilakukan dengan pemberian antibiotik, namun mempunyai resiko resistensi terhadap tubuh dan dapat mengiritasi kulit.Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut diperlukan pengobatan alternatif menggunakan ekstrak gel Lidah buaya (Aloe vera) yang mempunyai kandungan tanin, lignin, saponin dan.barboloin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak gel lidah buaya (Aloe vera) terhadap bakteri Propionibacterium acne. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimental dengan metode difusi cara sumuran. Ekstrak gel lidah buaya diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi dengan menggunakan etanol 70% sebagai pelarut. Ekstrak gel lidah buaya yang diperoleh kemudian diencerkan dengan menggunakan PEG 5% pada konsentrasi 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% dan 100%. Sampel bakteri Propionibacterium acnes diperoleh dari jerawat orang yang matang yang diidentifikasi di laboratorium. Kontrol positif menggunakan klindamisin dan kontrol negatif menggunakanPEG 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak gel lidah buaya pada konsentrasi 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% dan 100% memiliki rata-rata diameter zona hambat terhadap Propionibacterium acnes sebesar 6,7 mm; 8,3 mm;12,7 mm; 14,7 mm; 17,3 mm. Kontrol positif (klindamisin) sebesar 20,7 mm dan kontrol negatif (PEG 5 %) tidak memiliki nilai untuk dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Ekstrak gel lidah buaya pada konsentrasi 80%, 90 dan 100% efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Propionibacterium acnes, sedangkan konsentrasi 60% dan 70% tidak efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Propionibacterium acnes.

Skrining Fitokimia Ekstrak Daun Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon L.) dari Kota Langsa, Aceh

Telah dilakukan skrining fitokimia pada daun jeruk lemon. Jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.) merupakan suatu tumbuhan yang sering dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat terutama bagian buahnya. Untuk mengetahui kandungan kimianya, maka dilakukanlah uji keberadaan senyawa metabolit sekunder di dalam ekstrak daun jeruk lemon (Citrus limon L.). Daun jeruk lemon memiliki kandungan limonen yang dapat digunakan dalam terapi anti kanker. Ekstrak daun jeruk lemon diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode maserasi. Setelah ekstrak kasar daun jeruk lemon diperoleh, maka diuji kandungan senyawa fitokimianya secara kualitatif. Berdasarkan uji fitokimia yang dilakukan maka diketahui bahwa ekstrak daun jeruk lemon positif mengandung golongan senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, dan tanin. Referensi : [1] A. W. Nugroho, “Konservasi Kenekaragaman Hayati Melalui Tanaman Obat Dalam Hutan di Indonesia Dengan Teknologi Farmasi: Potensi dan Tantangan,” J. Sains dan Kesehat., vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 377–383, 2017. [2] P. Setyaningrum, E. D., Kartika, R., Simanjuntak, “Uji Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Daun Akasia (Acacia auriculiformkis Benth),” Pros. Semin. Nas. Kim., pp. 94–96, 2017. [3] M. Fitrah, “Identifikasi Ekstrak Daun Kopasanda (Chromolaena odorata Linn) Terhadap Sel Antiproliferasi Tikus Leukemia L1210,” Jf Fik Uinam, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 99–105, 2016. [4] H. S. Indriani Y., Mulqie L., “Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Air Perasan Buah Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) dan Madu Hutan Terhadap Propionibacterium acne,” Pros. Penelit. Sivitas Akad. Unisba (Kesehatan dan Farm., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 22–30, 2015. [5] E. Ahmad, F. M. Y., Katja, D. G., Suryanto, “Uji Fitokimia Ekstrak Kulit Batang Chisocheton sp.(C.DC) Harms Yang Tumbuh di Gunung Soputan Sulawesi Utara,” J. Ilm. Farm., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 23–30, 2018. [6] W. Krisnawan, A. H., Budiono, R., Sari, D. R., Salim, “Potensi Antioksidan Ekstrak Kulit dan Perasan Daging Buah Lemon (Citrus limon) Lokal dan Import,” Pros. Semin. Nas., pp. 30–34, 2017. [7] P. Suja, D., G. Bupesh, N., Rajendiran, V., Mohan, P., Ramasamy, N. S.,Muthiah, A. A., Elizabeth, K., Meenakumari, K., “Phytochemical Screening, Antioxidant, Antibacterial Activities of Citrus Limon and Citrus Linensis Peel Extracts,” Int. J. Pharmacogn. Chinese Med., vol. 1, no. 2, p. 000108, 2017. [8] M. H. Yang, J. S. Wang, J. G. Luo, X. B. Wang, and L. Y. Kong, “Tetranortriterpenoids from Chisocheton paniculatus,” J. Nat. Prod., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 36–43, 2009, doi: 10.1021/np900485t. [9] Badan POM RI, “Pedoman Teknologi Formulasi Sediaan Berbasis Ekstrak.Volume 2. Jakarta: Direktorat Obat Asli Indonesia, Deputi Bidang Pengawas Obat Tradisional, Kosmetik dan Produk Komplemen,” vol. 7, no. 8, pp. 12–16, 2013. [10] M. . T. Mayasari, U., Laoli, “Karakterisasi Simplisia dan Skrining Fitokimia Daun Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F.),” J. Ilmu Biol. dan Terap., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 7–13, 2018. [11] A. Tuhuloula, L. Budiyarti, and E. N. Fitriana, “Karakterisasi Pektin dengan Memanfaatkan Limbah Kulit Pisang Menggunakan Metode Ekstraksi,” Konversi, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 21–27, 2013, doi: 10.20527/k.v2i1.123. [12] H. Halimatussakdiah, U. Amna, and P. Wahyuningsih, “Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Larvicidal Activity of Edible Fern (Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.) Extract against Culex,” J. Nat., vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 141–146, 2018, doi: 10.24815/jn.v0i0.11335. [13] P. J. Puspita, M. Safithri, and N. P. Sugiharti, “Antibacterial Activities of Sirih Merah (Piper crocatum) Leaf Extracts,” Curr. Biochem., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2019, doi: 10.29244/cb.5.3.1-10. [14] S. Susilawati and N. C. Chotimah, “Difference of Weight Gain in Baby Mother Given Boiled Of Papaya Fruit,” J. Kesehat., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 34–39, 2019, doi: 10.25047/j-kes.v5i1.36. [15] R. Nugrahani, Y. Andayani, and A. Hakim, “Skrining Fitokimia dari Ekstrak Buah Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris L) dalam Sediaan Serbuk,” J. Penelit. Pendidik. IPA, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 96–103, 2016, doi: 10.29303/jppipa.v2i1.38. [16] M. H. Kemala, D., Hendiani, I., Satari, “Uji Daya Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Manggis (Garciani mangostana L) Terhadap Streptococcus Sanguinis ATCC 10556,” Padjajaran J. Dent. Res. Students, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 1–5, 2019. [17] M. Syafrida, S. Darmanti, and M. Izzati, “Pengaruh Suhu Pengeringan Terhadap Kadar Air, Kadar Flavonoid dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun dan Umbi Rumput Teki (Cyperus rotundus L.),” Bioma Berk. Ilm. Biol., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 44–50, 2018, doi: 10.14710/bioma.20.1.44-50. [18] S. W. Azizah, Z., zulharmita., wati, “Skrining Fitokimia dan Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid Total Ekstrak Daun Pre (Momordica charantia L.),” J. Farm. Higea, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 163–172, 2018. [19] N. Hidayah, “Pemanfaatan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Tanaman (Tanin dan Saponin) dalam Mengurangi Emisi Metan Ternak Ruminansia,” J. Sain Peternak. Indones., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 89–98, 2016, doi: 10.31186/jspi.id.11.2.89-98. [20] H. Nurjannati, M., Winarsi, H., dan Dwiyanti, “Efek Lama Perkecambahan Terhadap Sifat Sensori dari Kadar Protein Terlarut Susu Kecambah Kacang Merah (Sukarah) untuk Remaja Obesitas,” J. Gipas, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 27–42, 2018. [21] Sarifudin, A., Wardatun, S., “Kajian Metode Pengeringan dan Metode Analisis Daun Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) Terhadap Kadar Tanin,” J. Online Mhs. Bid. Farm., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2015. [22] S. Noer and R. D. Pratiwi, “Uji Kualitatif Fitokimia Daun Ruta Angustifola,” Fakt. Exacta, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 200–206, 2016.

SOSIALISASI SEDIAAN KRIM EKSTRAK DAUN NANGKA (ARTOCARPUS HETEROPHYLLUS L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNE

Jackfruit leaf is (Artocarpus heterophyllus L) is one of the natural ingredients that can be used as a therapeutic treatment of acne. To facilitate is use the extract is made in the form of a cream. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of anti-acne cream jackfruit leaf extract against propionibacterium acne with concentrations of 30%, 50%, 70%, and 90%. Compounds that act as antibacterials on jackfruit leaves include flavonoids, tannins, saponins. This research method is an ANOVA one way method. The extraction method used is the maceration method. The tests include physical stability test and anti-acne activity test. Physical preparation stability test is carried out every 6 days for 3 weeks. While the anti acne activity observation test was carried out on bacteria of Propionibacterium acne. Based on organoleptic observation got formulations 1 and 2 there was no change, while 3,4,5 there was a change. Anti acne activity test showed that formulations 1 and 2 were more effective than formulations 3, 4, 5 with average inhibition zone of 9,5 mm.

Anti-Acne Activity From Biocellulose Mask Formula Containing (Aloe Vera (L.) Burm.F) Essence Combined With Vitamin E

Biocellulose mask sheet is a new found pharmaceutical cosmetic design that widely commercial. Mostly due to it’s biodegradable properties, provide an eco-friendly waste. Combination of Aloe vera essence (AE) and Vit E to provide and determine it’s respective anti-acne properties in biocellulose mask form. Formulation of biocellulose mask with the help of Acetobacter xylinum bacteria varied with different formulae: F1 (Vitamin E 1%), F2 (E 2.5 %), F3 (AE 5%), F4 (AE 2.5%+Vit E 1%) and F5 (AE 5%+Vit E 1%) followed antimicrobials test with common acne bacteria by diffusion disk against Propionibacterium acne (PAC) ATCC 6919 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PAA) ATCC 27853. Study revealed that each formulae design F1; F2; F3; F4; F5 tested against PAC diffusion disk resulted 7.86; 11.67; 10.13; 112.10; 10.33 mm respectively. As for PAA diffusion disk resulted 7.76; 11.63; 10.33; 11.67; 11.00 mm respectively. Biocellulose mask containing combination of AE 2.5% and Vit E (F4) would provide the best anti-acne activity amongst other formulae.

ACTIVITY ETHANOL EXTRACT, ETHYLE ACETATE FRACTION, N-HEXAN FRACTION OF SOFO-SOFO LEAVES (Acmella cf) Against Propionibacterium acnes AND Staphylococcus epidermidis AS ANTIBACTERIES

Sofo-sofo leaves are traditional medicinal plants that have been known by the Nias people to cure fever, coughs, diarrhea and antimicrobial infections on the skin surface. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction and ethylacetate fraction Sofo-sofo leaf (Acmella cf) against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Simplicia powder was characterized and phytochemical screening was performed. Furthermore, it was isolated using 96% ethanol solvent and fractionated with n-hexane and ethylacetate to obtain extracts. Then test the antibacterial activity of each extract against Propionibacterium acne and Staphylococcus epidermidis by using a diffusion method disc paper. The research results obtained water content 5.66%, water soluble extract content 27.33%, ethanol soluble extract content 13.61%, total ash content 14.39%, and acid insoluble ash content 6.25%. The highest antibacterial activity was given by ethylacetate extract at a concentration of 2% (23.4 ± 0.2) compared to ethanol extract with a concentration of 2% (21.06 ± 0.85) and 2% concentrated n-hexane extract (19.36 ± 0.16) against the Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The highest antibacterial activity was ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 2% (23.24 ± 0.23), ethanol extract with a concentration of 2% (16.36 ± 1.76) and n-hexane extract at a concentration of 2% (15.36 ± 0 , 11) against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The antibacterial activity results were analyzed by the one way ANOVA test method. Based on these results it can be concluded that there are differences between treatment groups, which is indicated by a significant value <0.05.

Penapisan Fitokimia, Kadar Kurkuminoid dan Aktivitas Antibakteri Temu Hitam (Curcuma aeruginosa (Christm) Roscoe.), Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria Roxb.) dan Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.)

The content of secondary metabolites in the rhizome of the Curcuma genus such as Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.), White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) and Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) play a role in various pharmacological activities. One of them is the content of the curcuminoid compounds which have been proved to have antibacterial activity. This study aims to screen the content of secondary metabolite compounds, determine curcuminoid content and verify the antibacterial activity of the extracts of Black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb.), White turmeric (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe) and Java turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.). Extraction was carried out by the maceration method using 95% ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical screening was tested for the content of alkaloid, polyphenols, flavonoids, quinones, tannins, saponins, and steroids/ triterpenoids compounds. Determination of curcuminoid content by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The antibacterial activity test was carried out by the microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acne bacteria. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the three extracts contained polyphenols and flavonoids. Quinone compounds are only contained in the extract of Black turmeric and Java turmeric. Saponin compounds were only detected in Black turmeric and White turmeric extracts. Meanwhile, steroid/ triterpenoid compounds were detected in the extract of White turmeric and Java turmeric. The results of curcuminoid content determination on the three extracts showed that the Java turmeric extract had the highest content of curcuminoids (16.07 ± 0.023 mg CE/g extract). The results of the antibacterial test showed the strongest activity of the three test samples shown by Java turmeric extract with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 64 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; 256 mg/mL against Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria; and 32 mg/mL against the Propionibacterium acne bacteria. These results indicate that Java turmeric extract is more active against Propionibacterium acne bacteria.

Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham. leaves against Propionibacterium acne

Antioxidants can neutralize free radicals that can affect biological systems in the body that can cause degenerative diseases. Antibacterial active molecules have been identified from plants, and these chemicals are being utilized to develop new and promising treatments. The Mobe plant (Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham.) is a species of Artocarpus member of the Moraceae family. Includes a high proportion of phenolic compounds (flavonoids and phenolic acid). This research obtained to know about the biological activity of Artocarpus lacucha Buch-Ham and their total flavonoid and total phenolic content. The extract was prepared using the soxhletation technique using ethanol as the solvent. Antibacterial activity was determined using minimum inhibitor concentration. Propionibacterium acne can be inhibited at concentrations ranging from 300 ppm to 25 ppm. The DPPH technique was used to assess antioxidant activity. The samples’ total flavonoid and phenolic content were measured colorimetrically. The DPPH test revealed an antioxidant activity of 23.33 g/mL, which was used to compute the IC50. The extract’s total phenolic (117.44 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (3.54 mg QE/g) content were determined to be high.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Propionibacterium acne

Acne that appears can cause facial changes, in the form of swelling, redness, purulence and causing pain so that it will create an impression that is less attractive in appearance and affects one's beauty. One of the causes of acne is Propionibacterium acne. Dayak onion leaves are one of the plant that contain antibacterial compounds. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of onion leaves on the growth of Propionibacterium acne.The antibacterial activity of this plant needs to be reviewed through with extract group with various concentrations, positive control group (clindamycin 0.1%) and negative control group (Aquadest). The results showed that the ethanol extract of dayak onion leaves had antibacterial activity against the growth of Propionibacterium acne. The diameter of the inhibition zone formed at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% respectively 7.25 mm (medium), 10.43 mm (strong), 15.23 mm (strong), 18, 55 mm (strong) and 22.20 mm (very strong).