The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Moral Development of Preschool Children Mediated by Children’s Attachment

Objective: Family is like a school where parents teach the lessons of humanity and morality, which are the foundation of human happiness, to their children. Moral development is an essential part of children’s understanding of moral rules and principles. The lack of moral development, along with anxiety, and depression exposes children to antisocial and suicidal behaviors. Moral development is associated with parenting styles and attachment. This study aims to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development of preschool children mediated by children’s attachment. Materials & Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 128 children (64 girls and 64 boys) selected from 8 preschools in Tehran Province, Iran, in 2020 using a cluster sampling technique. The study data were collected using three questionnaires: Baumrind Parenting Styles Questionnaire (PSQ), the Kinship Center Attachment Questionnaire (KCAQ), and Lotfabadi Moral Development Questionnaire (MDQ). The first two tools were completed by mothers of children, while the MDQ was completed by children. The Kolmogorov-Simonov test, correlation test (Enter method), analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis were used for data analysis in SPSS v. 21. Results: The regression analysis results showed that parenting styles had a significant relationship with moral development (R=0.74, Adjusted R2=0.54, P=0.000). Also, attachment had a significant association with moral development (R=0.71, Adjusted R2=0.49, P=0.000). With one unit change in permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 43.5%, 19%, and 37.6%, respectively. Moreover, with one unit change in positive adjustment/development, negative behavior, emotional reactivity, and distancing from caregiver support dimensions of attachment, the moral development of preschool children can be predicted by 33.6%, 38.4%, -26.4%, and -11.4%, respectively. Also, the results of the Sobel test showed that the attachment variable was the mediator of the relationship of parenting styles with moral development (z=2.29>1.96). Conclusion: The moral development of children is related to permissive, authoritarian, and authoritative parenting styles. Besides, children’s attachment can mediate the relationship between parenting styles and moral development. More planning and follow-up are needed to improve the moral development of preschool children. When parents are consistent in their parenting styles, they provide their children with assertive and trusting behaviors. They should listen to their children and promote dialogue with them. Their discipline should be accompanied by warmness, logic, and flexibility and give their children the freedom to some extent. This treatment can help children develop their social behavior.

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Association between Parenting Styles and Dental Caries in Preschool Children

THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN ACADEMY OF PEDTATRIC DENTISTRY ◽

10.5933/jkapd.2020.47.1.78 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (1) ◽

pp. 78-86

Author(s):

Miso Lee ◽

Minkyung Tak ◽

Jaegon Kim ◽

Yeonmi Yang ◽

Daewoo Lee

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Oral Health ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Evaluation Tool ◽

The Mean ◽

Authoritative Parenting Style ◽

The Relationship

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between parenting styles and childhood dental caries using a sample of 3 to 6 years old children in Korea.<br/>The subjects were 158 children aged 3 to 6 years old and their parents in Korea. The parenting styles were divided into three groups (authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive) using a translated version of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ).<br/>Among the 353 parents/child dyads, 158 questionnaires were returned. Authoritative parenting style was the majority (95.6%), followed by authoritarian (3.8%), and permissive (0.6%). There were no statistically significant differences between dental caries and parenting styles. The mean of dft index in authoritative group was lower than others. In the authoritative domain, the higher the authoritative tendency, the lower the dft index.<br/>Overall, authoritative parenting styles resulted in low rates of dental caries for the children. The stronger the authoritative tendency of the parents, the lower the experience of dental caries in the children. Therefore, parenting styles were likely to affect the oral health of a child, but it seemed necessary to supplement the evaluation tool to evaluate the parenting styles.

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The Relationship of Parenting Styles to Social Phobia among Early Adolescent Students

Journal of Educational and Psychological Studies [JEPS] ◽

10.24200/jeps.vol9iss1pp179-196 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 179

Author(s):

Esraa J. Hamdan ◽

Ahmad Y. Al-Jawarneh

Keyword(s):

Social Phobia ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Grade Level ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Adolescent Students ◽

Permissive Parenting ◽

Authoritative Parenting Style ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

This study aimed at investigating the relationship of parenting styles with social phobia among a sample of 1028 early adolescent students. To achieve the objective of the study, short forms of the parenting styles scale and a social phobia scale were used.Results showed that the participants' highest scores were on the father's authoritative and mother's authoritative parenting styles. In addition, there were significant interactions between gender and grade level on all parenting styles. The results also showed statistically significant differences in social phobia due to gender, grade level and the interaction between them, for gender was females scored higher than males. With regard to grade level seventh graders scored higher than eighth graders.The results indicated that there were significant relationships between parenting styles and social phobia, with the exception of the relationship between mother's authoritative parenting style and social phobia. Regarding the parenting styles predicting social phobia by gender, it was found that for males and females, the predictive parenting styles were: Mother's permissive parenting style and father's authoritarian parenting style. Regarding the parenting styles predicting social phobia by grade level, it was found that for seventh grade, the predictive styles were: Mother's permissive parenting style, father's permissive parenting style and father's authoritative parenting style, respectively. For eighth grade, the predictive styles were: Father's permissive parenting style, mother's permissive parenting style and father's authoritarian parenting style.

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Maternal Behavior and the Development of Empathy in Preschool Children

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1981.48.3.879 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 879-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Larry Jensen ◽

Craig Peery ◽

Gerald Adams ◽

Laura Gaynard

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Maternal Behavior ◽

Female Gender ◽

Child Rearing ◽

Psychometric Analysis ◽

Empathy Scale ◽

The Relationship ◽

High Support ◽

Age And Sex

60 preschool children were administered the Borke Empathy Scale. Their mothers completed a modified version of the Rollins Child-rearing Scale. The mothers' child-rearing scores plus children's age and sex were used in a multiple regression analysis to predict the children's empathy scores. Intelligence, female gender, high support, use of reasoning, and low-rule-orientation in the home predicted higher empathy scores among preschool children. The finding that low use of rules or inconsistency was associated with high levels of empathy appears significant for understanding the relationship between child-rearing and the development of empathy. Because the Rollins Child-rearing Scale is new and psychometric analysis is limited, replication is required.

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Value Attitude to the Family as the Basis of Spiritually-Moral Formation of Personality

Scientific Research and Development Socio-Humanitarian Research and Technology ◽

10.12737/article_5cf4ef8ed08203.16548686 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 3-13

Author(s):

Т. Серебрякова ◽

T. Serebryakova ◽

О. Казакова ◽

O. Kazakova ◽

А. Бурханова ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Moral Development ◽

Preschool Age ◽

Moral Formation ◽

Affective Component ◽

Cognitive Component ◽

Whole Process ◽

Decisive Importance ◽

The Family ◽

The Relationship

This article presents the results of empirical research focused on the study of the value attitude of children of middle preschool age to the family, which we consider as the basis of spiritual and moral formation of preschool children. It is the attitude to the closest adults, as objectively proved by the cultural and historical concept of L.S. Vygotsky's development, that has the most decisive importance for the effectiveness of the whole process of personal formation. Given that moral development is not only an important component, but also the indicator of the full development of personality (studies F.A. Akhmatova, Z.Y. Barysheva, B.M. BIM-Bada, E.V. Bondarev-skaya, T.I. Vlasova, V.I. Dodonov, A.V. Mudrik, N.D. Nikandrova, L.I. Novikova, E.G. Ossovskogo, V.G. Pryanikov, Z.I. Ravkin, I.N. Sisimskoj, G.N. Filonov and many other researchers), we believe that the moral standards of the relationship to their friends and family, and formed in the process of interaction with them in the framework of family education in the future, having become a habit, the child will carry and the rest of society. Based on the results of research, as the most important component components of the value relationship of preschool children to their loved ones, we have identified a cognitive component, suggesting the presence of children's systemic knowledge of the rules and regulations of interaction; affective component, the component that determines the modality of the child's emotions and determines the nature and direction of his attitude to close adults; behavioral component, which, in our opinion, is a specific integration of the first two, and an indicator of their level of development. Taking into account the selected component components of the value attitude of preschool children to their loved ones, we have developed and tested an experimental diagnostic program, objectively proved the existence of the relationship between the level of value attitude of children to their family members and their spiritual and moral development.

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The Relationship between Parenting Style and The Risk of Drug Abuse Among Youth

‘Abqari Journal ◽

10.33102/abqari.vol21no1.224 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 25-35

Author(s):

Siti Nubailah Mohd Yusof ◽

Ahmad Shamimi Abu Bakar ◽

Rezki Perdani Sawai

Keyword(s):

Drug Abuse ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Social Issues ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Authoritarian Parenting ◽

Permissive Parenting ◽

Authoritative Parenting Style ◽

The Relationship

Drug abuse is one of the most serious social issues in Malaysia. Therefore, this quantitative study was conducted to identify the relationship between parenting styles and the risk of drug abuse among youths. A set of questionnaires were distributed to respondents at IKTBN Chembong. A total of 123 students of IKTBN Chembong were involved in this study. Two instruments were used in this study, Baumrind's Parenting Styles Questionnaire (1967) and the Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-20). The results showed that authoritative parenting style was the highest style used by parents (37.86%) followed by authoritarian parenting style (35.32%) while permissive parenting style was (30.01%). Testing for hypotheses was carried out using the Pearson Correlation test. The findings show that there is a significant correlation between permissive parenting style and drug abuse risk (r = .61). Authoritarian parenting lifestyle with drug abuse risks showed a weak and positive relationship (r =.119) while for authoritative parenting style with drug abuse risks showed a weak and negative relationship (r = .005). The implication of this study is the importance of parenting styles in dealing with the risks of drug abuse against youth in the future.

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Rejection sensitivity levels with respect to attachment styles, gender, and parenting styles: A study with Turkish students

Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal ◽

10.2224/sbp.2009.37.1.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Atilgan Erozkan

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Correlation Analysis ◽

University Students ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Attachment Styles ◽

Rejection Sensitivity ◽

Female Students ◽

Authoritarian Parenting ◽

The Relationship ◽

Analyze Data

The effects of attachment styles of a group of university students on their rejection sensitivity levels in relation to gender, and parenting styles were investigated. Instruments used were the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey & Feldman, 1996), and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire (Griffin & Bartholomew, 1994). To analyze data, F statistics, t test, regression analysis, and correlation analysis were employed. Rejection sensitivity levels of female students who had fearful attachment styles and of students who experienced authoritarian parenting styles were found to be significantly higher than those of others. Effect of attachment styles on rejection sensitivity and relationship between rejection sensitivity and attachment styles were both found to be significant.

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The Relationship between Affective and Social Isolation among Undergraduate Students

International Education Studies ◽

10.5539/ies.v11n1p89 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 89

Author(s):

Ahmad M. Alghraibeh ◽

Noof M. Bni Juieed

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Social Isolation ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

King Saud University ◽

Self Confidence ◽

Academic Level ◽

The Social ◽

The Relationship

We examined the correlation between social isolation and affective isolation among 457 undergraduate students using a stratified cluster sampling technique. Participants comprised 221 men and 236 women, all of whom were either first- or fourth-year students enrolled in various majors at King Saud University. Means, standard deviations, Pearson (Spearman) correlations, z-values, a regression analysis, and an analysis of variance were used to address the study questions: (Are there significant differences (α ≤ .05) in affective isolation per sex and academic level? Does the interaction between sex and academic level have a significant impact on affective isolation? What is the nature of the relationship between affective isolation and overall social isolation and its dimensions? Are there significant differences (α = .05) in the relationship per sex and academic level? Does affective isolation contribute towards the prediction of social isolation?). Significant differences regarding sex were found, as men showed more affective isolation. Significant differences were also found regarding the interaction between sex and academic level on affective isolation. However, the correlations between the social isolation dimensions of self-confidence, family containment and communication, and interaction with friends with affective isolation were negative. In addition, affective isolation predicted social isolation among students.

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Perceived Parenting Style and Suicidal/Non-Suicidal Self-Injury in University Students: A Cross-Sectional South African Study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-602165/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mwanja Chundu ◽

Eugene L Davids ◽

Petrus J de Vries

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

General Population ◽

University Students ◽

South African ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Mothers And Fathers ◽

Self Injury ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background: Low- and middle-income countries like South Africa carry the greatest suicide burden, with local general population suicide attempt rates of 2.9–22.7%, in comparison to 0.7–9% in international literature. Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) commonly co-occurs with suicidal behaviours and estimates range from 5.5% internationally to 19.4% in South Africa. As a subgroup of the general population, university students are at higher risk for both suicidal behaviours and NSSI (S/NSSI). Risk factors for S/NSSI include parenting style; however, very little is known about the relationship between parenting styles and S/NSSI in university students in the South African context. This study aimed to describe the rates of S/NSSI behaviours and to explore the relationship between the Baumrind parenting style typography and S/NSSI in university students. The study hypothesised that authoritative parenting would negatively correlate with S/NSSI. No a priori hypotheses were made about the other parenting styles investigated. Methods: Students from all faculties at the University of Cape Town were invited to complete an anonymous, online electronic survey. Data collection included a socio-demographic questionnaire, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire and Self-Harming Behaviours Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics quantified parenting styles, suicidal behaviours and NSSI. Spearman’s correlation coefficients examined the association between parenting style and S/NSSI. Results: In 1136 students, the rate of suicidal attempts was 6.3% and of NSSI was 22.7%. Suicide threats, suicidal thoughts, and thoughts of dying were reported by 5.9%, 35.7% and 50.7% respectively. No significant differences were seen between male and female students. We observed no significant association between authoritative parenting and suicidal behaviours, but authoritative mothers and fathers were significantly associated with a history of NSSI. Both permissive mothers and fathers were associated with suicide attempts, threats, and thoughts, whereas only permissive mothers were associated with NSSI. Conclusions: This study replicates previously reported high rates of S/NSSI in South African university students in comparison to general population and international data. Contrary to our hypothesis, authoritative parenting style was positively correlated with NSSI, but not with suicidal behaviours. Further studies are warranted to examine parenting style, and permissive parenting, in particular, in relation to S/NSSI.

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The Effects of Parenting Styles on Sex-Role Ideologies of Pru West Senior High Students

South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.48165/sajssh.2021.2401 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 1-26

Author(s):

Amos Amuribadek Adangabe ◽

Ankama Mensah Gideon ◽

Daniel Inkoom ◽

Dogbey Alice Emmanuella

Keyword(s):

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Sex Role ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Authoritarian Parenting ◽

Correlational Research ◽

And Gender ◽

Parental Authority Questionnaire ◽

Authoritative Parenting Style ◽

The Relationship

No two parents view things in the same way when it comes to raising their children. In this light, the current study attempted to establish a link between parenting methods and gender role ideas. This study used a correlational research design. We selected 300 individuals from a population of 1480 using stratified and simple random selection procedures. The participants’ parenting styles were assessed using Buri’s (1991) Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ), and their sex role beliefs were assessed using Williams and Best’s Sex-Role Ideology Scale (SRIS) (1990). Moment of Pearson-Product Correlation was used to determine the relationship between parenting methods and sex role ideology, while regression was utilised to determine the variables’ predictions. It was discovered that parenting techniques had no effect on the participants’ sex-role ideas. Individuals with an authoritative parenting style, on the other hand, were more likely to develop a more modern sex-role ideology, whereas those with an authoritarian parenting style developed a more conventional sex-role ideology. Additionally, both sex and religion predicted modern and traditional sex-role ideas, respectively. Tribe anticipated an authoritative parenting style without regard for either permissive or authoritarian parenting methods. The study recommends that because parenting styles are related to sex-role ideology, guidance and counselling coordinators should place a premium on the most effective parenting style in order to help students develop an acceptable sex role ideology.

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Parenting Styles as Predictor of Preschool Socialization

ACADEME University of Bohol Graduate School and Professional Studies ◽

10.15631/aubgsps.v14i1.138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 19-40

Author(s):

Ma. Christilee B. Estonina

Keyword(s):

Problem Behaviors ◽

Parenting Style ◽

Parenting Styles ◽

Child Rearing ◽

Authoritative Parenting ◽

Negative Behaviors ◽

Survey Tool ◽

Authoritarian Parenting ◽

Authoritative Parenting Style ◽

The Relationship

Parenting styles are a psychological construct representing standard strategies that parents use in their child-rearing that can implicate the child's socialization, which plays a significant role in children's development. The study aimed to seek the relationship between the three parenting styles identified by Baumrind (1967) and the preschoolers' socialization towards their peers, their kind of play, and the manifestation of problem behaviors. The study used a descriptive method utilizing observation of the six subjects in the preschool level of UB VDTALC, the parenting style, and Dimension Questionnaire is a survey tool for the parents of the six subjects and the Key-informants interview among the teachers. It was found out that most of the subjects' parents use Authoritarian parenting styles and sometimes use Authoritative and Permissive parenting styles. Five out of six subjects exhibit more positive behavior to parents who most often use the Authoritative Parenting Style. Only one child exhibits negative behaviors to parents who most often use Authoritative Parenting Style but has the lowest overall composite mean in the Authoritative Parenting Style. This study will help parents and early childhood educators know what roles to take in terms of their parenting style.

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