scholarly journals Peluang dan Tantangan Pengembangan Rantai Pasok bagi Peningkatan Nilai Produk Andaliman dari Kabupaten Toba Samosir

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sorta Grace Pardede ◽  
Yosef Manik
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Product Diversification ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Added Value ◽  
C Value ◽  
Chain Map

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun strategi yang tepat dalam peningkatan nilai tambah andaliman (Zantoxylum Acanthopodium) di Kabupaten Toba Samosir yang mempengaruhi ekonomi pemangku kepentingan. Langkah-langkah yang dilakukan ialah: i) pengumpulan informasi produksi disentra penghasil andaliman yaitu Kecamatan Habinsaran, Bor-bor, Nassau, Lumban Julu, Ajibata, dan Silaen, ii) identifikasi/analisis model rantai pasok iii) menganalisis peran/pengaruh serta pemetaan para pemangku kepentingan iv) analisis nilai tambah setiap mata rantai pada rantai pasokan. Terdapat dua jenis metode yang diaplikasikan dan termasuk dalam deskriptif-eksploratif. Pertama, metode kualitatif mencakup studi literatur dalam memperoleh data/acuan pengerjaan, observasi, wawancara dengan pelaku rantai nilai dan pemerintahan. Kedua, metode kuantitatif dengan perhitungan Hayami untuk mengetahui nilai tambah andaliman. Fakta menunjukkan luas lahan produktif pertanian andaliman ± 62,9 Ha dengan kapasitas produksi sebesar ± 417,2 ton/tahun. Terdapat dua model rantai pasokan yaitu andaliman segar dan olahannya. Kemudian pemetaan rantai nilai dilakukan untuk mengetahui nilai R/C dari margin setiap node rantai pasokan. Saat harga andaliman netral hingga tinggi rentang nilai R/C antara 1,08 hingga 1,73 yang menandakan setiap aktor akan untung. Namun apabila harga andaliman rendah nilai R/C antara 0,85 hingga 1,9 dengan keadaan tersebut ada aktor yang sangat dirugikan atau diuntungkan. Hasil terkait peta rantai nilai mengungkapkan rekayasa nilai andaliman belum optimal terbukti dari produk yang dihasilkan rantai pasokan masih jauh dibawah nilai potensial yang mungkin. Analisis SWOT memberi informasi peluang dan tantangan mengembangkan rantai pasok demi meningkatkan nilai produk andaliman. Akhir penelitian ini ialah rekomendasi strategi peningkatan nilai tambah diantaranya, menambah diversifikasi produk, membuat sentra khusus pengolahan andaliman, dll.   This study aims to develop appropriate strategies for increasing the added value of andaliman (Zantoxylum Acanthopodium) in Toba Samosir Regency which affects the economy of stakeholders. The steps taken are: i) gathering information on production of andaliman producing centers namely Habinsaran, Bor-bor, Nassau, Lumban Julu, Ajibata, and Silaen Districts, ii) identification / analysis of supply chain models iii) analyzing the role / influence and mapping of the parties stakeholder iv) value added analysis of each link in the supply chain. There are two types of methods applied and included in the descriptive-exploratory method. First, the qualitative method includes the study of literature in obtaining work data / references, observations, interviews with value chain actors and government. Second, the quantitative method with Hayami's calculation to find out the added value of andaliman. Facts show that the area of productive land of andaliman is ± 62.9 hectares with a production capacity of ± 417.2 tons / year. There are two supply chain models, namely fresh and processed andaliman. Then the value chain mapping is done to find out the R / C value from the margins of each supply chain node. When the reliable price is neutral to high, the R / C value range is between 1.08 and 1.73, which indicates that each actor will profit. However, if the reliable price is low, the R / C value is between 0.85 to 1.9 with this condition, there are actors who are greatly disadvantaged or disadvantaged. The results related to the value chain map revealed that optimal value engineering has not been proven to be optimal from the products produced by the supply chain are far below the potential potential value. SWOT analysis provides information on opportunities and challenges of developing supply chains to increase the value of andaliman products. The end of this research is a recommendation to increase added value strategies, including increasing product diversification, creating special centers for andaliman processing, etc. 

scholarly journals Peluang dan Tantangan Pengembangan Rantai Pasok bagi Peningkatan Nilai Produk Nanas dari Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mestika Silalahi ◽  
Yosef Manik
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
C Value ◽  
Processing Product ◽  
The Right

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menyusun strategi yang tepat dalam peningkatan nilai tambah nanas di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara yang dapat mempengaruhi ekonomi satiap pemangku kepentingan yang terlibat. Dalam mencapai tujuan telah dilakukan langkah- langkah yang terdiri dari: i) Mengidentifikasi model-model rantai pasok nanas di sentra produksi nanas yaitu di Kecamatan Sipahutar. ii) Menganalisis rantai nilai dan nilai tambah pada setiap aktor rantai pasok peran. Metode yang digunakan dalam aktivitas ini adalah deskriptif-eksploratif yang mencakup: i) Metode kualitatif mencakup studi literatur dalam memperoleh data dan acuan pengerjaan, observasi dan wawancara dengan pelaku rantai pasok, lembaga terkait (Penyuluh Pertanian Lapangan Kecamatan Sipahutar, Dinas Pertanian dan Dinas Koperasi UKM Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara). ii) Metode Hayami untuk menganalisis nilai tambah nanas. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan fakta bahwa luas produktif pertanian nanas di Kabupaten Tapanuli Utara 1947.09 Ha dengan kapasitas produksi sebesar 34875.16 ton/tahun. Pasokan nanas distribusikan dalam 2 model rantai pasokan yaitu rantai pasok nanas segar dan rantai pasok dodol nanas. Dalam rantai pasokan ada 7 pihak yang terlibat sebagai stakeholder yaitu petani, pengumpul desa, pedagang besar luar/dalam daerah, pedagang pengecer, UKM dan konsumen akhir. Dari pemetaan rantai nilai didapatkan bahwa nilai R/C tertinggi diperoleh UKM dodol nanas (1,60) dan terendah adalah petani nanas (1.14), pengumpul, pedagang besar dan pedagang pengecer mendapatkan nilai R/C masing-masing 1.22, 1.45, dan 1.45. Data dan informasi ini diolah dalam sebuah analisis SWOT diperoleh tantangan dan peluang yang perlu diperhatikan untuk mengembangkan rantai pasok demi mengembangkan nilai produk nanas. Diantaranya yaitu pengembangan produk turunan, membuat sentra produk pengolahan, pelatihan terhadap UKM produk turunan nanas dan membuat koperasi sebagai penghubung antara petani dan pedagang pengecer.   This research is intended to develop the right strategy in increasing the added value of pineapple in North Tapanuli Regency which can affect the economy as well as the stakeholders involved. In achieving the objectives, steps have been taken which consist of: i) Identifying pineapple supply chain models at pineapple production centers, namely in Sipahutar District. ii) Analyzing value and value added chains for each role supply chain actor. The method used in this activity is descriptive-explorative which includes: i) Qualitative methods include the study of literature in obtaining data and reference to work, observation and interviews with supply chain actors, related institutions (Agricultural Extension Fields of Sipahutar District, Agriculture Service and UKM Cooperative Office North Tapanuli Regency). ii) Hayami's method for analyzing the added value of pineapple. From the results of this study, it was found that the area of productive pineapple farming in North Tapanuli Regency was 1947.09 Ha with a production capacity of 34875.16 tons / year. The supply of pineapple is distributed in 2 supply chain models, namely supply chain of fresh pineapple and supply chain of pineapple dodol. In the supply chain there are 7 parties involved as stakeholders, namely farmers, village collectors, outside / regional large traders, retailers, UKM and end consumers. From the value chain mapping it was found that the highest R / C value was obtained by pineapple dodol (1.60) and the lowest was pineapple farmers (1.15), collectors, wholesalers and retailers getting R / C values of 1.22, 1.45 and 1.45 . This data and information is processed in a SWOT analysis, which presents challenges and opportunities that need to be considered to develop the supply chain to develop the value of pineapple products. Among them are the development of derivative products, making processing product centers, training of UKM derived from pineapple products and making cooperatives as a liaison between farmers and retailers.

scholarly journals Value Chain Analysis of Cassava (Manihot Esculeta) in Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rut Tambun, Yosef Manik
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Value Chain Analysis ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Improvement Strategy ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Chain Map

The purpose of this study is to map out the value chain of cassava (Manihot esculeta) and to measure the extent to which the cassava commodity in Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia, could affect the economics of the relevant stakeholders. This study employed the value chain mapping analysis method to map out the existing supply chain models. Data and information have been collected using semi-structured interviews to selected sample that represent the stakeholders’ population along the cassava supply chain in Toba Samosir Regency. The stakeholders have been identified using snowball technique. SWOT analysis was employed to deploy policy strategy in improving the cassava benefit for the stakeholders. From the study, we obtain three models of supply chain of cassava, namely: (i) direct sale of cassava root to consumer model, (ii) cassava-based food model, and (iii) tapioca starch model. The margins of each node for each supply chain were estimated. The value chain map reveals that the value engineering of cassava commodities is not optimal, in which the final products produced by all models of supply chain are far below the potential possible value. We finally recommended some value-added improvement strategy; for example, diversifying the product of cassava derivative that is more valuable that is higher-grade tapioca flour and modification of cassava flour.   Keywords: Value Chain Analysis, Cassava, North Sumatera.

scholarly journals Formulasi Nilai Tambah pada Rantai Pasok Minyak Sawit

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Syarif Hidayat ◽  
Nunung Nurhasanah ◽  
Rizki Ayuning Prasongko
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Stakeholder Dialogue ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Oil Supply ◽  
Fair Distribution ◽  
Technology Level

In palm oil supply chain (POSC) the smallholder farmers sell their fresh fruit bunch (FFB) to Palm Oil Mills through traders. Palm Oil Mills convert the FFB into crude palm oil (CPO). CPO is sold to the refinery, who converts CPO into frying oil and sends the product to the distributors. The distributors subsequently sell them to the consumers. Each member of the POSC will try to optimize its added value. The aim of this paper is to develop an added value formulation as a function of risk, investment and technology levels of each of the POSC member. To facilitate fair distribution of rewards a concept of added value utility based on rsk, investment and technology level was introduced. To optimize the added value distribution between the members the concept of stakeholder dialogue was used. The selling prices were negotiated between the actors until each reached a satisfactory value, which was ruled by the levels of optimum added value utility. This research is important because the developed model can facilitate a better formula to calculate the fair distribution of added values, therefore ensure its sustainability and improve the total supply chain added value.Keywords:Utility, Value Added, Palm Oil Supply Chain, Exponential FunctionAbstrakPada suatu rantai pasok agroindustri minyak sawit (RPMS), petani menjual tandan buah segar (TBS) ke pabrik CPO melalui pedagang/pemasok. Pabrik CPO merubah TBS menjadi CPO. CPO dijual ke refinery (pabrik minyak goreng), yang merubah CPO menjadi minyak goreng, dan menjualnya melalui distributor kepada para konsumen. Setiap anggota RPMS akan berusaha untuk mengoptimumkan nilai tambahnya masing-masing. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah menyusun formula perhitungan nilai tambah RPMS yang dipengaruhi oleh tingkat risiko, tingkat investasi dan tingkat teknologi yang terkait dengan masingmasing pelaku rantai pasok. Untuk mengusahakan distribusi yang adil dari imbalan maka digunakan pendekatan stakeholder dialogue. Harga jual dinegosiasikan diantara para pelaku RPMS sampai didapat suatu nilai yang memuaskan semua pihak, yang ditentukan berdasarkan utilitas nilai tambah yang optimum. Penelitian ini penting karena model yang dikembangkan dapat memfasilitasi formula yang lebih baik untuk menghitung distribusi nillia tambah yang adil, sehingga akan dicapai keberlangsungan usaha dan meningkatnya nilai tambah total dari RPMS.Kata kunci: Utilitas, Nilai Tambah, Rantai Pasok Minyak Sawit, Fungsi Eksponensial.

scholarly journals Internal Marketing Communication of the Global Company in Slovak Republic

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
Jakub Michulek
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Internal Marketing ◽  
Internal Communication ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Marketing Communication ◽  
Career Growth ◽  
High Level ◽  
Global Company

Research background: Currently, it is constantly increasing emphasis on the satisfaction of employees in the company. One way to satisfy them through internal marketing communication. Set them training according to their needs and interests and allow them to grow their career growth. It is also the provision of information on time at the required range and especially to be up to date. As a result, employees can perform their work efficiently and work to achieve the required result that the enterprise expects. It is necessary for this internal communication in the company took place both directions for many companies. It follows that finance inserted into education of employees; it will return to a business in an even greater range. Purpose of the article: The aim of this research is to analyses the use of the tools of the communication mix in the field of internal marketing communication of the selected company. Methods: SWOT analysis, Deduction, Comparison. Findings & Value added: Internal marketing communication in chosen company is on high level, according to analyzing tools and results of SWOT analysis. Added value is finding a level of internal marketing communication for company and creating some points for continuing in building quality internal marketing communication.

ASSESSMENT OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUSSIAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY CONSIDERING THE DIGITAL FACTOR

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (199) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
M.P. Kalinichenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Manufacturing Enterprises ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the study is to assess the technological transformation of the manufacturing industry in Russia, taking into account the digital factor. The analysis of a set of methods that can be used to assess the impact of technologies on the digital transformation of economic systems (country, industry, region, industrial enterprise) is carried out; the results of a SWOT analysis of the Russian manufacturing industry for the medium term are presented (as an initial stage for the subsequent development of functional strategies of industrial enterprises-digital transformation, innovative, competitive, etc.); the results of a survey of experts on a sample of industrial enterprises of the Arkhangelsk region regarding barriers and prospects of digital transformation of manufacturing enterprises are summarized; an economic and mathematical model of the influence of production factors, including the digital factor, on the value added created by the manufacturing industry is developed. Based on the analysis and modeling of the formation of added value in the manufacturing industry, taking into account the contribution of each of the factors of production, a set of solutions is proposed, on the basis of which it is possible to give a new impetus to accelerate the digital transformation of the industry.

scholarly journals Marketing of shrimp in Bangladesh-A value chain analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Islam ◽  
MM Haque ◽  
MG Rabbani ◽  
S Sharmin
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Export Earning ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Value Chain Analysis ◽  
Market Participants ◽  
Chain Analysis ◽  
Marketing Efficiency

Shrimp is an important fisheries resource in the national economy of Bangladesh. It is considered as an exportable item and in each year it shared about 2.75% of the total export earning of Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to examine the marketing system and value chain, and marketing efficiency of shrimp marketed both in domestic and export market. For this study a total of 182 stakeholders (market intermediaries) were selected where shrimp farmers, export oriented farms, depot owners and other market participants and selling agents were included. Data were collected for the period of 2012-13. The study revealed that 80% shrimp is exported and rest 20% is consumed in the local market. Usually shrimp is exported through exporting agencies and firms. Considering all kinds of market, the average gross marketing margin and profit of shrimp in the local market were Tk 171.00/kg and Tk 134.04/kg respectively but for export market, the corresponding amounts were Tk 142.76/kg and Tk 89.51/kg respectively. Shrimp is sold both in domestic and overseas market and accordingly major supply chain and value chain were identified. Shrimp farmers and exporting agencies supply shrimp to ultimate consumers through supply chain. Actually value chain actors added value at each level of market. After processing and adding value, domestic and overseas consumers purchase 1 kg of shrimp at Tk 55.00 and Tk 142.76 respectively. Marketing efficiency was studied only for domestic market. It revealed that shorter supply channel resulted efficient marketing of shrimp where the shrimp producer received the higher percentages of sales price provided by the retailer in consumer market.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 12(2): 359-368, December 2014

scholarly journals SUPPLY CHAIN AND VALUE-ADDED ANALYSIS OF LAHAT COFFEE ON COFFEE SHOP IN PALEMBANG CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Afriyani Afriyani ◽  
Muhammad Yazid ◽  
Desi Aryani
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Coffee Bean ◽  
Coffee Shop ◽  
Robusta Coffee ◽  
Coffee Farmers ◽  
Coffee Shops

Lahat is one of the Robusta coffee production centers in South Sumatra. The coffee beansproduced by this district are often used as raw material in the coffee shop in Palembang because of thedistinctive taste and aroma that coffee lovers love. Coffee shops opens new opportunities for Robustacoffee farming. This study aims to analyze the flow of the supply chain and the added value of Lahatcoffee beans used by coffee shop. This research was conducted through a survey of four coffee shops inPalembang. The results showed that there are two supply chain lines, (1) coffee farmers - collectors -retailers - market traders - consumers; (2) coffee farmers - processors - coffee shops - consumers. Thesecond pattern is better and more profitable than the first pattern because the quality of the coffeeproduced is higher. The average added value obtained from processing one kilogram of coffee cherriesinto ground coffee is Rp. 158,132.94, coffee bean into green bean is Rp. 427,798.55, and green beaninto a cup of coffee is Rp. 1,029,269.00. This value indicates that processing the coffee cherries intopowder and processing the selected coffee cherries in coffee shop are profitable.

scholarly journals Strategi Pengembangan Agribisnis Gula Aren Di Kabupaten Sekadau

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suryansyah, Nurliza, Radian
Keyword(s):  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Palm Sugar ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Space Matrix ◽  
Strategy Building ◽  
Support Facility

Aren is a type of palm that has a highly potential economic value. Semabi, Sekadau Hilir Sub-district is the largest producer in the District of Sekadau; however, it is only processed to produce molded sugar. This study aimed to formulate a strategy for the  palm sugar agrybusiness development in Sekadau District. The research method was a   quantitative descriptive, and the data were processed using IFE/EFE, SPACE and SWOT. The values obtained from IFE and EFE matrixes were 2.57 and 2.65 respectively. From the SWOT analysis, alternative strategies were obtained, namely, SO Strategy: expanding the location of the area sugar palm cultivation, increasing production capacity, and improving the quality of product. WO Strategy: increasing of human resources (farmers), developing a partnership and developing a market information network. ST Strategy: government policies that supporting, increasing the added value and production. WT Strategy: building a support facility of   sugar palm agribusiness, increasing coordination and cooperation among stakeholders in strengthening palm agribusiness, and increasing marketing and promotion for the expansion.  Keyword: Aren (palm),  agrybusiness, IFE/EFE matrixes, SPACE matrix, and SWOT analysis.

scholarly journals Torrefied biomass in biofuel production system

2020 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 9-12
Author(s):  
D. Ciolkosz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Added Value

Ukraine produces large amounts of crop residues every year, much which could be utilized to produce biofuel. However, efficient supply chains and system configurations are needed to make such systems efficient and cost effective. One option is to integrate torrefaction, power production and biofuel production into a single, coordinated system. This approach allows for high value product (i.e. biofuel), greater utilization of the energy content of the feedstock, and supply chain efficiency. Initial analyses indicate that revenues can be enhanced through this approach, and further analyses and optimization efforts could identify a sustainable approach to renewable fuel and power production for Ukraine. The question of scale and layout remains of interest as well, and a thorough logistical study is needed to identify the most suitable configuration. Agricultural operations often benefit from smaller scales of operation, whereas fuel production processes tend to operate profitably only at very large scale. Thus, a balance must be struck between the needs of both ends of the supply chain. The processing center concept helps to balance those needs. A system such as this also has potential to synergize with other agricultural production systems, such as the production of animal feed, fertilizer, and other bio-based products. The complexities of the Ukrainian agricultural market will need to be reflected carefully in any model that seeks to assess the system's potential. Presents a concept for coupling thermal pretreatment (torrefaction with biofuel and power production for the transformation of wheat straw into a value added product for Ukraine. Torrefaction provides supply chain savings, while conversion provides added value to the product. This paradigm has potential to utilize a widely produced waste material into a valuable source of energy and possibly other products for the country.

scholarly journals Pola Rantai Pasok Itik Pedaging (Studi Kasus Pada Rantai Pasok ItikCihateup (Anas platyrhynchos Javanica) Kabupaten Tasikmalaya)

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Ulfa Indah Laela Rahmah Ulfa ◽  
Bambang Nugraha ◽  
Lili Adam Yuliandri
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Value Chain ◽  
Cost Structure ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Purchase Price ◽  
Trading Costs ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Marketing Margins

The research was conducted in Kabupaten Tasikmalaya from May 20 to June 20, 2021. The purpose of this study was to determine the supply chain management pattern of Cihateup Duck Breeders and to analyze marketing margins and added value in the value chain in the Cihateup Duck supply chain. The object of the research is the business actors of Cihateup Duck husbandry including Breeders, Dealers or Collectors, Slaughterhouses, and culinary businesses. The research method used is the descriptive qualitative analysis method using the survey method. Determination of the sample in this study using a snowball sampling technique as many as 7 people involved in the Cihateup Duck supply chain. The variables analyzed in this study, namely the Cihateup Duck supply chain channel, cost structure, selling price, purchase price, and trading costs. The analysis used to determine the marketing value chain uses Value Chain Analysis (VCA) analysis. The results showed that the supply chain of cihateup ducks only went through one core channel from breeders to collectors and then to slaughterhouses and processed by culinary businesses until finally in the hands of final consumers. Migration of ducks from one supply chain member to another has increased costs and different marketing margins because it is influenced by maintenance costs, transportation costs, changes in live ducks into carcasses, and carcasses into finished products ready for consumption. The marketing margin of the Cihateup Duck supply chain is Rp. 12,000 for breeders, Rp. for collectors. 3,000, a slaughterhouse Rp. 10,000 and a culinary business Rp. 22,000.   Keywords: Cihateup duck supply chain, cost structure, selling price, purchase price, trading costs and marketing margin

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