scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF HANDLING USED PET BOTTLES

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-61
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The World ◽  
Plasma Decomposition ◽  
State Of Art

The main data on the production volume of bottles from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in the world are presented. The main ways of handling used PET bottles as one of the hazardous types of waste for the environment, but promising from the point of view of using their properties, are analyzed. The main methods of handling used PET bottles are considered and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of recycling PET bottles, which made it possible to efficiently use recycled PET raw materials directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, chemical, biological and combined processing methods are also considered, in particular, combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma decomposition of PET bottles, as well as their decomposition under the influence of microorganisms. The main ways of solving the problem of used PET bottles are proposed.  Bibl. 84, Fig. 1.

scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF PLASTIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-73
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
The World ◽  
Plasma Decomposition ◽  
Secondary Plastic

Basic data on the volume and structure of solid waste in the world and Ukraine are presented. The need to improve the ways of handling plastic solid waste as one of the most dangerous for the environment and promising from the point of view of using their properties is shown. A detailed classification of methods for handling plastic solid waste is proposed and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of disposal of plastic solid waste, in particular, recycling, which makes it possible to effectively use secondary plastic raw materials directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, chemical, biological and combined processing methods are also considered, in particular combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, plasma decomposition of plastic solid waste, as well as their decomposition under the influence of sunlight and microorganisms. The main ways of solving the problem of plastic solid waste in Ukraine are proposed. Bibl. 83, Fig. 3, Tab. 3.

scholarly journals A STATE OF ART AND PROSPECTS OF USED PNEUMATIC TIRES MANAGEMENT (REVIEW)

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-83
Author(s):  
I.O. Mikulionok
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Processing ◽  
Detailed Classification ◽  
The World ◽  
Intended Use ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Frag Ments ◽  
Pneumatic Tires

The basic data on the volume of production of pneumatic tires in the world and in Ukraine are presented. The need to improve the ways of handling pneumatic tires that have lost their con-sumer properties (worn out tires as a result of their intended use and tires rejected as a result of passing quality control during their manufacture) is shown as one of the most dangerous for the environment and promising in terms of using their properties. A detailed classification of methods for handling worn out and defective tires is proposed and a critical analysis of each of them is given. Particular attention is paid to the methods of utilization of tires, in particular, recycling, which makes it possible to efficiently use the secondary raw materials obtained from tires directly for their intended purpose. The features of physical, physicochemical and chemical processing methods, in particular combustion, gasification, pyrolysis of tires and their frag-ments, as well as the prospects for their decomposition under the influence of environmental factors, in particular microorganisms, are also considered. The main ways of solving the prob-lem of tires that have lost their consumer properties in Ukraine are proposed. Bibl. 88, Fig. 2.

Assessment of the positions of the exporting countries of agri-food products on the world market according to their role in global value chains

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-14
Author(s):  
Elena Yu. Frolova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Value Chains ◽  
World Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Agricultural Exports ◽  
Export Policy ◽  
The World

The place in the rankings of agricultural exporting countries in world trade is estimated in terms of the volume of imports and exports of raw materials and food. However, to assess the efficiency of agricultural exports, it is important to analyze the value added of exported goods produced in the country. The position of the exporting country in global value chains is derived from the type of agricultural production, which in turn depends on the level of development of the national economy, the availability and breadth of use of modern high technologies. The article examines the concept of the development of world agriculture from the point of view of the formation of global value chains, set out in the report of the UN World Food Organization [1] in comparison with the political decisions of such countries as India and the People’s Republic of China in the development of agricultural and food exports. The paper analyzes the risks associated with the consolidation of developing countries as suppliers of agricultural raw materials, as well as the conditions and action plan that allow the country-exporter of agricultural raw materials to move to higher levels in the global value chains on the world market. This experience should be considered to make comprehensive and effective decisions on the formation of the export policy of agricultural products and food of the Russian Federation, considering the food security of the country.

Perché la ricerca in psicoterapia non puň esaurire le peculiaritŕ della clinica. Per un'integrazione epistemologica

2009 ◽  
pp. 191-214
Author(s):  
Mauro Fornaro
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Psychotherapy Research ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Key Words Psychotherapy ◽  
The World ◽  
Integrate Research

- After having stated that the notion of validation is wider than the notion of empirical verification, the Author stresses that psychotherapy research, though epistemologically necessary, in principle and for factual reasons cannot work as a substitute of all the particularities of clinical experience. This detailed critical analysis is not aimed at condemning empirical research, but at sharpening research methods and techniques, especially considering the dimensions of subjectivity, in order to integrate research with clinical experience. Nevertheless, the programmatic choice of empirical research to use - for reasons of "scientific objectivity" - a point of view which is external to the therapeutic relationship proposes again the gap between an empirical-objective approach (the world how it is) and a phenomenologicalsubjective approach (the world how I feel it and experience it).KEY WORDS: psychotherapy research, epistemology, integration, phenomenological approach, clinical experience

Development of New Advanced Plasters with Waste Fibers Content

2018 ◽  
Vol 276 ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Jiří Zach ◽  
Jitka Peterková ◽  
Vítězslav Novák
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Cellulose Fibers ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Thermal Insulating ◽  
Insulating Properties ◽  
Recycled Waste

The paper deals with the possibilities of using secondary raw materials in the development of new advanced lightweight plasters. It was about fibers from recycled waste materials (waste paper, PET bottles, tyres) and recycled insulation (stone wool). The aim of adding fibers to these lightweight building materials was improvement of mechanical properties, improvement thermal insulation properties and reduction of crack sensitivity. It can be stated, based on the evaluation of the selected measurements, that both types of cellulose fibers and fibers from recycled tyres had positive influence on the mechanical properties, namely in the case of compressive strength. From the point of view of thermal insulating properties, it can be said that only 2 types of fibers have reduced the value of the thermal conductivity. They were mixtures with stone fibers and with recycled tyres fibers. Both of these mixtures also showed the lowest average values of bulk density. Based on the carried out research works can be it concluded that the use of recycled tyres fibers show as optimal.

scholarly journals NIRS Characterization of Paper Pulps to Predict Kappa Number

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Moral ◽  
Elena Cabeza ◽  
Roberto Aguado ◽  
Antonio Tijero
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Kappa Number ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World ◽  
Pulp Properties ◽  
Special Relevance

Rice is one of the most abundant food crops in the world and its straw stands as an important source of fibres both from an economic and an environmental point of view. Pulp characterization is of special relevance in works involving alternative raw materials, since pulp properties are closely linked to the quality of the final product. One of the analytical techniques that can be used in pulp characterization is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The use of NIRS has economic and technical advantages over conventional techniques. This paper aims to discuss the convenience of using NIRS to predict Kappa number in rice straw pulps produced under different conditions. We found that the resulting Kappa number can be acceptably estimated by NIRS, as the errors obtained with that method are similar to those found for other techniques.

A Critical Analysis of Conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 98-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
PALLAVI KISHORE
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
World Bank ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Appellate Body ◽  
Generalized System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
Generalized System Of Preferences ◽  
The World

AbstractThis article examines conditionalities in the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in light of the European Communities – Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries (EC – Tariff Preferences) case at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The article largely undertakes this examination from the point of view of developing countries. It mainly examines the issue of discrimination in conditionalities since this was the principal question raised in the EC – Tariff Preferences case and makes suggestions regarding the regulation of conditionalities. In doing so, the article follows two trajectories: first, it makes suggestions for the WTO panels and Appellate Body, and, second, it makes suggestions for GSP donors, by analyzing the new European GSP + Scheme and by drawing inspiration from conditionalities in the loans granted by the World Bank.

scholarly journals The Impact of Torrefaction Temperature on the Physical-Chemical Properties of Residual Exotic Fruit (Avocado, Mango, Lychee) Seeds

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 612
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Dyjakon ◽  
Łukasz Sobol ◽  
Tomasz Noszczyk ◽  
Jakub Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Food Processing Sector ◽  
Exotic Fruits ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Significant Mass Loss

A large portion of food loss and waste (FSL) is comprised of seeds and stones. Exotic fruits such as mangoes, lychees and avocados, in which the seeds account for a significant part of the weight and volume of the entire product, are most affected by this problem. The seeds contain a large quantity of polyphenols and essential nutrients, which makes them a good material for extraction. However, conventional extraction techniques are considered time-consuming, and therefore significantly limit their use on an industrial scale. An alternative method of managing the seeds may be their energy utilization. In this study, torrefaction was proposed as a method for the valorization of exotic fruit seeds (mango, lychee, avocado). Thus, the influence of torrefaction temperature (200–300 °C) on the physical-chemical properties of substrates was investigated. The obtained results revealed that, in relation to the unprocessed raw materials, the torreficates are characterized by improved hydrophobic properties (all materials are classified as extremely hydrophobic), higher heating value (at 300 °C the values increased from 17,789 to 24,842 kJ∙kg−1 for mango, from 18,582 to 26,513 kJ∙kg−1 for avocado, and from 18,584 to 25,241 kJ∙kg−1 for lychee), higher fixed carbon content (which changed from 7.87–15.38% to 20.74–32.47%), and significant mass loss, by 50–60%. However, as a side effect of thermal treatment, an increase in ash content (approx. 2–3 times but still less than in coal) was observed. Therefore, the torreficates may be competitive with coal. The possibility of using residues from the food processing sector as a substrate for energy purposes is important from the point of view of environment protection and is a part of the functioning of the circular economy.

Pāvela Florenska simbolisma laikmetīgums

2021 ◽  
pp. 146-157
Author(s):  
Gunta Plūksna
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semiotic Analysis ◽  
Important Place ◽  
World Outlook ◽  
The World ◽  
Global World

The introduction outlines the problem: the views about the world outlook of the humankind changed radically from the verge of 19/20th century to the verge of the 20/21st century; the old paradigms must be changed to the new ones, but the relevant concepts are just developing. It expresses itself also in so called anthropological turn, when a person changes uncontrollably, rapidly and dangerously taking over the most important place in the global world system. Symbol is as a link between a word and an action, and it is an instrument for understanding the world, and a person plays an important role in it. The first section discusses the world outlook of Russian religious philosopher P. Florensky from the point of view of symbolism. It is based on the fundamentals of his world outlook: antinomy, life, the Unified. The second section is devoted to creativity in his life, which in an organic way links P. Florensky’s understanding about the world-outlook and life. The conclusions stress the contemporary aspects in P. Florensky’s symbolism expressed as: 1) spirituality; 2) aesthetics; 3) consubstantiality; 4) the dialogue with the Unified; 5) creativity in life. The research methods: hermeneutic and semiotic analysis of P. Florensky’s texts, critical analysis of the scientific literature.

scholarly journals Strategic competitiveness of oil and gas industry

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (78) ◽  
pp. 130-135
Author(s):  
A. TAZHIDENOVA ◽  
◽  
R. SABIROVA ◽  
ZH. BISEMBIYEVA ◽  
А. KARAMULDINA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
World Market ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Oil Refining ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
The World

The formation of vertically integrated companies, on the one hand, is an important stage in describing the scale of market changes, and secondly, the formation of significant structural issues of oil refining and oil transportation, as well as petrochemical enterprises. Such a complex technological decline can be explained by the lack of sufficient investment in the oil refining industry. Especially petrochemical enterprises are in a difficult situation, the lack of a stable link with raw materials suppliers, instability in the world market of petrochemical products, lack of investments hamper the development of enterprises in this field. The world market showed that in the field of oil refining and petrochemical companies their consolidation at the corporate level, as a result of which there are no prospects for the development of private oil companies, without which their competitiveness can not be increased. From this point of view, the topic of the article is relevant. Theoretical and practical bases of competitiveness of oil and gas enterprises and its management were considered. The study of the theoretical bases of competition, competitiveness and management of competitiveness, as well as factors influencing competitiveness, allowed to describe competitiveness in a comparative degree. You can note such factors that affect the competitiveness of the enterprise, as the competitiveness of products, the competitiveness of technology and the competitiveness of personnel.

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