scholarly journals Comparing Benzodiazepines-morphine-induced Respiratory Depression by Analyzing Respiratory Pattern in Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 850-859
Author(s):  
Abbas Alimoradian ◽  
◽  
Saeed Pazhoohan ◽  
Omid Mirzabeygi ◽  
Kiana Naderinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Whole Body Plethysmography

Background and Aim: Opioid and benzodiazepine family drugs are concurrently used in various patients. Considering the respiratory depressant effects of both classes, in this study, we investigated the effect of coadministration of morphine and several widely used benzodiazepines in the clinic on the rate of respiratory depression in rats. Methods & Materials: Seventy adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups; morphine, midazolam, diazepam, lorazepam, alprazolam, morphine-midazolam, morphine-diazepam, morphine-lorazepam, and morphine-alprazolam. Respiration signal was recorded using whole-body plethysmography 15 minutes after the intraperitoneal injection of the drugs. The respiratory pattern was examined using several parameters; the mean value of inter-breath interval and the respiratory rate, as well as the coefficient of variation and sample entropy analysis of inter-breath interval. Ethical Considerations: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.327). Results: Analyzing respiratory data revealed that injecting the anxiolytic dose of alprazolam, and the combination of morphine-alprazolam and morphine-midazolam, altered the respiratory pattern. Such changes were associated with a decrease in the number of breaths and an increase in the inter-breath interval in the explored test animals, compared with the controls. The obtained data also indicated that morphine-midazolam injection increased the variability of the breathing pattern; such an alternation was associated with increased irregularity and decreased coefficient of variation of the inter-breath interval. Conclusion: The present research results suggested that the short-term injection of morphine-midazolam changes the respiratory pattern more severely than morphine combined with other benzodiazepines.

Amygdala mediates respiratory responses to sudden arousing stimuli and to restraint stress in rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 306 (12) ◽  
pp. R951-R959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evgeny Bondarenko ◽  
Deborah M. Hodgson ◽  
Eugene Nalivaiko
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acoustic Stimuli ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Whole Body Plethysmography ◽  
Respiratory Responses

Both human and animal studies have demonstrated that respiratory parameters change in response to presentation of alerting stimuli, as well as during stress, yet central neuronal pathways that mediate such responses remain unknown. The aim of our study was to investigate the involvement of the amygdala in mediating respiratory responses to stressors of various intensities and duration. Adult male Wistar rats ( n = 8) received microinjections of GABAA agonist muscimol or saline into the amygdala bilaterally and were subjected to a respiratory recording using whole body plethysmography. Presentation of acoustic stimuli (500-ms white noise, 40–90 dB) caused transient responses in respiratory rate that were proportional to the stimulus intensity, ranging from +13 ± 9 cpm to +276 ± 67 cpm for 40- and 90-dB stimuli, respectively. Inhibition of the amygdala significantly suppressed respiratory rate responses to the high-intensity stimuli (70–90 dB). Submitting rats to the restraint stress significantly elevated the mean respiratory rate (+72 ± 8 cpm) and the dominant respiratory rate (+51 ± 12 cpm), as well as the fraction of high-frequency respiratory rate (+10 ± 3%). Inhibition of the amygdala by muscimol significantly suppressed these responses. We conclude that the amygdala is one of the key structures that are essential for expression of respiratory responses to stressful or alerting stimuli in rats.

Analysis of Red Cell Mass and Plasma Volume in Patients With Polycythemia

2005 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mordechai Lorberboym ◽  
Naomi Rahimi-Levene ◽  
Helena Lipszyc ◽  
Chun K. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Volume Data ◽  
Red Cell Mass ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Iodine 125

Abstract Context.—Polycythemia describes an increased proportion of red blood cells in the peripheral blood. In absolute polycythemia, there is increased red cell mass (RCM) with normal plasma volume, in contrast with apparent polycythemia, in which there is increased or normal RCM and decreased plasma volume. In order to deliver the appropriate treatment it is necessary to differentiate between the two. Objective.—A retrospective analysis of RCM and plasma volume data are presented, with special attention to different methods of RCM interpretation. Design.—The measurements of RCM and plasma volume in 64 patients were compared with the venous and whole-body packed cell volume, and the incidence of absolute and apparent polycythemia was determined for increasing hematocrit levels. Measurements of RCM and plasma volume were performed using chromium 51–labeled red cells and iodine 125–labeled albumin, respectively. The measured RCM of each patient was expressed as a percentage of the mean expected RCM and was also defined as being within or outside the range of 2 SD of the mean. The results were also expressed in the traditional manner of mL/kg body weight. Results.—Twenty-one patients (13 women and 8 men) had absolute polycythemia. None of them had an increased plasma volume beyond 2 SD of the mean. When expressed according to the criteria of mL/kg body weight, 17 of the 21 patients had abnormally increased RCM, but 4 patients (19%) had a normal RCM value. Twenty-eight patients had apparent polycythemia. The remaining 15 patients had normal RCM and plasma volume. Conclusions.—The measurement of RCM and plasma volume is a simple and necessary procedure in the evaluation of polycythemia. In obese patients, the expression of RCM in mL/kg body weight lacks precision, considering that adipose tissue is hypovascular. The results of RCM are best described as being within or beyond 2 SD of the mean value.

The Excretion of Isotope in Urea and Ammonia for Estimating Protein Turnover in Man with [15N]Glycine

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. B. Fern ◽  
P. J. Garlick ◽  
Margaret A. McNurlan ◽  
J. C. Waterlow
Keyword(s):  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Protein Turnover ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Intravenous Dose ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
End Products ◽  
The Mean ◽  
15N Urea ◽  
Normal Adults

1. Four normal adults were given [15N]-glycine in a single dose either orally or intravenously. Rates of whole-body protein turnover were estimated from the excretion of 15N in ammonia and in urea during the following 9 h. The rate derived from urea took account of the [15N]urea retained in body water. 2. In postabsorptive subjects the rates of protein synthesis given by ammonia were equal to those from urea, when the isotope was given orally, but lower when an intravenous dose was given. 3. In subjects receiving equal portions of food every 2 h rates of synthesis calculated from ammonia were much lower than those from urea whether an oral or intravenous isotope was given. Comparison of rates obtained during the post-absorptive and absorptive periods indicated regulation by food intake primarily of synthesis when measurements were made on urea, but regulation primarily of breakdown when measurements were made on ammonia. 4. These inconsistencies suggest that changes in protein metabolism might be assessed better by correlating results given by different end-products, and it is suggested that the mean value given by urea and ammonia will be useful for this purpose.

scholarly journals Branching exponent heterogeneity and wall shear stress distribution in vascular trees

2001 ◽  
Vol 280 (3) ◽  
pp. H1256-H1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Karau ◽  
Gary S. Krenz ◽  
Christopher A. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Wall Shear Stress ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heterogeneous Distribution ◽  
Uniform Shear ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wall Shear ◽  
Stress Dependent

A bifurcating arterial system with Poiseuille flow can function at minimum cost and with uniform wall shear stress if the branching exponent ( z) = 3 [where z is defined by ( D 1) z = ( D 2) z + ( D 3) z ; D 1 is the parent vessel diameter and D 2 and D 3 are the two daughter vessel diameters at a bifurcation]. Because wall shear stress is a physiologically transducible force, shear stress-dependent control over vessel diameter would appear to provide a means for preserving this optimal structure through maintenance of uniform shear stress. A mean z of 3 has been considered confirmation of such a control mechanism. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the consequences of a heterogeneous distribution of z values about the mean with regard to this uniform shear stress hypothesis. Simulations were carried out on model structures otherwise conforming to the criteria consistent with uniform shear stress when z = 3 but with varying distributions of z. The result was that when there was significant heterogeneity in z approaching that found in a real arterial tree, the coefficient of variation in shear stress was comparable to the coefficient of variation in z and nearly independent of the mean value of z. A systematic increase in mean shear stress with decreasing vessel diameter was one component of the variation in shear stress even when the mean z = 3. The conclusion is that the influence of shear stress in determining vessel diameters is not, per se, manifested in a mean value of z. In a vascular tree having a heterogeneous distribution in zvalues, a particular mean value of z (e.g., z = 3) apparently has little bearing on the uniform shear stress hypothesis.

scholarly journals Assessment of Alteration in Capnometry Monitoring during Intravenous Sedation with Midazolam for Oral Surgical Procedures

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 1025-1028
Author(s):  
Madhavi Singh ◽  
Kavitha G ◽  
Pallavi K Kakade ◽  
Mahesh Ahire ◽  
Melvin Augustine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Intravenous Sedation ◽  
Oral Surgical Procedures ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Oral Surgical Procedure ◽  
End Tidal

ABSTRACT Introduction Capnography is routinely used for monitoring of patients subjected to sedation for different surgical procedures. There is still paucity of data highlighting the capnographic assessment of patients on midazolam sedation undergoing oral surgical procedures. Hence, we planned the present study to assess the alterations occurring in the end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) values monitored during intravenous (IV) sedation with midazolam during various oral surgical procedures. Materials and methods The present study included assessment of alteration in ETCO2 values occurring during oral surgical procedure. After meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 40 participants were included in the present study. Pulse oximeter with capnograph (EmcoMeditek Pvt., Ltd., India) device was used for assessment of respiratory rate (RR) and ETCO2 values. The mean of 12 readings over a period of 1 minute before the starting of first infusion was referred to as baseline time. By evaluating the first four readings at an interval of 15 seconds during the 1st minute of infusion, we obtained the 1 minute average reading. All the data were compiled and recorded and assessed by the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Results A total of 40 participants were included, out of which, 20 were males and 20 were females. At the baseline time, mean value of ETCO2 was 31 mm Hg, while mean value of oxygen saturation (SpO2) was 36%. Out of total 40 participants, 15 showed the presence of respiratory depression. Out of these 15 participants, ETCO2 changes from baseline were observed in 13 participants. Conclusion No oxygen should be delivered, unless until required, to the healthy participants undergoing dental sedation procedures, for marinating the sensitivity of pulse oximetry during assessment of respiratory depression. Clinical significance In patients undergoing sedation procedures, various monitoring techniques should be employed as respiratory depression is a commonly encountered risk factor. How to cite this article G Kavitha, Kakade PK, Singh M, Ahire M, Augustine M, Jain KD. Assessment of Alteration in Capnometry Monitoring during Intravenous Sedation with Midazolam for Oral Surgical Procedures. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(11):1025-1028.

Respiratory quotients of human kidney in vivo

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
Earl S. Barker ◽  
Archer P. Crosley ◽  
John K. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Human Kidney ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Anesthetized Dogs ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
Analytical Errors

Renal respiratory quotient (RQ) has been calculated from data collected in unanesthetized human subjects. In contrast to RQ recently reported on anesthetized dogs, these data do not indicate a mean value greater than 1. Under control conditions in 24 subjects, renal RQ calculated without special corrections averaged 0.88. Correcting for differences in blood flow between renal artery and vein due to urine formation the mean was 0.73, with 95% confidence limits 0.49–0.97. With alkaline urines an additional correction for urinary excretion of CO2 is advised. Excluding procedures known to alkalinize the urine, RQ values were similar in 46 observations after a variety of experimental procedures. Since both numerator and denominator of the ratio involve small differences between large values, small analytical errors can produce large changes indistinguishable from physiologic variation. Therefore mean values rather than individual observations are stressed. While such values in our data appear similar to RQ for other organs and the whole body, they do not preclude considerable anaerobic metabolism. Submitted on August 9, 1962

The Maximal Sniff in the Assessment of Diaphragm Function in Man

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet M. Miller ◽  
John Moxham ◽  
Malcolm Green
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Transdiaphragmatic Pressure ◽  
Diaphragm Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Lower Limits ◽  
Neuromuscular Impairment

1. We studied diaphragm function in a total of 64 normal subjects, who had no past or present respiratory or neuromuscular impairment. 2. We measured transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) during maximal sniffs and compared these values with Pdi during maximal static inspiratory efforts (PImax.). 3. The range of Pdi during maximal sniffs (82-204 cm H2O) had better defined lower limits than Pdi during PImax. (16-164 cm H2O) and a higher mean value : mean + sd for maximal sniffs was 137 + 28 cm H2O and for PImax. was 90 + 37 cm H2O. 4. The reproducibility of sniff Pdi was assessed in eight randomly chosen subjects over 3 days: the mean coefficient of variation was 7.2%. By comparison the coefficient of variation of Pdi during PImax. was 13.0% in seven subjects. 5. The maximal sniff is a spontaneous manoeuvre, easily performed, repeatable without tiring, and reproducible. Its measurement provides a more reliable quantitative method for assessment of diaphragm strength, which has potential in clinical practice.

Non-invasive assessment of growth, gender and time of day related changes of respiratory pattern in healthy cats by use of barometric whole body plethysmography

2006 ◽  
Vol 172 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Kirschvink ◽  
Jérôme Leemans ◽  
François Delvaux ◽  
Frédéric Snaps ◽  
David Marlin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Of Day ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Body Plethysmography ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Whole Body Plethysmography

scholarly journals Investigating the Causes of Death in the Injured of Traffic Accidents Referred to Vali-Asr Hospital in Arak, Based on Oral Autopsy and Forensic Autopsy

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-347
Author(s):  
Mohammad Jamalian ◽  
◽  
Mohsen Eslamdost ◽  
Ali Rezaee ◽  
Shabanali Alizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Level Of Service ◽  
Road Traffic Accidents ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Ethical Considerations ◽  
The Mean

Background and Aim: The deaths caused by traffic accidents are one of the three leading causes of death in Iran. Considering that all deaths from traffic accidents in the forensic organization are undergoing autopsy and also in the treatment centers under oral autopsies, the cause of death is determined, we determined that the cause of reported death from oral autopsy and medical autopsy Compare the law. Methods & Materials: In this descriptive study, patients who were admitted to the forensic medical center during the year 1395 admitted to the Vali-e-Asr Hospital in Arak, were referred. The causes of death in Vali-asr Hospital were evaluated and compared with the outcome of the forensic oral hearing.  Ethical Considerations: This study ethcally approved by the ethics committee of the Arak University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1395.226). Results: In this study, 109 patients (1.33%) died from a total of 8153 patients with traffic accidents referred to Valiasr hospital in Arak. Of these, 68.8% were male and 31.2% were women. The Mean±SD age of the patients died was 44.03±22.43 years. Also, 59.6% of the dead died during the first 24 hours of the accident. The most common cause of death, according to the results of oral autopsy, was “multiple injuries,” accounting for 49.5% of the patients in 45 patients. Conclusion: Abundance of deaths among patients with road traffic accidents and they referred to Valiasr hospital, which was 1.33%. According to the existing standards and considering that the mortality rate in this center is less than 1.5%. It seems that the level of service delivery in this center is favorable.

Enzymic measurement of urinary pyrophosphate with a centrifugal analyzer.

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Roullet ◽  
B Lacour ◽  
A Ulmann ◽  
M Bailly
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Good Reproducibility ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Phosphate Ions ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Automated Technique

Abstract We describe a simple, rapid, and fully automated technique for measuring urinary pyrophosphates with a centrifugal analyzer (the ENI GEMSAEC). This technique depends on the enzymic magnesium-dependent reaction with UDPG pyrophosphorylase (UTP: alpha-D-glucose-1-phosphate uridylyl transferase, EC 2.7.7.9) and spectrophotometry of the NADPH formed in a combined system of phosphorylation and reduction. Many samples of urine can be analyzed quickly without pretreatment, with high sensitivity (1.3 mA/mumol of substrate) and good reproducibility. The mean within-run coefficient of variation for a 50 mumol/L pyrophosphate solution was 1.4%. We determined the optimum enzyme and magnesium concentrations necessary for use in a 4-min reaction. Because there is no inhibitory effect of chloride and phosphate ions, pyrophosphate can be measured directly in urine, without prior extraction. With this technique, the mean value (and SD) for urinary pyrophosphate excretion by 30 healthy subjects was 39.3 (SD 17.2) mumol/24 h.

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