scholarly journals HISTORY OF THE MILITARY INSTRUCTION MISSIONS OF THE LEADING EUROPEAN COUNTRIES AND THE USA IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD (1918–1939)

2020 ◽  
pp. 217-225
Author(s):  
S.A. Falko
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

scholarly journals CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE UNIFICATION OF LITHUANIAN ANTI-SOVIET PARTISANS DURING 1946-1949

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
D. Juodis
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
State Building ◽  
World War ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
The People ◽  
Freedom Fighters ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unified Command

In 2019 comes the 70th anniversary of the founding of LLKS – the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters (Lietuvos Laisvės Kovos Sąjūdi). This underground organization had been founded in February of 1949. It united the people, who had been fighting against the Soviet power in Lithuania. Heads of the LLKS were active partisans and they called themselves freedom fighters. In the same time, other people called partisans ‘forest men’, ‘greens’ etc. The main purpose of this article – to consider the process of unification of the forces of Lithuanian partisans under unified command and to highlight the main circumstances of this process. The article is based on the archival materials and modern research writings. So far, very few research papers about Lithuanian anti-Soviet struggle have been published outside Lithuania. That’s why one of the goals of the author – to provide the information about this episode of the modern history of Lithuania to Ukrainian readers. Perhaps, the similarity with Ukrainian national insurgent movement during the 2nd World War will be found. The final ambition of the armed struggle of Lithuanian partisans was the creation of free democratic Lithuania. Partisans considered the mistakes of Lithuanian state-building during the interwar period, such as authoritarian regime and weak social politics. Freedom fighters hoped to get help from the West countries – Great Britain of the USA – through the mediation of Lithuanian emigrants. The unification of partisans was difficult because of the activity of infiltrated Soviet security agents. The chronological framework of the article covers the period of 1946-1949, when where held the main events of the unification of partisans. Active partisan struggle against the Soviet in Lithuania power lasted to 1953.

scholarly journals O BRASIL COMO “TERRENO DE EXPERIMENTAÇÃO” DA EXPERTISE GERENCIAL: A ATUAÇÃO DO CONSELHO DE REITORES DAS UNIVERSIDADES BRASILEIRAS (1966-1985)BRAZIL AS A "LABORATORY" FOR MANAGEMENT EXPERTISE: THE ROLE OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF BRAZILIAN UNIVERSITIES (1966-1985)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Maria Caramez Carlotto ◽  
Sylvia Gemignani Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Board Of Directors ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Managerial Knowledge ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Military

Na literatura contemporânea sobre as transformações do ensino superior existe um forte consenso de que a expansão do saber gerencial foi um dos principais fatores que alterou sua dinâmica e organização interna. No caso do Brasil, são muitos os trabalhos que, seguindo essa percepção geral, apontam a estreita relação existente entre as políticas ditas “neoliberais” implementadas a partir da década de 1980, e a modernização gerencial difundida no país a partir de acordos de cooperação com os EUA durante os anos 1950 e 1960. No entanto, esses trabalhos, de modo geral, falham ao não conseguir mostrar, empiricamente, como se dá a relação entre esses dois momentos da história das políticas educacionais do país. O objetivo do presente trabalho é contribuir para a compreensão dessa relação a partir da análise de Yves Dezalay e Brynat Garth sobre o modo pelo qual a América Latina funcionou, nos anos 1950 e 1960, enquanto um “terreno de experimentação” de políticas que viriam a se difundir mundialmente nos anos 1980 e 1990. Para tanto, tomamos como objeto o Conselho de Reitores de Universidades Brasileiras (CRUB), no período que vai de 1966, ano da sua criação, até 1985, ano que marca o fim do regime militar, analisando tanto o conjunto de acordos internacionais então firmados pelo CRUB, quanto o resumo das suas principais atividades, e o perfil da sua diretoria executiva no período analisado.ABSTRACT In the contemporary literature on the transformations of higher education there is a strong consensus that the expansion of managerial knowledge was one of the main factors that altered its dynamics and internal organization. In the case of Brazil, there are many studies that, following this general perception, point to the close relationship between the so-called “neoliberal” policies implemented since the 1980s and the managerial modernization diffused in the country through cooperation agreements with the USA during the 1950s and 1960s. However, these works generally fail to show the relationship between these two moments in the history of educational policies in the country empirically. The objective of the present work is to contribute to the understanding of this relationship using, as a starting point, the analysis of Yves Dezalay and Brynat Garth on how Latin America functioned in the 1950s and 1960s as a “laboratory” of policies that would begin to spread worldwide in the 80s and 90s. To this end, we investigate the Council of Rectors of Brazilian Universities (CRUB) in the period from 1966, the year of its creation, until 1985, the year that marks the end of the military regime, analyzing both the set of international agreements signed by the CRUB during the period as well as the summary of its main activities and the profile of its executive board in this period of time.

scholarly journals World War II in modern interpretations of Russian and Polish politicians

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Boris Valentinovich Petelin ◽  
Vladilena Vadimovna Vorobeva
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Political ◽  
Mutual Respect ◽  
World War ◽  
Red Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Military

In the political circles of European countries attempts to reformat the history of World War II has been continuing. Poland is particularly active; there at the official level, as well as in the articles and in the speeches of politicians, political scientists and historians crude attacks against Russia for its commitment to objective assessments of the military past are allowed. Though, as the authors of this article mention, Russian politicians have not always been consistent in evaluation of Soviet-Polish relationships, hoping to reach a certain compromise. If there were any objections, they were mostly unconvincing. Obviously, as the article points, some statements and speeches are not without emotional colouring that is characteristic, when expressing mutual claims. However, the deliberate falsification of historical facts and evidence, from whatever side it occurs, does not meet the interests of the Polish and Russian peoples, in whose memory the heroes of the Red Army and the Polish Resistance have lived and will live. The authors point in the conclusions that it is hard to achieve mutual respect to key problems of World War II because of the overlay of the 18th – 19th centuries, connected with the “partitions of Poland”, the existence of the “Kingdom of Poland” as part of the Russian Empire, Soviet-Polish War of 1920. There can be only one way out, as many Russian and Polish scientists believe – to understand the complex twists and turns of Russo-Polish history, relying on the documents. Otherwise, the number of pseudoscientific, dishonest interpretations will grow.

Russia and Europe: historical lessons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Vinokurov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
The Military

Тhe article deals with the results of the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945. The analysis of these largest wars in the history of Russian-European relations is carried out, their comparison is made, their nature, character and driving forces are revealed. On the basis of this, it is concluded that both sides have not made the proper conclusions: Europe — in terms of the expediency and consequences of an attack on Russia, thereby violating the will of the iron Chancellor Otto von Bismarck: "Make alliances with anyone, start any wars, but never touch the Russians." Russia — timely opening and preparation for the upcoming tests in relations with Europe. Against the background of more than 200 years of history, the current state of relations between Russia and Europe, which has reached a low level, is considered. Although the leading European states, Germany and France, have not stopped political contacts with Russia, but the content of these contacts has become significantly poorer, the format has narrowed, and the tone has sharpened. In the military sphere, Europe in the Russian direction follows in principle the same course as the United States. Within the framework of NATO, European countries, led by the United States, have taken a number of steps that have restored, so far at a symbolic level, the military confrontation with Russia in eastern Europe. Moscow, for its part, has stepped up its own military activities near its western borders. As a result, Europe has ceased to be the island of security that it remained for the previous quarter of a century. This does not mean, of course, that relations between Russia and European countries are ending. In fact, Russia's practical needs require easing tensions with Europe as its largest trade and economic partner. With this in mind, Moscow has achieved some success in replacing the almost non-existentties with Brussels with meaningful bilateral relations with some EU countries. Despite the fact that the European Union's foreign policy apparatus is unable to form a unified geopolitical, economic and cultural front against Moscow, there is every reason to believe that the Kremlin intends to be guided by this strategy of bilateral relations in the coming years.

scholarly journals M. OMELYANOVYCH-PAVLENKO AND UKRAINIAN MILITARY SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY

2018 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
A. Sydorenko
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Scientific Society ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Historical Society ◽  
The Usa ◽  
15Th Anniversary ◽  
The Military

The autor has explored the creation of the Ukrainian Military Scientific Society in Prague and determined the structure and tasks of the Society. The main aspects of its activity (lectures, publishing) have been considered. The basic topics of the courses of the Society and the peculiarities of their publication have been established.mIssues of financial support of the Ukrainian Military Scientic Society are revealed. The author elucidates the peculiarities of the relations of the Ukrainian Military Scientic Society with other Ukrainian emigration organizations (the Ukrainian Military Historical Society, the Ukrainian Archery Community, the Society of the Armed Forces of the UNR in Czechoslovakia, the Zaporozhian Association, the Ukrainian National Association in the USA, etc.), and their participation in material assistance to the Company, publication of materials of its members. The direct role of M. Omelyanovych-Pavlenko as the head of the Ukrainian Military Scientic Society has been highlighted. The participation of the Society in the activities of the military and scientific direction of Ukrainian emigration (Academy dedicated to the memory of Colonel-General M. Yunakov, Academy of the 15th anniversary of the Ukrainian Army, the 2nd Ukrainian Scientic Congress) is considered. The peculiarities of the interaction between the Ukrainian and Don Cossack generals, which formed the leading core of the Ukrainian Military Scientic Society and their political component hve been revealed. The reasons for the gradual cessation of the work of the Society have been identified, but the author has pointed out the attempts to revive it. The value of the Ukrainian Military-Scientic Society in Prague for the activity of Ukrainian emigration of the interwar period as a whole, and the development of military-scientic thought in particular has been ascertained in the article.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Architectural Stylistics and Functional Spatial Structure of Interwar Lithuanian Schools in the Global Context

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Grėtė Brukštutė
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
General Education ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
School Buildings ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
Global Context ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
Further Development

Abstract The article analyses and compares general education and specialised schools built in Lithuania, Europe and the USA during inter-war years. The main problem analysed in the article is the correspondence between the architectural stylistics and functional spatial structure of interwar Lithuanian school buildings with the same typology buildings in the regional context. The aim of the article is to assess the essence of changes of architectural stylistics and functional spatial structure, what caused these changes. Interwar architecture in Lithuania has many of the main trends of the global architecture of that time, so undoubtedly interwar period is considered to be one of the most significant periods in the history of Lithuanian architecture, which has laid the foundations for the further development of Lithuanian architecture.

scholarly journals Феномен самоубийства в России XVIII в.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Александр Каменский
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Military

The history of suicide in Russia, especially prior to the nineteenth century, remains understudied. While in most European countries the process of decriminalization and secularization of suicide was underway, in Russia, with the introduction of the Military Article of 1715, it was formally criminalized. On the basis of the study of more than 350 newly examined archival cases, this article examines how the transfer of suicide investigations to secular authorities also entailed secularization, while the peculiarities of the Russian judicial and investigative system, as well as lacunae in the legislation, actually led to the gradual decriminalization of suicide. At the same time, although among Russians, as well as among other peoples, a number of superstitions were associated with suicide, there is no evidence in the archival documents studied in this article of a particularly emotional perception of suicide. The phenomenon of suicide in eighteenth-century Russia, when compared to early modern Europe, did not have any significant, fundamental differences. However, the features of the Russian judicial-investigative system made this phenomenon less public, less visible and less significant for public consciousness.  

Measurements in the Future: Beyond the 20th Century

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Merenda
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
North America ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Graduate Programs ◽  
Psychological Testing ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World War ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of

This article presents a brief history of psychometrics and the development in the USA shortly after the end of World War II of university graduate programs to educate and train psychometricians. Three decades later these programs in North America were on a steady decline. But, at the same time there was a surge in universities abroad in producing well-trained psychometricians, particularly in Western European countries, especially The Netherlands. Broad implications of the effect of this movement on psychological testing are suggested.

scholarly journals Legacy of empires: academic expertise and USA policy in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001-2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-318
Author(s):  
Stanislav Gennadyevich Malkin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Academic World ◽  
Asymmetric Conflicts ◽  
Colonial Experience ◽  
The Usa ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Case ◽  
The Military

The heritage of the European colonial empires should be perceived as missing dimension while studying the history of the USA foreign policy at the beginning of the XXI century. The comparative-historical analysis as well as transfers of colonial experience of the European powers should be discussed. It promotes making a fuller picture of imperialism as a phenomenon in the history of international relations as well as a certain style of thinking during a decolonization era. At the same time the American case became the most striking example of reception of the European powers colonial experience in political practice of the 2000th. The main characteristic feature of the USA foreign policy decisions examination was its realization in the form of historical modeling of the asymmetric conflicts - the analysis of Washington policy prospects in Afghanistan and Iraq in a wide context of experience of global colonial empires. While working with such researches a constant methodological reflection caused by their political involvement as well as restrictions of disciplinary character is necessary. At the same time a special role in this case belonged to the academic world representatives who professionally studied colonial experience of the European. It is them who were the most serious competitors to the Pentagon representatives with academic degrees as well as to think tanks analysts who cooperated with the military in fight for their own expert opinion domination about historical modeling of the asymmetric conflicts in the Middle East. It is this aspect of the academic examination of the USA policy in Iraq and Afghanistan in 2001-2014 that the following paper deals with.

scholarly journals Działalność parlamentarna Michała Łazarskiego (1928–1939)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-218
Author(s):  
Mateusz Ułanowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Military

Michał Łazarski (1896–1944) was born in Sztabin in Suwałki Governorate. His parents were Teofila and Józef. He was a deputy of Sejm of the Republic of Poland in the years 1928–1938 and subsequently a senator from 1938 until 1939. He was also a well-known local government activist in the Białystok Voivodeship. He was interested in agriculture and the military. Before he started his career in the Parliament, he had fought for his Motherland as a member of The Polish Military Organisation as well as during the Polish-Soviet War. Michał Łazarski died at the time of the Warsaw Uprising on 1st of August 1944. The main point of this publication is to present his parliamentary activity. The biography of Łazarski was a subject of research by H. Majecki, J. Rółkowski, G. Ryżewski, W. Batura, A. Makowski, J. Szlaszyński and others. The majority of information about the deputy was gathered in a publication called “Aktywni w codzienności: z dziejów instytucji i stowarzyszeń gminy Sztabin”. The main resources of Łazarski’s parliamentary activity of the interwar period are Sejm and Senate documents located in the Sejm Library’s website (https://biblioteka.sejm.gov.pl). I have also used press materials and publications describing the history of Polish parliamentarism. The point of this publication is also to present how the Sejm and Senate in II Republic of Poland operated. The parliamentary activity of Michał Łazarski in the interwar period is a good way to realise this intention. It was a very intense period in the history of polish parliamentarism.

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