World trends in the distribution of national incomes and problems of economic and social development

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. Klinov ◽  
A. A. Sidorov

The authors have analyzed trends of ever-growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth in major national and world economies over the last 40 years. The prospects of further increase in the unequal distribution of national incomes are fraught with far-reaching social, political and economic upheavals. The prospects of this kind are highly possible because of the trend to decrease the rates of income taxes (coerced by global competition) that leads to unequal national income distribution. The authors elaborate patterns of possible changes in fiscal policy that could serve for better quality of life for all strata of the population despite unequal distribution of national incomes.

2020 ◽  
pp. 113-137
Author(s):  
Vito Tanzi

This chapter addresses the issue of systemic failure and the role that complexity often plays. While the quality of life has risen in the modern world, many daily operations are not as simple as they used to be. The chapter describes several examples of failures (a) in the technological world; (b) in the financial world; and (c) in the economic world. To say that a market economy is self regulating has been proven to be an illusion. The growth of complexity has affected market economies in various ways. Governments’ pursuit of multiple objectives has been one of the major contributors to the complexity: tax systems have become increasingly opaque, open to different interpretation and abuses, as have several public programs. The results of fiscal policy and monetary policy have become more difficult to determine. Complexity has influenced the income distribution by creating asymmetric opportunities for manipulating systems.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-123
Author(s):  
Katharina Menz

AbstractBoth China and Korea face different stages of national income inequality as well as distinctive structures in their income distribution. However, not only do levels and structures of income inequality differ in China and Korea, but their measures to tackle income inequality inherently differ. This article investigates how the Chinese and Korean governments respond to income inequality in their countries by analysing fiscal policy on both the expenditure and taxation fronts. The findings show that both China and Korea have increased their redistributive efforts in the recent past; however, Korea’s commitment to tackling income inequality is stronger than that of China. Moreover, this article finds evidence for distinctive strategies for reducing income inequality in China and Korea. Responding to large income disparities at the bottom of the income distribution spectrum, the Chinese government tackles income inequality by supporting low income earners and reducing the tax burden for low income brackets. In contrast, given Korean income inequality can be largely explained by relatively large top income shares, the redistributive policy incorporates newly introduced social benefits excluding top income earners as well as income taxes aimed at the top of the income spectrum.


Author(s):  
J.K. GALBRAITH ◽  

The changing economic structures, increased complexity and social requirements of advanced societies have rendered the statistical foundations of the National Income and Product Accounts highly problematic as a guide to policy-making. Discussions of “secular stagnation” and low productivity growth are predicated on these problematic measures, including the measures of price change that are used to distinguish “real” from “nominal” changes. This paper explores the consequences for measurement and for policy of the rise of the decline of manufacturing employment, the rise of services, and the rising need for public goods, public services, and investments aimed at sustainability and at the quality of life.


2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 513-517
Author(s):  
V. Majerová

The aim of the rural development programs is the stabilisation of rural population and forming the perspectives for increasing the quality of life for all social groups in the communities as well as in the region. Less developed areas suffer for a long term from the cumulated negative factors of economic and social development. Their detailed identification which is theoretically considered in this paper can help to improve the particular measures towards the removal of the most urgent problems.


2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Miguel Ferreira ◽  
Sandro Serpa

This opinion article intends to address the emergence of what will, potentially, be a central concept in a very nearfuture, that of Society 5.0, and that emerges politically as a (con)sequence of the implementation of the concept ofIndustry 4.0. By proposing a deepening of the potential of the individual-technology relationship in fostering theimprovement of the quality of life of all people through a super-intelligent society, Society 5.0 is an extremely recentconcept as a guide for social development and that can have a profound impact on societies at all levels, such as interms of the quality of life and sustainability. This presentation is based on very recent publications, but it also has aprospective component, which always generates some indeterminacy and uncertainty. Also for this reason, thiscontribution seeks, above all, to help in this very urgent and necessary discussion.


2020 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 05006
Author(s):  
Lyazat Karimova ◽  
Klara Kudaibergenova

The paper shows problems of the economic, political, social, and cultural relations between Russia and Kazakhstan which are important for the sustainable development of both countries. In particular, it is necessary to create and develop border and inland resort areas and destinations, to introduce an integrated transport system and interstate structures to manage tourist flows as well as to regulate issues emerging in this area. All these will require significant joint efforts of specialists from various spheres. The expected results imply significant progress in the economic and social development of the border and inland regions or settlements involved in corresponding programs and projects as well as a significant increase in the level and quality of life.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Zina Machničová ◽  
Marcela Chreneková

AbstractSocial entrepreneurship is important tool in eliminating regional disparities, inclusion of socially excluded people into society, overall improvement of the quality of life and much more. This paper aims to analyse the development of municipal social entrepreneurship in the conditions of the Banská Bystrica self-governing region, where some of the less developed districts are located. The main sources of research were questionnaire realized among local government representatives, plan of the economic and social development of the district and statistical data. In the article, there were many indicators examined, such as quantity of the municipal social enterprises, its activities, support or barriers of its development. The results points to fact that only 7% of the participants of research own municipal social enterprise. The most common barrier to establish and manage these enterprises is inadequate knowledge of the relevant legislation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esteban Pérez-Calderón ◽  
Jorge Manuel Prieto-Ballester ◽  
Vanessa Miguel-Barrado ◽  
Patricia Milanés-Montero

In the last decade, tourism activity associated with natural areas has stood out as a driver for economic development. Thus, it is a key factor for the economic and social sustainability of the community near a protected area. This paper analyses, considering the tourist exploitation and the public use of the National Park in the last decade, the perception about the sustainability of its geographical area closest. A questionnaire was used and sent to the authorities of the villages closest to each of the 15 National Parks. The structural equation model was used for the design and analysis of the model. The results confirmed significant relationships between the perception of economic development and quality of life, but not with social development. A positive relationship between quality of life and social development is also demonstrated. The three dimensions analysed, economic, social and quality of life, are influencing the perception of sustainability of the geographical area closest to the protected natural area. The legal limitations to the public use of these natural protected areas have been considered in the assessments made by the respondents. In conclusion, National Park managers, local entrepreneurs and institutional authorities (local, regional and national) are encouraged to better coordinate the resources of the protected natural area. The dynamization of tourist activities should be encouraged while respecting the biological value of the park, as has been done so far.


Author(s):  
Segundo A. García Muentes ◽  
María Gabriela García Ávila ◽  
Benigno Luis Labrada Vázquez ◽  
Ana Esthela Sánchez del Campo Laffita

The social impact of planting and harvesting the jatropha curca for the production of biodiesel in the province of Manabí is shown, where there are several municipalities involved in this process, mainly the populations that live in rural areas where the conditions are created for their improvement of quality and good living from the income they receive for performing these tasks. A social relationship model was designed that links the social development of rural areas in the province of Manabí with the sowing, harvesting and industrialization of jatropha curca in social development, demonstrating the benefit of using indigenous natural resources for the in the improvement of the quality of life of the populations directed to the economic, energetic, social and environmental sustainable development.


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