scholarly journals The Toxicity Test on Larvae of Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) of Lindur Fruit Peel Extract (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) and Identification of Its Bioactive Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Ana Mardliyah ◽  
Undri Rastuti ◽  
Santi Nur Handayani
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Uv Visible ◽  
Peel Extract

Indonesia is the most mangrove-rich country, both in terms of area quantity and number of species. Mangrove plants have potential as a source of medicinal compounds. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza is a type of mangrove plant which is a source of medicinal plants from the Rhizoporaceae family. Ethanol extract of the stem bark of B. gymnorhiza has been known to have cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 508.19 µg/mL against myeloma cancer cells (Rahmah, 2021). The aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of lindur fruit peel extract (B. gymnorrhiza) on Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae. Lindur fruit peel extraction was carried out by maceration method using methanol solvent which was then fractionated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate as solvent. All extract fractions obtained were then tested for toxicity against shrimp larvae Artemia salina Leach by BSLT (Brine Shrimp Lethality Test) method. Extract fractions with the highest toxicity were identified for their bioactive compounds using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometers. The results of the toxicity test showed that the lindur fruit peel extract was toxic to A. salina L. and the most toxic fraction was the n-hexane fraction with an LC50 value of 34.109 ppm. The results of the analysis using UV-Visible and FT-IR spectrophotometers the active compound in the hexane fraction of lindur fruit extract (B. gymnorrhiza) contains terpenoid which has double bond conjugated that showed by the existence of an electronic transition of π →π* that was conjugated and there are clusters of -OH, C=O, C=C, aromatic, C-H and C-O groups.

scholarly journals Bioactive compounds content of Snake Fruit Peel, Aloe Vera, and Stevia Extracts as Raw Material of Functional Drinks

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Amalya Nurul Khairi ◽  
Nurkhasanah Nurkhasanah
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Total Phenol ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Antioxidant Compounds ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Phenol Composition ◽  
Functional Drink ◽  
Peel Extract

The objective of the research is to analyze the content of the bioactive compounds of extracts made of snake fruit skin, Aloe vera, and Stevia as materials to make functional drinks. Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss. cultivar has flavonoid, tannin, and a bit of alkaloid on its fruit peel. Aloe vera and Stevia also known to have antioxidant compounds. Aloe vera controls the metabolism of carbohydrates and maintaining homeostasis of glucose. The research methods are divided into steps: 1) the extraction of Snake fruit peel, Aloe vera, and Stevia; 2) the formulation of the functional drink; 3)the evaluation of antioxidant, total phenol, and tannin levels of the formulated extracts. The research used Randomized Group Design (RGD) of two factors, and each factor consists of 4 levels and 2 levels. Factor I=the ratio of snake fruit peel:Aloe vera extract (10:90 (v/v); 30:70 (v/v); 70:30 (v/v); 90:10 (v/v)) and factor II= addition of Stevia filtrate (2%; 4%) (v/v total). The best nutrient of the formulated functional drink is obtained by the composition of 90% snake fruit peel extract, 10% aloe vera, and 4% stevia. The snake fruit peel extract significantly affects the antioxidant activity and total phenol composition, aloe vera extract has an insignificant effect on active compounds, and stevia affects the tannin level of the functional drink.

scholarly journals Uji toksisitas fraksi aktif ekstrak etanol daun ginje (Thevetia peruviana) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Test dan profil kandungan kimia fraksi teraktif

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
VIANA NINGSIH ◽  
ESTU RETNANINGTYAS NUGRAHENI ◽  
OKID PARAMA ASTIRIN
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Thevetia Peruviana ◽  
Fraction I

Ningsih V, Nugraheni ER, Astirin OP. 2013. Toxicity test of active fraction from ethanol extract of ginje (Thevetia peruviana) leaves by Brine Shrimp Test method and chemistry compound profile of most active fraction. Biofarmasi 11: 48-57. Cancer is a major threat to human health. The treatment that been made such as dissection, radiation, and chemotherapy, did not give satisfactory results, even gave the considerable adverse side effects. Other alternative that selected is utilizing the natural materials from plant that expected to be companion chemotherapy. One of the plants as source of new drug potentially is ginje (Thevetia peruviana Merr). Previous studies reported that ethanol extract of ginje leaves have toxic effects below 1000 μg/mL. Therefore, it needs to be tested further to determine its potential as anticancer. This study aimed to determine the toxic effects of the active fractions of ethanol extract of ginje leaves by Brine Shrimp Test (BST) method and to determine the profile of active fraction of chemical constituents. Toxicity test was performed with Brine Shrimp Test (BST) method against Artemia salina Leach. Shrimp larva with a series concentrations extract of 62.5 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, 250 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL and 1000 μg/mL of each concentration were tested in 5 flacons. Each flacon contained 10 shrimp larva. The percentage of shrimp larva mortality was calculated after 24 hours of test and the data were analyzed by calculating the value of LC50. The profile of the chemical contents of the most active fraction were identified by TLC and analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the most active fraction in killing the larva of shrimp Artemia is the fraction I with the values of LC50-24 hours was 44.67 μg/mL. The contents of chemical compounds contained in fraction I of leaf ethanol extract of ginje were terpenoid and phenolic groups.

scholarly journals Toxicity of traditionally dried processed Holothuria extract by fisherman in Kakara Islands, North Halmahera, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Febrina Olivia Akerina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Chondroitin Sulfate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Sea Cucumber ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Food Ingredient

Empirically, sea cucumber as a food ingredient that is believed to have efficacy as medicine (nutraceutical) because it contains bioactive compounds like terpenoid, saponin, essential amino acids, glycosaminglycan, chondroitin sulfate, sulfate polysaccharides, lectins, phenol and peptides. The aim of this research were to identify processing method performed by fisherman in Kakara Pulau and to determine the toxicity of dried sea cucumber extract againts Artemia salina larvae with three different solvents. The result showed that there were 8 types of sea cucumber that were dominant caught ny fisherman namely Kongkong, Joko, Susu, Kalengkong, Nanas, Benang, Badara dan Pasir. Most of them, process sea cucumber using a combination of smoking and drying. Based on the toxicity test, dried sea cucumber extract is included in the toxic category, which has the potential to be developed as an antibacterial.

scholarly journals Toxicity test of active fraction from ethanol extract of ginje (Thevetia peruviana) leaves by Brine Shrimp Test method and chemistry compound profile of most active fraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
VIANA NINGSIH ◽  
ESTU RETNANINGTYAS NUGRAHENI ◽  
OKID PARAMA ASTIRIN
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Toxic Effects ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Thevetia Peruviana ◽  
Fraction I

Ningsih V, Nugraheni ER, Astirin OP. 2013. Toxicity test of active fraction from ethanol extract of ginje (Thevetia peruviana) leaves by Brine Shrimp Test method and chemistry compound profile of most active fraction. Biofarmasi 11: 48-57. Cancer is a major threat to human health. The treatment that been made such as dissection, radiation, and chemotherapy, did not give satisfactory results, even gave the considerable adverse side effects. Other alternative that selected is utilizing the natural materials from plant that expected to be companion chemotherapy. One of the plants as source of new drug potentially is ginje (Thevetia peruviana Merr). Previous studies reported that ethanol extract of ginje leaves have toxic effects below 1000 µg/mL. Therefore, it needs to be tested further to determine its potential as anticancer. This study aimed to determine the toxic effects of the active fractions of ethanol extract of ginje leaves by Brine Shrimp Test (BST) method and to determine the profile of active fraction of chemical constituents. Toxicity test was performed with Brine Shrimp Test (BST) method against Artemia salina Leach. Shrimp larva with a series concentrations extract of 62.5 µg/mL, 125 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL of each concentration were tested in 5 flacons. Each flacon contained 10 shrimp larva. The percentage of shrimp larva mortality was calculated after 24 hours of test and the data were analyzed by calculating the value of LC50. The profile of the chemical contents of the most active fraction were identified by TLC and analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the most active fraction in killing the larva of shrimp Artemia is the fraction I with the values of LC50-24 hours was 44.67 µg/mL. The contents of chemical compounds contained in fraction I of leaf ethanol extract of ginje were terpenoid and phenolic groups.

scholarly journals Acute Toxicity Test of Black Pomegranate Peel Extract (Granati Fructus Cortex) Against Larvae of Shrimp (Artemia salina Leach)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rofiatu Sholihah Achmad ◽  
Lingga Aditya Aditya ◽  
Nosa Ika Cahyariza
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Test ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Probit Analysis ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Pomegranate Peel ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Pomegranate Peel Extract ◽  
Peel Extract

Toxicity test on red pomegranate has done, while in black pomegranate is not widely known. Black pomegranate peel (Granati Fructus Cortex) has some chemical ingredients such as saponins, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids. Alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids are thought to be toxic at certain levels. This study aimed to determine the effects of toxic black pomegranate peel extract (Granati Fructus Cortex) against larvae of shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) indicated LC50 values below 1000 µg / ml. This study is purely experimental by using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). The experiments divided into five groups, namely ethanol extract of black pomegranate peel (Granati Fructus Cortex) with a concentration of 100, 150, 200, 250 ppm, and negative control (seawater). Mortality data percentage of Artemia salina Leach analyzed by probit analysis. Results showed that the extract of black pomegranate peel (Granati Fructus Cortex) has a toxic effect on larvae of Artemia salina Leach with LC50 values of 114.090 µg/ml. From these results, it can conclude that black pomegranate peel extract has a potential acute toxic to larval shrimp (Artemia salina Leach) with Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method.

scholarly journals Ekstraksi Polisakarida Sulfat dari Sargassum polycystum dengan Metode Microwave Assisted Extraction dan Uji Toksisitasnya

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Riong Seulina Panjaitan ◽  
Lidya Natalia
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Artemia Salina ◽  
Microwave Assisted Extraction ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Uv Visible

Sargassum polycystum merupakan alga cokelat penghasil polisakarida sulfat yang memiliki aktivitas farmakologi yang menjanjikan. Selama ini metode ekstraksi polisakarida sulfat masih bersifat konvensional (seperti maserasi, sokletasi, dan refluks) yang memerlukan waktu ekstraksi relatif lama (4-6 jam). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi polisakarida sulfat menggunakan metode Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) serta melakukan uji toksisitasnya. Karakterisasi ekstrak polisakarida sulfat menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Visible dan Fourier Transform Infrared (FT- IR). Uji toksisitas terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach dilakukan dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Hasil ekstraksi polisakarida sulfat diperoleh rendemen sebesar 3,42±0,01% dimana tidak jauh berbeda dari metode konvensional. Hasil perhitungan bobot susut pengeringan polisakarida sulfat 7,60±0,085%. Karakterisasi polisakarida sulfat dengan spektrofotometer UV- Visible diperoleh panjang gelombang optimum pada 270 nm. Hasil spektrum FT-IR terdapat gugus fukosa yang dihubungkan oleh gugus sulfat dan O-Sulfat yang mengindikasikan adanya fukoidan. Selain itu masih ditemukan peregangan ester C=O yang menunjukan adanya asam uronat. Asam tersebut merupakan penyusun alginat dimana bukan merupakan polisakarida sulfat. Dari uji toksisitas diperoleh nilai LC50 polisakarida sulfat terhadap larva A. salina Leach sebesar 113,11 mg/mL yang tergolong kategori toksik. Ekstraksi polisakarida sulfat menggunakan MAE dapat mempercepat waktu ekstraksi dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional, tetapi perlu dilakukan tahap selanjutnya untuk menghilangkan senyawa pengotor lainnya seperti asam uronat. ABSTRACTSargassum polycystum, a brown algae, produces sulfate polysaccharides that have promising pharmacological activity. To date, the extraction of sulfate polysaccharide is still conventional (such as maceration, shoxletation and reflux) and requires a relatively long time (4-6 h). This study aims to extract the sulfate polysaccharides using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) and assess the toxycity. Sulfate polysaccharide extract was characterized by UV-Visible and Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer and tested for its toxicity against Artemia salina Leach larvae using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method. The yield of sulfate polysaccharide extraction was 3.42±0.01% which is not much different from conventional methods, but the advantage of the MAE method is in terms of time efficiency. The result of the calculation of the drying shrinkage weight of the sulfate polysaccharide is 7.60±0.085%. Characterization of sulfate polysaccharide using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer obtained an optimum wavelength at 270 nm. Based on spectra of FT-IR, it was identified that there are fucose groups which are connected by sulfate and O-Sulfate groups which indicates the presence of fucoidan. In addition, there was still a stretch of ester C=O which indicates the presence of uronic acid. The acid is a constituent of alginate which is not a sulfate polysaccharide. The LC50 value of sulfate polysaccharide against A. salina Leach larvae was 113.11 mg/mL which was classified as toxic. The extraction of sulfate polysaccharides using MAE can speed up the extraction time compared to conventional method, but a further step is needed to remove other impurities such as uronic acid

The Utilization of Red Dragon Fruit Peel Extract (Hylocereus costaricencis) As A Natural Colorant of Dried Noodle

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silaturahmi Silaturahmi ◽  
Zaidiyah Zaidiyah ◽  
Tengku Mia Rahmiati
Keyword(s):  
Product Diversification ◽  
Fruit Peel ◽  
Physical Quality ◽  
Natural Colorant ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Solid Loss ◽  
Dragon Fruit ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Peel Extract

The use of colorants in the dried noodle manufactures is an effort of product diversification. Besides of being used as a natural coloring agent, this peel extract is also used to improve nutritional value of the expected product. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of red dragon fruit peel extract on the physical quality of dried noodle.  The study was conducted by using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) method with one factor, namely concentration of red dragon fruit peel extract (N1 = 10 ml, N2 = 15 ml, N3 = 20 ml, N4 = 25 ml, N5 = 30 ml).  The observations of its physical quality consisted of water absorption, solid loss during cooking, and organoleptic tests (aroma and color).  The best quality of dried noodle was obtained by using 30 ml red dragon fruit peel extract (N5) with physical properties, namely DSA levels of 351.92%, solid loss during cooking 4.78%, aroma 3.79 (like) and color 3.89 (like).

In-vitro bactericidal activity of a novel plant source Plumeria pudica against some human and fish pathogenic bacteria

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhaisi Das ◽  
Sunanda Burman ◽  
Goutam Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ms Analysis ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Aldehyde Groups

Background: The only remedy for up surging problem of antibiotic resistance is the discovery of antibacterial agents of natural origin. Objective: The present study was aimed at finding antibacterial potential of crude and solvent extracts of mature leaves of Plumeria pudica. Methods: Antibacterial activity of three different solvent extracts were evaluated in four human and four fish pathogenic bacteria by measuring the zone of inhibition and determining Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values. Standard antibiotics were used as positive control. Preliminary phytochemical screening of most effective extract i.e., ethyl acetate extract, Fourier Transform Infra Red analysis and GC-MS analysis of the Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) fraction of ethyl acetate extract were done meticulously. All experiments were done thrice and analyzed statistically. Results: Crude leaf extracts and solvent extracts caused good inhibition of bacterial growth in all selected bacteria. Ethyl acetate extract showed highest inhibition zones in all tested strains with maximum inhibition (19.50±0.29 mm) in Escherichia coli (MTCC 739). MBC/MIC of the extracts indicated that all three solvent extracts were bactericidal. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed the presence of tannins, steroids and alkaloids and FT-IR analysis revealed presence of many functional groups namely alcoholic, amide, amine salt and aldehyde groups. From the GC-MS analysis of TLC fraction of ethyl acetate extract five different bioactive compounds e.g., 2,4-ditert –butylphenyl 5-hydroxypentanoate, Oxalic acid; allyl nonyl ester, 7,9-Ditert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, Dibutyl phthalate and 2,3,5,8-tetramethyl-decane were identified. Conclusion: Leaf extracts of P. pudica contain bioactive compounds that can be used as broad spectrum bactericidal agent.

scholarly journals Effect of methyl substituent on the solubility of 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives in n-octanol/water system

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Siti Mariyah Ulfa ◽  
Fath Dwisari ◽  
Ade Cintyia Sally ◽  
Mohammad Farid Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Shake Flask ◽  
Water System ◽  
Insertion Reaction ◽  
Log P ◽  
Methyl Substituent ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Alkyl Bromides ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Uv Visible

The solubility of the compound is a crucial task for new drug design. Quinone is a promising candidate to develop as a new drug. In this research, the synthesis of 1,4-benzoquinone derivatives, that is, 2-(5-bromoamyl)-3,5-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2a) and 2-(5-bromoamyl)-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2b) were carried out by decarboxylation and insertion reaction of alkyl bromides. The product 2a and 2b are purified using SiO2 gel column chromatography and analyzed by UV-Visible, FT-IR, and NMR. The yield of 2a is 13.75%, and 2b is 4.04%. The solubility of 2a and 2b, expressed by log P, is measured in the n-octanol/water (3:7 (v/v)) system by the shake flask method. The log P of 2a and 2b are 2.99 and 1.36, respectively. It is showed that the log P of 2a is higher compared to 2b. The presence of two methyl substituents on the quinone ring of 2a supports the increase of hydrophobicity of the compound in the n-octanol/water system.

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