scholarly journals Nora's Transcendental Consciousness from Marianne's Sensibility: A Reading of Ibsen's A Doll's House and Austen's Sense and Sensibility

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 209-214
Author(s):  
Tanzin Sultana ◽  
Durdana Nower
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
English Society ◽  
Sense And Sensibility ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
A Doll's House

This paper attempts to bring out the nineteenth century's women’s quest for self-respect and self-actuality in the mirror of Nora’s developing consciousness following Marianne’s growing sensibility.  Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility, and Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House are two prominent genres of ninetieth century’s English literature where both writers show the contemporary women’s soul being entangled to social norms as well as their gradual try to be non-conformist against these norms by their thought and action. In the 19th century, English society creates impediments for unmarried women like Marianne and married women like Nora to think and to talk in their way.  It is the patriarchal society where women’s social dignity and security depend on their marital status and husbands. Since marriage is their identity, they show their loyalty and sincerity to their husbands or the men they love. In Austen’s novel, as an ordinary woman, Marianne takes Willoughby’s attention as a scared bonding and challenges the seniors’ matured advice. In Ibsen’s play, Nora does forgery and secretly takes a loan to save her sick husband’s life. She considers it a spouse’s duty and believes that her husband will understand her as he cares for her. When the time comes, both Marianne and Nora betray their loyalty from their partners to whom they are not human beings but puppets to be entertained. From this violation of trust, they realize that they need to be considered human beings first before being respected women in a family and society. It is their strength that despite being taken as soulless creatures, they dare to think about own self beyond the society and become self-reliant. Their growing self-reliance makes today’s women progressive in creating a space in society and family for themselves as human beings.

Aesthetics of the presence of women in Afghan cinema

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Positive View ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
The 19Th Century

Cinema consists of two different dimensions of art and instrument. A tool that mixes with art and represents society in which anything can be depicted for others. But art has always sought to portray the beauties of this universe. The beauty that lies within philosophy. Since the advent of human beings, men have always sought to dominate and abuse women for their own benefit. In the 19th century, cinema entered the realm of existence and found its place in the human world. With the empowerment of cinema in the world, filmmakers tried to achieve their goals by using this tool.Many filmmakers use women as a propaganda tool to attract a male audience. In many films, when the hero of a movie succeeds in reaching a woman, or in doing so, she is succeeded by a woman. In this way, of course, women themselves are not faultless and have helped men abuse women. Afghanistan, a traditional and male-dominated country, has not been the exception, and in many Afghan films women have been instrumental zed and used in various ways to benefit men, and we have seen fewer films in which women be a movie hero or a woman in a movie like a man. This kind of treatment of women in Afghan films has caused other young Afghan girls to not have a positive view of Afghan cinema.

Prosody and Meter: Early Modern to 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Martin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Literary Study ◽  
Historical Discourse ◽  
Irish Studies ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Terminological Confusion

Both of the terms prosody and meter have shifting and contested definitions in the history of English literature. Historically, prosody was a grammatical term adopted from early translations of Greek and then Latin grammatical models, forming part of an overarching structure: orthometry, etymology, syntax, prosody. In this structure, meter was not always named, but versification covered “the measure of language” and was a subsection of prosody, after “pronunciation, utterance, figures, versification” (or some variation on these) in most 19th-century grammar books. Therefore, prosody contains within it changing approaches to the study of pronunciation and versification. In the 20th century, prosody has become synonymous in linguistics with pronunciation, and in literary study with versification. Scholars of the history of versification are legion. The versification manual or poetic forms handbook is a genre unto itself. The beginning of these books usually accounts for inadequate predecessors; consequently, many manuals are also bibliographies. Historical discourse about versification is not limited to the manual or handbook, however, and is found in studies of poetry, school textbooks, grammar books, introductions to collected works by individual poets, addendums to dictionaries, articles and reviews of poetry in periodicals and newspapers, pronunciation guides, histories of language, and studies of translation. Because the history of the study of pronunciation in English and Irish studies is so vast, this bibliography will only consider a few key texts that consider pronunciation and versification together as prosody. The development of historical linguistics in the 19th century is concurrent with the largest proliferation of studies of prosody-as-versification, and therefore is an important context for the narrative of prosody’s dual fate in the 20th century, hovering between literary study and the science of linguistics. To provide a history of even the ways that these terms themselves have shifted is outside the scope of this bibliography. As T. V. F. Brogan rightly claimed in 1981, “In studies of the structure of verse the use of terms such as poetry, verse, accent, quantity, Numbers, Measure, rhythm, meter, prosody, versification, onomatopoeia, and rhyme/rime/ryme historically and consistently has been nothing short of Pandemonium.” (Brogan 1981, p. ix, cited under Histories of Prosodic Criticism) Indeed, any modern attempt to define prosody must wrestle with the terminological confusion that Brogan narrates. Following Brogan, this bibliography will highlight the confusion without attempting to correct it. Here, I consider both prosody and versification in their widest sense to mean “verse-theory” and not solely “linguistic prosody,” and will discuss texts that have been considered “canonical” as well as texts that consider prosody in all of its historical and cultural valences.

scholarly journals Russian Reception by James Hogg (Mid-19th — Early 20th Centuries)

2021 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
D. N. Zhatkin ◽  
A. A. Ryabova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
James Hogg ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western European ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information

The article continues a series of works devoted to the Russian reception of the Scottish writer James Hogg (1770—1835), a famous interpreter of folk ballads and author of “The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner” (1824). The facts and materials related to the perception of J. Hogg in Russia in the middle of the XIX — early XX century are collected and summarized. It is noted that during the period under review, no new translations of J. Hogg's poetry and prose into Russian were created, however, in the articles of leading literary critics (N. G. Chernyshevsky, M. L. Mikhailov, A. V. Druzhinin) when analyzing the works of N. V. Gogol, T. Goode, the translation activity of I. S. Turgenev expressed opinions on certain aspects of the biography and work of the Scottish author. It has been established that the main source of information about J. Hogge and his work was for the Russian reader of the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries translated publications on the history of English literature and culture, other books by Western European researchers published in Russia. The manifestations of interest of Russian researchers and popularizers of English literature in the work of J. Hogg are comprehended, with special attention paid to the article by N. A. Solovyov-Nesmelov “James Hogg”, which was a literary sketch about the childhood of the writer, and the essay by K. F. Tiander the novel of the first quarter of the 19th century, which offers a different assessment from the predecessors of the Scottish author’s activities as a continuer of the traditions of M. Edgeworth. 

Imperialism and China, c. 1800-1949

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph W. Huenemann
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
Military Action ◽  
Nation States ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Not surprisingly, to this day, the history of imperialism in China is a contentious, bitter history. If imperialism is understood in the broadest terms, consisting of one large group of human beings (a “tribe” or “state” or “nation”) asserting domination over another group by force, then the history of imperialism reaches far back into time—certainly to Hammurabi of Babylon or even earlier. The motivations of imperialism have varied considerably from one empire to another: partly a matter of hyper-patriotic rivalry (chauvinism); partly an appetite for expanded territory, especially thinly populated territory (the Lebensraum argument); partly a sense of cultural superiority (the crusade to bring “civilization” to “barbarians” or “benighted heathen”); and partly a quest for perceived economic benefits, either from trade (as imports of scarce resources or as exports of excess products) or from investment (a vent for excess capital). Thoughtful critics have raised doubts about the validity of all of these motivations, but such voices have been relatively ineffective in curtailing the appetite for empire. In modern times, China’s experience with imperialism has entailed two chronologically parallel stories during the 19th and 20th centuries—stories that are different in their geographic location, in their motivations, and in their outcomes. The facet of imperialism that has received the most attention is that of aggression against China by capitalist nation-states (primarily along the coastline) and China’s nationalistic response. This story evolved in a low-key way before the 19th century, but then entered a more aggressive phase with military action by the British in the First Opium War (1839–1842). Both economic issues and cultural issues have received attention in this story, as discussed at length under Economic Theories of Imperialism and Cultural Analyses of Imperialism, respectively. The simultaneous story of Qing Imperialism in Eurasia entailed a multilateral rivalry, with China, Great Britain, Russia, and Japan jockeying for position. Again, the origins lay well before the 19th century, and again significant military action was important—in this case, led by Zuo Zongtang on behalf of the Qing dynasty. An important aspect of this second story is that the territory in dispute was inhabited by non-Han peoples. For the most part, Chinese writings do not treat this episode as an example of imperialism, much as American history books do not generally treat the incorporation of the swath of Mexican territory from Texas to California into the United States as an act of imperialism.

Edwin Chadwick, the Market Ideology, and Sanitary Reform: On the Nature of the 19th-Century Public Health Movement

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Ringen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Market System ◽  
Health Movement ◽  
English Society ◽  
Sanitary Reform ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Public Health Movement ◽  
Market Ideology

This article is an attempt to place the origin of sanitary legislation in England, and its chief proponent, Edwin Chadwick, in the overall dynamics of 19th-century social development. It examines the public health movement in light of the transition of English society into the domination of the market ideology, and the effect that this had on health. Emphasis is placed on explaining the utilitarian movement, of which Chadwick was an instrumental part, and its role in promoting the market system through the enactment of the New Poor Law in 1834. The article suggests that the enactment of sanitary reform in the 1848 Public Health Act was the unplanned reaction to the detrimental effects that the market ideology had on health in the industrial centers. The main intent of this article is to go beyond the prevailing belief that sanitary reform was a humane contribution of publicly spirited men. It concludes that this state intervention was materially necessitated: it was forced by the contradictions inherent in the market system.

Educating the “Immortal Pupil”: Emerson's Identity Politics and the Question of Freedom in the Age of Reform

Prospects ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 29-49
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Knadler
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Identity Politics ◽  
Fundamental Principle ◽  
Social Construct ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Reliance ◽  
Social Authority ◽  
The 19Th Century

An Emersonian notion of originality and autonomy has over the last century and a half evolved into an enduring part of our cultural heritage. In a nation fractured by racial or class barriers, this assertive individualism continues for many to hold forth the hope of a fundamental principle overlapping our cultural divisions. Of course, this self-reliance has not gone unquestioned in an age of postmodern skepticism. If once a defiance of history and society seemed the American Adam's heroic gesture, recent critics such as Frank Lentricchia and Donald Pease have pointed out the Emersonian self s inescapable ties to the overdeterminate world of discourse. Not only have recent critics dismissed the plausibility of Emerson's idealism, they have disavowed its ideology of solipsistic independence that repudiates collective life. What I would like to do is to pose the problem of Emersonian individualism differently, to frame the terms of the debate less according to false oppositions between authenticity and culture, self and society, or freedom or fate, than in terms of complex negotiations about social authority undertaken in response to the “age of reform's” blurring of traditional distinctions between the public and private. In the second quarter of the 19th Century, the push toward state-sponsored education, specifically, was refiguring power in terms of socialization. Within his essays, Emerson acknowledges that identity is, and could only be, a social construct. Rather than trying to elude the fate of circumstances, Emerson, it might better be argued, attempts to redefine the nature and limitations of freedom in a world where, as he says in his lecture on “Culture” (March, 1851), “education” has superseded politics.

scholarly journals “NEXT TO GENIOUS”: G. FLAUBERT IN M.M. BAKHTIN’S THINKING

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Makhlin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Realism ◽  
World View ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Artistic Vision ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

The article analyzes Bakhtin’s 1944 notes on Flaubert. Under discussion is, first, some general background of Bakhtin’s philosophical and scientific methodology as expressed in the notes, secondly, the notes themselves. Bakhtin’s views on Flaubert and the novel of the 19th century are re-presented in connection with the Russian thinker’s theories of the “grotesque realism” and “novelization”as opposed to the “ideological culture of the new times”. The article discusses some principal methodological difficulties of Bakhtinian approach to literary texts as expressed in his notes on Flaubert. In contrast to most philosophical approaches to literature, Bakhtin always treats any text, in his own expression, “in the liminal spheres” of different disciplines, that is, as both a philosopher and literary critic, a theorist and a historian of literature and culture. In these notes this specificity of the Bakhtinian methodology is expressed drastically, but in principal it is quite typical to his thinking “on the borders”. In the subsequent parts of the article Bakhtin’s approach to Flaubert’s “realism” is commented on, from the point of view of those elements of his artistic vision and his world view, which, according to Bakhtin, are not congruous with the concept of the so-called “critical realism”. These elements, Bakhtin implies, belong not so much to the classical novel of the 19th century, but, rather, to what he calls “grotesque realism” before the new times and in the 20th century. These elements are: mutual reversal of “short” and “long” (or “great” time in the images of the day, Flaubert’s artistic opposition to the “straightforwardness” of the idea of “progress” typical for the European Enlightenment and the modernity at large., the artist’s interest in the “elemental life” of human beings and animals. These and some other elements characteristic of Flaubert’s art and ideology, Bakhtin treats as if from within “creative consciousness” of the author.

scholarly journals An Analysis on The Daffodils and Wordsworth’s Romantic View of Nature

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Liu
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
World Literature ◽  
English Literature ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
New Era ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century

Wordsworth is the leading figure of English Romanticism in the 19th century and the most famous poet among the “Lake Poets”. He ushers in a new era of Romanticism for the English literature, and also exerts a great influence on the world literature. Most of his poems are about the natural scenery from which he explores its impact on human’s soul, so he has been regarded as “a poet of nature”. This thesis reveals the formation of the poet’s romantic view of nature and its demonstrations by analyzing one of his famous poems The Daffodils. 

scholarly journals An Analysis of Mark Twain’s Ecological Narratives

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Liu Yan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Mark Twain ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
American Writer ◽  
Ecological Concepts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Simple Life

American writer Mark Twain has witnessed changes of American environment of the 19th century, which changes his sense of place. Urbanization and industrialization separate human beings from nature, leading to various conflicts. City is always regarded as the symbol of order, reason, crime and degeneration, while nature means freedom and happiness. Twain advocates the return to nature to lead a simple life. He tries to reveal the ecological crisis in the 19th century and express his ecological concepts through redefining “place”, “space” and son on.

scholarly journals Rozchwianie tradycji polskiej w zakresie nazewnictwa kobiet pod zaborem rosyjskim w kontekście historycznym i współczesnym

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Leonarda Dacewicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
General Information ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The customary division of functions and social roles of men and women adopted in the past was reflected in the process of shaping the Polish anthroponymic system. The phenomenon of differentiation of nomenclature based on gender was directly related to the privileged position and exclusive participation of men in the organization of social life. In anthroponymy, the domination of masculinity is marked by the functional expansion of male forms as primary and basic. Male nomenclature was higher listed in the hierarchy of importance, female forms of surnames were always created from male forms. The surnames of married women were ending with the suffixes -owa, -ina, -ska or -a, e.g. Chodkiewiczowa, Niemierzyna, Popławska, Ladna. The surnames of unmarried women were created using the suffixes -ówna (ending in a consonant from scratch), e.g. Chodkiewiczówna (< Chodkiewicz), -anka (ending in a vowel from scratch), e.g. Niemierzanka (< Niemiera), and in adjective types like married surnames, for example, Popławska, Ładna. The subject of attention in this study is the phenomenon of masculinization of female surname forms during the Russian partition (second half of the 19th century) in the Podlasie region. The problem is presented in the context of the historical development of women’s nomenclature in Podlasie and general information on the state of female nomination in Poland in modern times.

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