scholarly journals Topographic Survey and Modelling using Photogrammetry: A Comparison against Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) Method

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Chung Han Lim
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
Ground Field ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Topographic Survey ◽  
Rms Error ◽  
Electronic Distance Measurement

Topographic surveying has been an important companion to the civil engineer in the development of human civilization since ancient history. It is used to map terrestrial features on the ground along with its contour heights. Application of this can be seen in the establishing land boundaries and setting out construction projects. Conventional methods of surveying range from ground field methods such as the use of total station to aerial surveys such as photogrammetry or LiDAR. This study looks to assess the feasibility of aerial photogrammetry using UAVs as a replacement to the conventional EDM survey using total stations. This objective was achieved by carrying out both photogrammetric and EDM surveys on a 350m long stretch of highway. The resulting survey data were processed to produce two comparative TIN surfaces of the highway which were then superimposed together and compared for accuracy. It could be observed that on plan view, both surfaces were quite closely matched with a maximum difference of less than 0.4m and a low standard deviation. In elevation view, however, the differences were larger with maximums of 5.0m, accompanied by large standard deviations. RMS error analysis carried out also correlate with the findings.

Geotechnical and groundwater geophysics

Geophysics ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 2621-2636 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Dobecki ◽  
P. R. Romig
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Petroleum Reservoir ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Reflection Seismic ◽  
Proper Role ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Reservoir Description ◽  
The Stability

Because of a change in emphasis from power plant siting to projects principally involving process and facility monitoring and certification of existing structures (dams, pipelines, etc.), geotechnical and groundwater geophysics is in quite a healthy state after some lean years following the demise of nuclear energy construction projects. The orders‐of‐magnitude jump in the computational capability of geophysicists working in these fields has overshadowed advances in instrumentation (e.g., digital enhancement seismographs), field methods (e.g., cross‐borehole EM), and interpretive procedures. The advent of powerful, affordable microcomputers has enabled expansion into applications demanding finer resolution and quicker turnaround of results. As a result, shallow seismic reflection, seismic and electromagnetic geotomography, and the complementary use of surface and borehole electrical resistivity and seismic data will soon be common if not dominant methods in geotechnical and groundwater investigations. Future trends point to increased emphasis on environmental and economic issues (e.g., toxic wastes or the stability of underground petroleum storage facilities), cross‐fertilization with petroleum reservoir engineering (process monitoring and detailed reservoir description), and greater involvement of computers in the planning, data acquisition, and interpretive phases of our projects. As computers take over more of the data collection‐processing‐interpretation sequence, one of the greatest challenges facing us will be to define the proper role of humans and to use the new technology wisely.

scholarly journals The instrument constant of sky radiometer (POM-02), Part I: Calibration constant

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akihiro Uchiyama ◽  
Tsuneo Matsunaga ◽  
Akihiro Yamazaki
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Calibration Method ◽  
Gas Absorption ◽  
Sensor Output ◽  
Correction Factors ◽  
Maximum Difference ◽  
Calibration Constant ◽  
Rms Error ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Ground-based networks have been developed to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols using radiometers. In this study, the accuracy of the calibration constant (V0) for the sky radiometer (POM-02) which is used by SKYNET was investigated. The temperature dependence of the sensor output was also investigated, and the dependence in the 340, 380, and 2200 nm channels was found to be larger than for other channels, and varied with the instrument. In the summer, the sensor output had to be corrected by a factor of 1.5 to 2 % in the 340 and 380 nm channels and by 4 % in the 2200 nm channel in the measurements at Tsukuba. In the other channels, the correction factors were less than 0.5 %. The accuracy of V0 from the normal Langley method is between 0.2 and 1.3 %, except in the 940 nm channel. The effect of gas absorption was less than 1 % in the 1225, 1627, and 2200 nm channels. The degradation of V0 for shorter wavelengths was larger than that for longer wavelengths. The accuracy of V0 estimated from the side-by-side measurements was 0.1 to 0.5 %. The V0 determined by the improved Langley (IML) method had a seasonal variation of 1 to 3 %. The RMS error from the IML method was about 0.6 to 2.5 %, and in some cases, the maximum difference reached 5 %. The trend in V0 after removing the seasonal variation was almost the same as for the normal Langley method. The calibration method for water vapor in the 940 nm channel was developed using an empirical formula for transmittance. The accuracy of V0 was better than 1 % on relatively stable and fine days. A calibration method for the near-infrared channels, 1225, 1627, and 2200 nm, was also developed. The logarithm of the ratio of the sensor output can be written as a linear function of the airmass, by assuming that the ratio of the optical thicknesses between the two channels is constant. The accuracy of V0 was better than 1 % on days with good conditions.

scholarly journals Formation and development of schools of thought in geotechnical engineering in Kharkiv national university of civil engineering and architecture: the history, personalities, and present

New Collegium ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (102) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
О. Samorodov
Keyword(s):  
Construction Projects ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Civil Engineering ◽  
Geotechnical Engineering ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Building Structures ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
National University ◽  
New Research

The paper covers historical material on the formation and development of schools of thought in geotechnical engineering in Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture (formerly known as Kharkiv Civil Engineering Institute), which came into being in 1934 with the establishment of the Department of Bases and Foundations. Particular emphasis is laid upon some personalities of the department; they are outstanding scientists and professors, such as F.O. Belyakov, S.Z. Saidakovsky, I.Ya. Luchkovsky, G.G. Strizhelchyk and others, who made a significant contribution to the formation of schools of thought in geotechnical engineering at the university. A particular contribution of the created research laboratory and the developed equipment for field methods of research into physical and mechanical properties of soils of bases for the foundations of building structures is singled out in the development of scholarly knowledge. The achievements of the renamed Department of Geotechnics, Underground and Hydrotechnical Structures are listed as of today, such as renovation of the educational and research laboratory of “Geotechnical Survey”, which has a governmental certification and allows scientists and students to perform high-quality laboratory work and conduct a full range of engineering and geological and hydrogeological surveys for construction; creation of a new research and technical subdivision of the department known as “Center for monitoring buildings and structures”, which conducts an instrument monitoring of the stress-strain state of the bases and foundations of construction projects using advanced equipment and software packages; availability of an IT classroom and licensed software, including SOFISTIK, a powerful German design software package, which allows researchers to provide high-level research and technical support for designing construction projects. The paper also clearly shows the advantages of training scientific staff and civil engineers in specialties 192 “Construction and Civil Engineering” and 194 “Hydrotechnical Engineering, Water Engineering and Water Technology" and, as a result, a considerable demand for KhNUCEA graduates from employers.

scholarly journals METODE FOTO RENTANG DEKAT (CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY) DAN AERIAL UNTUK PENDOKUMENTASIAN TIGA DIMENSI CAGAR BUDAYA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-88
Author(s):  
Brahmantara .
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Close Range Photogrammetry ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Rms Error

Metode pendokumentasian Cagar Budaya telah mengalami perkembangan yang luar biasa, ditandai dengan adanyateknologi digital dalam sistem perekaman dan akuisisi data. Data visual yang dihasilkan melalui proses pendokumentasiandigital tidak hanya memberikan hasil dalam dua dimensi (2D), namun mampu memberikan interpretasi secara tiga dimensi(3D) dengan detail dan akurasi yang cukup tinggi. Salah satu metode yang berkembang saat ini adalah fotogrametri digital,baik close range photogrammetry (foto rentang dekat) dan aerial photogrammetry (foto udara) dengan wahana pesawattanpa awak (drone).Kajian metode foto rentang dekat (close range photogrammetry) dan foto udara ini merupakan salah satu metodependokumentasian yang murah (low cost methodology) apabila dibandingkan dengan pemindaian menggunakan instrumen3D laser scanning.Berdasarkankelebihantersebut,makaerludikajiefektitasmetodeiniuntukendokumentasinCagarBudaya berdasarkan tingkat/nilai akurasi yang dihasilkan.Hasil pengolahan dan analisis data menunjukkan bahwa hasil pendokumentasian dan pemodelan tiga dimensirelief kapal Candi Borobudur menggunakan metode foto rentang dekat (close range photogrammetry) dengan kontrol skalamenghasilkan nilai akurasi sebesar 5 mm, stupa terbuka dan arca singa masing-masing 3 mm dan 1,6 mm. Sedangkan hasilpemodelan Candi Borobudur dengan data foto udara wahana pesawat tanpa awak menghasilkan nilai akurasi sebesar 4cm. Dari hasil tersebut dapat diketahui bahwa metode foto rentang dekat dan foto udara menghasilkan tingkat akurasiyang cukup tinggi dan nilai RMS error yang rendah, sehingga kedua metode ini layak digunakan dalam pendokumentasiantiga dimensi Cagar Budaya dengan biaya murah.

scholarly journals Applying Canine Detection in Support of Collaborative Archaeology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
John Grebenkemper ◽  
Adela Morris ◽  
Brian F. Byrd ◽  
Laurel Engbring
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Collaborative Archaeology ◽  
History Of ◽  
Canine Detection ◽  
Human Burials ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Descendant Communities

Abstract This article explores the use of specially trained canines to detect the location of human burials in nonmodern archaeological contexts. It discusses the history of the discipline, training and field methods, the importance of developing a working relationship with descendant communities, project examples, an assessment of canine detection effectiveness, and ways to select a canine detection team. The article highlights how the application of canine detection training and protocols to the archaeological record makes it possible to locate potential precontact Native American burial areas without ground disturbance. In some cases, probable burial areas located by canines can be confidentially mapped to ensure avoidance during upcoming construction projects. For a variety of reasons, many Native American communities have been wary of embracing this new method to locate ancestral burials. Today, however, canine detection is widely accepted by many tribal groups in California to locate ancestral burials that might be impacted by construction. Although additional controlled studies and rigorous field laboratory experiments are needed to understand the range of variation in efficacy fully, available results in both North America and Europe demonstrate that specially trained canines can often accurately locate human burials that are more than a thousand years old to within a few meters.

Catalogue reduction techniques

1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 389-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chr. de Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Adjustment Process ◽  
Proper Motions ◽  
Measuring Process ◽  
Aerial Photogrammetry ◽  
Reduction Techniques ◽  
Observational Technique ◽  
The Common ◽  
Astrometric Data

AbstractReduction techniques as applied to astrometric data material tend to split up traditionally into at least two different classes according to the observational technique used, namely transit circle observations and photographic observations. Although it is not realized fully in practice at present, the application of a blockadjustment technique for all kind of catalogue reductions is suggested. The term blockadjustment shall denote in this context the common adjustment of the principal unknowns which are the positions, proper motions and certain reduction parameters modelling the systematic properties of the observational process. Especially for old epoch catalogue data we frequently meet the situation that no independent detailed information on the telescope properties and other instrumental parameters, describing for example the measuring process, is available from special calibration observations or measurements; therefore the adjustment process should be highly self-calibrating, that means: all necessary information has to be extracted from the catalogue data themselves. Successful applications of this concept have been made already in the field of aerial photogrammetry.

Near-field scanning optical microscopy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
E. Betzig ◽  
A. Harootunian ◽  
M. Isaacson ◽  
A. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Near Field ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Visible Radiation ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
Optical Region ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Nondestructive Imaging ◽  
Scanning Optical Microscopy ◽  
Near Field Scanning

In general, conventional methods of optical imaging are limited in spatial resolution by either the wavelength of the radiation used or by the aberrations of the optical elements. This is true whether one uses a scanning probe or a fixed beam method. The reason for the wavelength limit of resolution is due to the far field methods of producing or detecting the radiation. If one resorts to restricting our probes to the near field optical region, then the possibility exists of obtaining spatial resolutions more than an order of magnitude smaller than the optical wavelength of the radiation used. In this paper, we will describe the principles underlying such "near field" imaging and present some preliminary results from a near field scanning optical microscope (NS0M) that uses visible radiation and is capable of resolutions comparable to an SEM. The advantage of such a technique is the possibility of completely nondestructive imaging in air at spatial resolutions of about 50nm.

In situ observations of electromigration induced void behavior

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 244-245
Author(s):  
T. Marieb ◽  
J. C. Bravman ◽  
P. Flinn ◽  
D. Gardner ◽  
M. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Void Nucleation ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nucleation Sites ◽  
Microelectronics Industry ◽  
In Situ Observations ◽  
Backscatter Electron Detector ◽  
Voltage Scanning

Electromigration and stress voiding have been active areas of research in the microelectronics industry for many years. While accelerated testing of these phenomena has been performed for the last 25 years[1-2], only recently has the introduction of high voltage scanning electron microscopy (HVSEM) made possible in situ testing of realistic, passivated, full thickness samples at high resolution.With a combination of in situ HVSEM and post-testing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) , electromigration void nucleation sites in both normal polycrystalline and near-bamboo pure Al were investigated. The effect of the microstructure of the lines on the void motion was also studied.The HVSEM used was a slightly modified JEOL 1200 EX II scanning TEM with a backscatter electron detector placed above the sample[3]. To observe electromigration in situ the sample was heated and the line had current supplied to it to accelerate the voiding process. After testing lines were prepared for TEM by employing the plan-view wedge technique [6].

HREM image simulations for supported metal particle catalysts

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 736-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Hui Yao ◽  
David J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Fine Particles ◽  
Amorphous Material ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Profile View ◽  
Imaging Conditions ◽  
Image Simulations ◽  
Supported Metal

The chemical properties of catalysts often depend on the size, shape and structure of the supported metal particles. To characterize these morphological features and relate them to catalysis is one of the main objectives for HREM study of catalysts. However, in plan view imaging, details of the shape and structure of ultra-fine supported particles (<2nm) are often obscured by the overlapping contrast from the support, and supported sub-nanometer particles are sometimes even invisible. Image simulations may help in the interpretation at HREM images of supported particles in particular to extract useful information about the size, shape and structure of the particles. It should also be a useful tool for evaluating the imaging conditions in terms of visibility of supported particles. P. L. Gai et al have studied contrast from metal particles supported on amorphous material using multislice simulations. In order to better understand the influence of a crystalline support on the visibility and apparent morphological features of supported fine particles, we have calculated images of Pt and Re particles supported on TiO2(rutile) in both plan view and profile view.

The reaction of amorphous Ni-Nb films with Si in the presence of a native SiO2 layer

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-665
Author(s):  
N. Rozhanski ◽  
A. Barg
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Crystallization Temperature ◽  
Diffusion Barriers ◽  
Sio2 Layer ◽  
Si Substrate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Sputter Deposited

Amorphous Ni-Nb alloys are of potential interest as diffusion barriers for high temperature metallization for VLSI. In the present work amorphous Ni-Nb films were sputter deposited on Si(100) and their interaction with a substrate was studied in the temperature range (200-700)°C. The crystallization of films was observed on the plan-view specimens heated in-situ in Philips-400ST microscope. Cross-sectional objects were prepared to study the structure of interfaces.The crystallization temperature of Ni5 0 Ni5 0 and Ni8 0 Nb2 0 films was found to be equal to 675°C and 525°C correspondingly. The crystallization of Ni5 0 Ni5 0 films is followed by the formation of Ni6Nb7 and Ni3Nb nucleus. Ni8 0Nb2 0 films crystallise with the formation of Ni and Ni3Nb crystals. No interaction of both films with Si substrate was observed on plan-view specimens up to 700°C, that is due to the barrier action of the native SiO2 layer.

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