An Immanent Criticism of Urban Design in Montevideo

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Washington MORALES
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Applied Philosophy ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Philosophical Frameworks

The debate about the so called “excluding design” has been a focus for applied philosophy for several years. The structure of this debate is constituted by deontological and consequentialist’s applied ethics and as well as agonistic democratic approaches. This paper asks for the applicability of these points of view to the particular socio-political reality of Montevideo. Examining this reality closer, I hold that we cannot comprehend the recent aestheticization of the excluding design there through these contemporary philosophical frameworks. As an alternative philosophical procedure, I analyze the aestheticization of excluding design in Montevideo from Rahel Jaeggi’s immanent criticism. I hold that this process of aestheticization implies an ideological regressive “form of life”. And I also argue that the Uruguayan democracy is affected by this ideological regression. Nevertheless, because this aestheticization is not an exclusive Uruguayan phenomenon, this paper intends to open one direction in applied philosophy of urban design.

The Ethics of Social Distance and Proximity in the City

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 995-1004
Author(s):  
Tea Lobo
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Lung Diseases ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Current Affairs ◽  
The City ◽  
The Ideal

The genealogy of ethics starts in the polis. Plato and Aristotle had an optimistic view of polis life, even though Plato was born shortly after the plague of Athens, an experience that left a deep imprint in his society, and interestingly not a very good opinion of democracy. The idea of the polis as the ideal locus for human flourishing can be contested because we do not share the same face-to-face form of life with the ancient polis-dwellers. Contemporary megacities do not harbor an agora in which citizens debate current affairs. Such debates have shifted to social media. It is worth investigating the value of face-to-face interaction even today. Despite the risk of spreading airborne lung diseases like the Corona virus, the possibility of face-to-face interactions allows the cultivation of attention necessary for ethics. Knowing your neighbor by acquaintance, seeing her face every day can make pedestrians better attuned to the need to protect her in times of the pandemic, by maintaining distance and wearing a mask. If this is indeed the case, then it has implications for urban design: urban density can be designed in a way that affords functional proximity (the likelihood of encounters) and more humane neighborhoods.

Applied ethics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Almond
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Applied Philosophy ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Controversial Area ◽  
Surveillance Society ◽  
Definition Of

Applied ethics is marked out from ethics in general by its special focus on issues of practical concern. It is concerned with ethical issues in various fields of human life, including medical ethics, business ethics and environmental ethics. Within these broad areas, it engages with policy issues resulting from scientific and technological change and with the evaluation of social and legal decision-making in public areas such as health care, policing, media and information, and the world of business and finance. It is also concerned with professional codes and responsibilities in such areas. The boundaries between areas are not solid. For instance, ethical issues arising from the new reproductive technologies inevitably interact with family and human relationships and this can open up broader questions about gender and ethnicity, population and demographic change. Similarly, discussion of the surveillance society has links with crime and punishment, terrorism and war, while the issue of animal experimentation in the laboratory has immediate links with questions about animal rights and ethically based vegetarianism. Although practical ethical issues like these are often regarded as free-standing, applied ethics sees them in relation to some of the more fundamental questions that have been perennial preoccupations of philosophers, such as: How should we see the world and our place in it? What is the good life for the individual? What is the good society? In this way, applied ethics must take into account basic ethical theory, including utilitarianism, liberal rights theory and virtue ethics. Some see it as necessary to reason from within one of these ethical positions in order to deal adequately with an issue; others adopt a more relativistic strategy, and simply list what they see as the alternative conclusions to be reached from those differing theoretical bases. Others again favour a contextual solution that has affinities to the ancient practice of casuistry. These differences in underlying theory inevitably affect conclusions on practical issues, so that applied ethics is in the end, like other philosophical explorations, a controversial area. ‘Applied ethics’ and ‘applied philosophy’ are sometimes used as synonyms, but applied philosophy can be used more broadly to cover also such fields as law, education, art or artificial intelligence. The difference is that these areas include philosophical problems - metaphysical and epistemological - that are not strictly ethical, while applied ethics focuses more narrowly on ethical questions. Nevertheless, many of the issues it treats do in fact involve other aspects of philosophy. Medical ethics, for example, may raise metaphysical questions about the nature of ‘personhood’ or the definition of death, and conceptual questions about truth and trust.

Leeuwenhoek Lecture - The place of viruses in nature

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (896) ◽  
pp. 313-326 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek ◽  
History Of Microbiology

In the first Leeuwenhoek lecture last year, Sir Paul Fildes (1951) reviewed the history of microbiology. In this, the second lecture, it seems to me appropriate to take stock of our knowledge of one part of the field of microbiology, a part which is full of implications for all branches of biology. There are, as you know, very diverse views as to the nature of viruses. As you will soon discover it anyhow, I may as well confess at the outset that I believe them to be small organisms. In maintaining this, I shall derive considerable moral support from this portrait of Antony van Leeuwenhoek at my side. He was the discoverer of the little animals whose study to-day comprises the field of microbiology. I do not think he would be surprised at the existence of creatures smaller and still smaller, made visible nowadays only by means of electron-microscopy. I propose to discuss the place in nature of viruses from two points of view, which I will call the taxonomic and the ecological. First, are they animal or vegetable (or neither), and if organisms, where do they fit in in relation to other organisms? Secondly, what is their role in the interaction of one form of life with another from and with environment? I shall subsequently consider the taxonomic and ecological aspects together, in the hope of visualizing the position of viruses in the scheme of things in a way which makes some sort of sense.

scholarly journals Peter Singer: Η ηθική σήμερα

Conatus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Δέσποινα Βερτζάγια (Despina Vertzagia) ◽  
Τρισεύγενη Γεωργακοπούλου (Trisevgeni Georgakopoulou) ◽  
Χρίστος Καμέρης (Christos Kameris)
Keyword(s):  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Peter Singer ◽  
Animal Abuse ◽  
Moral Philosopher ◽  
Moral Thought ◽  
Princeton University ◽  
Honorary Doctor ◽  
Applied Philosophy ◽  
Doctor Of Philosophy ◽  
Current Reality

On May 2015 the influential moral philosopher Peter Singer, professor of Applied Ethics at Princeton University, was honored by the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens with the title of Honorary Doctor of Philosophy for his contribution to philosophy, and especially for renewing the moral thought. Within his visit in Athens, he was invited by the Applied Philosophy Research Laboratory at the School of Philosophy, where he gave a lecture for students and professors. By the end of the lecture, we came across the chance of having a conversation with him about his main ethical standpoints on charity and animal abuse, as well as on other issues within the field of applied philosophy. Although he is the originator of preferential utilitarianism, which is the last strong ethical system, it seems that Peter Singer continues to review his beliefs and updates his view, without averting his gaze from the needs of current reality.

scholarly journals DESARROLLO ORIENTADO AL TRANSPORTE PÚBLICO: UN MODELO URBANO PARA LA PÚBLICO:

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-119
Author(s):  
Nicole Carolina Fernández de Córdova Abril ◽  
Rafael Andrés Pauta Pesántez
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Development Model ◽  
Transit Oriented Development ◽  
Sustainable Mobility ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Points Of View

La falta de planifcación urbana fomenta una movilidad no sostenible, frente a esto, el Desarrollo Orientado al Transporte - DOT1- surge como una herramienta de diseño urbano, basada en la alta densidad, diversidad de usos y una infraestructura urbana adecuada en torno al transporte público. Para esto se ha realizado una revisión de literatura sobre este modelo de desarrollo, a fn de entender, a profundidad, los aspectos importantes que lo conforman, como la defnición del DOT según varios autores, para obtener distintos puntos de vista acerca de lo que este concepto signifca. Segundo, el análisis de las dimensiones que lo estructuran. Acontinuación se llevó a cabo una revisión de ejemplos de implementación del modelo en distintas ciudades. Posteriormente se mencionan los efectos urbanos que el DOT ha generado o puede causar a futuro en las ciudades en las que ha sido implementado, yfnalmente, se analizan recomendaciones para su replicabilidad en otras ciudades, en función del contexto. Palabras clave: DOT, movilidad sostenible, espacio público, densidad, usos mixtos. AbstractThe lack of urban planning encourages unsustainable mobility. In view of this, Transit Oriented Development - TOD - emerges as an urban design tool, based on high density, diversity of uses and proper urban infrastructure around public transport. For this purpose, a literature review on this development model has been carried out, in order to understand in depth, the important aspects that make it up, such as: the defnition of TOD according to several authors to obtain diferent points of view about what this concept means. Second, the analysis of the dimensions that structure it together also a review of examples of implementation of the model in diferent cities. Subsequently, the urban efects that TOD has generated or may cause in the future in the cities where it has been implemented are mentioned, and fnally, recommendations for its replicability in other cities are analyzed according to the context. Keywords: TOD, sustainable mobility, public space, density, land-use diversity

Applied ethics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda Almond
Keyword(s):  
Medical Ethics ◽  
Environmental Ethics ◽  
Applied Ethics ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Practical Concern ◽  
Applied Philosophy ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Applied ethics is marked out from ethics in general by its special focus on issues of practical concern. It therefore includes medical ethics, environmental ethics, and evaluation of the social implications of scientific and technological change, as well as matters of policy in such areas as health care, business or journalism. It is also concerned with professional codes and responsibilities in such areas. Typical of the issues discussed are abortion, euthanasia, personal relationships, the treatment of nonhuman animals, and matters of race and gender. Although sometimes treated in isolation, these issues are best discussed in the context of some more general questions which have been perennial preoccupations of philosophers, such as: How should we see the world and our place in it? What is the good life for the individual? What is the good society? In relation to these questions, applied ethics involves discussion of fundamental ethical theory, including utilitarianism, liberal rights theory and virtue ethics. ‘Applied ethics’ and ‘applied philosophy’ are sometimes used as synonyms, but applied philosophy is in fact broader, covering also such fields as law, education and art, and theoretical issues in artificial intelligence. These areas include philosophical problems – metaphysical and epistemological – that are not strictly ethical. Applied ethics may therefore be understood as focusing more closely on ethical questions. Nevertheless, many of the issues it treats do in fact involve other aspects of philosophy, medical ethics, for example, including such metaphysical themes as the nature of ’personhood’, or the definition of death.

scholarly journals Bioethics in Denmark

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-333
Author(s):  
MORTEN EBBE JUUL NIELSEN ◽  
MARTIN MARCHMAN ANDERSEN
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
First Order ◽  
Applied Philosophy ◽  
Bioethical Issues ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Democratic Societies

Abstract:This article examines two current debates in Denmark—assisted suicide and the prioritization of health resources—and proposes that such controversial bioethical issues call for distinct philosophical analyses: first-order examinations, or an applied philosophy approach, and second-order examinations, what might be called a political philosophical approach. The authors argue that although first-order examination plays an important role in teasing out different moral points of view, in contemporary democratic societies, few, if any, bioethical questions can be resolved satisfactorily by means of first-order analyses alone, and that bioethics needs to engage more closely with second-order enquiries and the question of legitimacy in general.

High Resolution Specimen Area Imaged Under Negligible Field Aberrations

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 540-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yanaka ◽  
K. Shirota
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Distribution ◽  
Image Space ◽  
Beam Deflection ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Resolution Limit ◽  
Leakage Flux ◽  
Specimen Area ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Aberration Theory

It is significant to note field aberrations (chromatic field aberration, coma, astigmatism and blurring due to curvature of field, defined by Glaser's aberration theory relative to the Blenden Freien System) of the objective lens in connection with the following three points of view; field aberrations increase as the resolution of the axial point improves by increasing the lens excitation (k2) and decreasing the half width value (d) of the axial lens field distribution; when one or all of the imaging lenses have axial imperfections such as beam deflection in image space by the asymmetrical magnetic leakage flux, the apparent axial point has field aberrations which prevent the theoretical resolution limit from being obtained.

Crystal structure images of large gold clusters and growing crystals by HRTEM

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 428-429
Author(s):  
L.R. Wallenberg ◽  
J.-O. Bovin ◽  
G. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Close Packing ◽  
Gold Clusters ◽  
Molecular Weight Determination ◽  
Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nucleation And Growth Mechanisms ◽  
Points Of View

Metallic clusters are interesting from various points of view, e.g. as a mean of spreading expensive catalysts on a support, or following heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic events. It is also possible to study nucleation and growth mechanisms for crystals with the cluster as known starting point.Gold-clusters containing 55 atoms were manufactured by reducing (C6H5)3PAuCl with B2H6 in benzene. The chemical composition was found to be Au9.2[P(C6H5)3]2Cl. Molecular-weight determination by means of an ultracentrifuge gave the formula Au55[P(C6H5)3]Cl6 A model was proposed from Mössbauer spectra by Schmid et al. with cubic close-packing of the 55 gold atoms in a cubeoctahedron as shown in Fig 1. The cluster is almost completely isolated from the surroundings by the twelve triphenylphosphane groups situated in each corner, and the chlorine atoms on the centre of the 3x3 square surfaces. This gives four groups of gold atoms, depending on the different types of surrounding.

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